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Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the causative agent of an emerging viral zoonosis called bovine vaccinia (BV). Several studies have documented characteristics of VACV infections in Brazil; however, the manner in which this virus is maintained in wildlife remains unknown. This work investigated the presence of viral DNA and anti-orthopoxvirus (OPXV) antibodies in samples collected from small mammals in a VACV-endemic area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the absence of current outbreaks. Samples did not show amplification of OPXV DNA in molecular tests. However, 5/142 serum samples demonstrated the presence of anti-OPXV neutralizing antibodies in serological tests. These data reinforce the involvement of small mammals in the natural cycle of VACV, highlighting the need for further ecological studies to better understand how this virus is maintained in nature and to develop measures to prevent BV outbreaks.

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South American camelids (SACs) have become increasingly popular as livestock and companion animals in the Midwestern United States. With increased ownership, postmortem evaluations and samples available for diagnostic assessment are being submitted more frequently to veterinary diagnostic laboratories. We searched archived pathology records at the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (WVDL) between 2009-2019 for SAC cases. Postmortem records from 166 alpacas and 27 llamas were included, with an average of 1.42 diagnoses per animal. The overall average diagnostic rate was 79.8%. Abortion and neonatal cases (fetus to 1-wk-old) had the lowest diagnostic rate (33.3%) and was the only group with a diagnostic rate statistically significantly lower than the average. The most common diagnoses were gastrointestinal parasitism and suboptimal nutritional status or inanition; 78% of cases diagnosed with suboptimal nutritional status were also parasitized. The gastrointestinal parasites identified most frequently were Eimeria sp. and strongyles, especially Nematodirus sp. Our findings may aid allocation of diagnostic resources to better serve regional SAC populations and provide a framework for practitioners who send samples to laboratories for analysis. Submission of whole bodies, euthanized animals, fresh tissue, and inclusion of placental tissues in abortion cases are recommended for optimal diagnostic outcome.

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A suinocultura apresenta grande importância econômica no Brasil, que, na atualidade, detém a posição de quarto maior produtor de carne suína no mundo. O clima subtropical do País favorece o desenvolvimento de fungos e suas micotoxinas nos cereais que servem de alimento e matéria-prima para a ração de suínos. Entre as principais micotoxinas que afetam os suínos as aflatoxinas, ocratoxinas e fusariotoxinas, produzidas, respectivamente, por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus, Penicillium e Fusarium, são as mais frequentes. O presente trabalho foi delineado para analisar os agentes etiológicos das micotoxicoses em suínos, destacando as suas características morfológicas, condições favoráveis de crescimento e formas de prevenção e controle da contaminação dos grãos. A metodologia adotada foi uma busca integrativa em bases bibliográficas como Scielo, Pubmed e Portal Capes. A identificação e conhecimento aprofundado destes fungos patogênicos leva ao melhor desenvolvimento de pesquisas voltadas à prevenção e controle, redução de perdas econômicas e manutenção da saúde animal.

Swine production has great economic importance in Brazil, which nowadays is the fourth largest producer of pork meat in the world. The country’s subtropical climate favors the development of fungi and their mycotoxins in cereals used as supply and raw material for swine nutrition. Among the main mycotoxins that affect pigs, the main are aflatoxins, ochratoxins and fusariotoxins, produced, respectivelly by fungi of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Therefore, the present paper was performed to analyze the etiological agents of mycotoxicosis in pigs, highlighting the morphological characteristics, favorable growth conditions and ways of preventing and controlling contamination of grains. The methodology applied was a review on bibliographic bases such as Scielo, Pubmed and Portal Capes. The identification and knowledge about these pathogenic fungi will leads to better development of research aimed at prevention and control, reduction of economic losses and maintenance of animal health.

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A suinocultura apresenta grande importância econômica no Brasil, que, na atualidade, detém a posição de quarto maior produtor de carne suína no mundo. O clima subtropical do País favorece o desenvolvimento de fungos e suas micotoxinas nos cereais que servem de alimento e matéria-prima para a ração de suínos. Entre as principais micotoxinas que afetam os suínos as aflatoxinas, ocratoxinas e fusariotoxinas, produzidas, respectivamente, por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus, Penicillium e Fusarium, são as mais frequentes. O presente trabalho foi delineado para analisar os agentes etiológicos das micotoxicoses em suínos, destacando as suas características morfológicas, condições favoráveis de crescimento e formas de prevenção e controle da contaminação dos grãos. A metodologia adotada foi uma busca integrativa em bases bibliográficas como Scielo, Pubmed e Portal Capes. A identificação e conhecimento aprofundado destes fungos patogênicos leva ao melhor desenvolvimento de pesquisas voltadas à prevenção e controle, redução de perdas econômicas e manutenção da saúde animal.(AU)

Swine production has great economic importance in Brazil, which nowadays is the fourth largest producer of pork meat in the world. The countrys subtropical climate favors the development of fungi and their mycotoxins in cereals used as supply and raw material for swine nutrition. Among the main mycotoxins that affect pigs, the main are aflatoxins, ochratoxins and fusariotoxins, produced, respectivelly by fungi of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Therefore, the present paper was performed to analyze the etiological agents of mycotoxicosis in pigs, highlighting the morphological characteristics, favorable growth conditions and ways of preventing and controlling contamination of grains. The methodology applied was a review on bibliographic bases such as Scielo, Pubmed and Portal Capes. The identification and knowledge about these pathogenic fungi will leads to better development of research aimed at prevention and control, reduction of economic losses and maintenance of animal health.(AU)

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Resumen La leptospirosis es causada por la bacteria Lepstospira spp, de alta prevalencia mundial, relacionada con la circulación en múltiples reservorios domésticos y peridomésticos. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo aportar datos de infección por Leptospira spp en posibles reservorios animales. Se desarrolló una revisión narrativa de la literatura donde se encontró valores máximos de prevalencias en caninos hasta de un 63%, en felinos del 68%, en porcinos de 86%, en equinos del 75% y en bovinos del 89%. De acuerdo a las prevalencias de la Leptospirosis, deben tenerse en cuenta desde el diagnóstico de rutina en la sospecha de patología en los animales.

Abstract Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Lepstospira spp, of high worldwide prevalence, related to the circulation in multiple domestic and peridomestic reservoirs. The present review aimed to provide data on infection by Leptospira spp in possible animal reservoirs. A narrative review of the literature was developed where maximum prevalence values were found in canines up to 63%, in felines 68%, in swine 86%, in equines 75% and in bovines 89%. According to the prevalence of Leptospirosis, they should be taken into account from the routine diagnosis of pathology in animals.

Resumo A leptospirose é causada pela bactéria Lepstospira spp, de alta prevalência mundial, relacionada à circulação em múltiplos reservatórios domésticos e peridomiciliares. Na presente revisão teve como objetivo fornecer dados sobre a infecção por Leptospira spp em possíveis reservatórios. Foi desenvolvida uma revisão narrativa da literatura onde foram encontrados valores máximos de prevalência em caninos de até 63%, em gatos de 68%, em porcos de 86%, em equinos de 75% e em bovinos de 89%. De acordo com as prevalências de Leptospirose, elas devem ser levadas em consideração desde o diagnóstico de rotina na suspeita de patologia em animais.

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USDA APHIS Wildlife Services (WS) responded to the threat of feral swine as a pathogen reservoir as early as 2004. To increase awareness and knowledge on that risk, WS began opportunistic sampling of animals harvested by its operational component to curtail swine damage to agriculture and property. Initially, pseudorabies and swine brucellosis were of most concern, as both serve as a potential threat to the domestic swine industry and the latter also possesses zoonotic implications. In 2006, classical swine fever, a foreign animal disease, became the main driver for feral swine pathogen surveillance. Subsequent years of surveillance identified numerous other disease risks inherent within populations of feral swine. Presently, feral swine surveillance falls under the purview of the APHIS National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, which began in 2014. In January 2018, a panel of animal disease experts representing industry, government, and academia were invited to Fort Collins, Colorado to discuss successes of this surveillance, identify any shortcomings or needs, and propose future feral swine surveillance. This manuscript serves to synthesize WS' surveillance and the future direction of these efforts.

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Exotic psittacine birds have been implicated as reservoir of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Here, we present a genotypic and phenotypic characterization of typical EPEC/STEC hybrid strains isolated from exotic psittacine birds. The strains were positive for eae, bfpA, and stx2f genes, belong to serotype O137:H6 and ST2678. Two strains were subject to whole genome sequencing, confirming the presence of the virulence factors of both E. coli pathotypes. Phenotypical in vitro tests confirmed their ability to adhere to HeLa cells and cause cytotoxicity to Vero cells. The rabbit ileal loop assays showed the attaching and effacing lesion, in addition to inflammatory process and overproduction of intestinal mucus. This is the first report of hybrid typical EPEC/STEC (O137:H6/ST2678) strains isolated from companion psittacine birds and the results suggest zoonotic risks.

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Exotic psittacine birds have been implicated as reservoir of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Here, we present a genotypic and phenotypic characterization of typical EPEC/STEC hybrid strains isolated from exotic psittacine birds. The strains were positive for eae, bfpA, and stx2f genes, belong to serotype O137:H6 and ST2678. Two strains were subject to whole genome sequencing, confirming the presence of the virulence factors of both E. coli pathotypes. Phenotypical in vitro tests confirmed their ability to adhere to HeLa cells and cause cytotoxicity to Vero cells. The rabbit ileal loop assays showed the attaching and effacing lesion, in addition to inflammatory process and overproduction of intestinal mucus. This is the first report of hybrid typical EPEC/STEC (O137:H6/ST2678) strains isolated from companion psittacine birds and the results suggest zoonotic risks.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe leptospirosis epidemiology, seroprevalence, and serovars among humans and animals in the Caribbean from 1979 - 2013. METHODS: A retrospective study of the literature was performed on the general epidemiology, historical records, and geographical locations of leptospirosis outbreaks and cases in the Caribbean from 1979 - 2013. The primary sources of information were identified with PubMed Central, Google Scholar, CAREC, CaribVET, and The School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of the West Indies. Search terms used were: "human leptospirosis," "animal leptospirosis," "serovars," "livestock," "seroprevalence," "Caribbean countries," "risk factors," "confirmed cases," "suspected cases," "MAT," and "ELISA." Confirmed and suspected cases of human and animal leptospirosis were identified through laboratory analysis. RESULTS: Most cases of leptospirosis occurred during the rainy season (June - December) and had a positive correlation with flood conditions. The disease was more prevalent in males than females due to behavioral and occupational exposure. The highest incidence rates of human leptospirosis were recorded in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. In animals, leptospirosis has been found in rodents, livestock, and dogs in many Caribbean countries. Inadequate active surveillance and misdiagnosis of human leptospirosis has contributed to under-reporting of the disease. CONCLUSION: This review highlights the epidemiology and distribution of leptospirosis in the Caribbean. Prevalence rates and serovars vary greatly among the countries. Leptospirosis poses a significant health risk for humans and animals in the Caribbean and requires a "One Health" multisectoral approach to reduce incidence rates and protect at-risk individuals. Increased laboratory capacity to identify leptospirosis cases is required, along with awareness campaigns for both the public and animal and human health professionals.

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ABSTRACT Objective To describe leptospirosis epidemiology, seroprevalence, and serovars among humans and animals in the Caribbean from 1979 - 2013. Methods A retrospective study of the literature was performed on the general epidemiology, historical records, and geographical locations of leptospirosis outbreaks and cases in the Caribbean from 1979 - 2013. The primary sources of information were identified with PubMed Central, Google Scholar, CAREC, CaribVET, and The School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of the West Indies. Search terms used were: "human leptospirosis," "animal leptospirosis," "serovars," "livestock," "seroprevalence," "Caribbean countries," "risk factors," "confirmed cases," "suspected cases," "MAT," and "ELISA." Confirmed and suspected cases of human and animal leptospirosis were identified through laboratory analysis. Results Most cases of leptospirosis occurred during the rainy season (June - December) and had a positive correlation with flood conditions. The disease was more prevalent in males than females due to behavioral and occupational exposure. The highest incidence rates of human leptospirosis were recorded in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. In animals, leptospirosis has been found in rodents, livestock, and dogs in many Caribbean countries. Inadequate active surveillance and misdiagnosis of human leptospirosis has contributed to under-reporting of the disease. Conclusion This review highlights the epidemiology and distribution of leptospirosis in the Caribbean. Prevalence rates and serovars vary greatly among the countries. Leptospirosis poses a significant health risk for humans and animals in the Caribbean and requires a "One Health" multisectoral approach to reduce incidence rates and protect at-risk individuals. Increased laboratory capacity to identify leptospirosis cases is required, along with awareness campaigns for both the public and animal and human health professionals.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir las características epidemiológicas de la leptospirosis, su seroprevalencia y serovariedades en seres humanos y animales en el Caribe desde 1979 hasta el 2013. Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de la bibliografía en relación con las características epidemiológicas generales, los registros históricos y las ubicaciones geográficas de los brotes y casos de leptospirosis en el Caribe desde 1979 hasta el 2013. Se determinaron las fuentes primarias de información con PubMed central, Google Scholar, CAREC, CaribVET y la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de las Indias Occidentales. Los términos de búsqueda que se usaron en inglés fueron los equivalentes de "leptospirosis humana", "leptospirosis animal", "serovariedades", "ganado", "seroprevalencia", "países del Caribe", "factores de riesgo", "casos confirmados", "presuntos casos", "MAT" y "ELISA". Se determinaron los casos confirmados y presuntos de leptospirosis humana y animal mediante el análisis de laboratorio. Resultados La mayor parte de los casos de leptospirosis se dieron durante la temporada de lluvias (junio a diciembre) y tuvieron una correlación positiva con las inundaciones. La enfermedad fue más prevalente en los hombres que en las mujeres debido a la exposición laboral y por los comportamientos. Las tasas de incidencia más altas de leptospirosis humana se registraron en Barbados, Trinidad y Tabago y Jamaica. En el caso de los animales, la leptospirosis se ha detectado en los roedores, el ganado y los perros de muchos países del Caribe. La vigilancia activa insuficiente y el diagnóstico erróneo de la leptospirosis humana han contribuido a que haya una subnotificación de los casos de esta enfermedad. Conclusiones En esta revisión se ponen de relieve las características epidemiológicas y la distribución de la leptospirosis en el Caribe. Las tasas de prevalencia y las serovariedades varían enormemente de un país a otro. La leptospirosis supone un riesgo considerable para la salud de los seres humanos y los animales en el Caribe y requiere un enfoque multisectorial de "Una Salud" para reducir la incidencia y proteger a las personas en riesgo. Se necesita una mayor capacidad en materia de laboratorios para detectar los casos de leptospirosis, junto con campañas de sensibilización tanto del público como de los profesionales de la sanidad animal y la salud humana.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o perfil epidemiológico, a soroprevalência e as sorovariedades da leptospirose em seres humanos e animais no Caribe de 1979 a 2013. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de revisão da literatura científica realizado sobre a epidemiologia geral, registros históricos e localizações geográficas de casos e surtos de leptospirose no Caribe no período de 1979 a 2013. As fontes primárias de informação foram identificadas através das bases de dados PubMed Central, Google Scholar, CAREC, CaribVET e Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade das Índias Ocidentais. Os seguintes termos de busca foram usados: "human leptospirosis", "animal leptospirosis", "serovars", "livestock", "seroprevalence", "Caribbean countries", "risk factors", "confirmed cases", "suspected cases", "MAT" e "ELISA" (leptospirose humana, leptospirose animal, sorovariedades, gado, soroprevalência, países do Caribe, fatores de risco, casos confirmados, casos suspeitos, MAT e ELISA). Os casos suspeitos e confirmados de leptospirose humana e animal foram identificados por exames laboratoriais. Resultados A maioria dos casos de leptospirose ocorreu no período de chuvas (junho a dezembro), apresentando uma correlação positiva com a ocorrência de enchentes. A doença foi mais prevalente no sexo masculino que no feminino devido à exposição comportamental e ocupacional. As maiores taxas de incidência de leptospirose humana foram registradas em Barbados, Trinidad e Tobago e Jamaica. Entre os animais, foi verificada a ocorrência de leptospirose em roedores, gado e cães em vários países do Caribe. Vigilância ativa insatisfatória e diagnóstico incorreto dos casos de leptospirose humana são fatores que contribuem para a subnotificação da doença. Conclusões Este estudo de revisão destacou a epidemiologia e a distribuição da leptospirose no Caribe. As taxas de prevalência e sorovariedades variam muito entre os países. A leptospirose representa um importante risco à saúde dos seres humanos e animais no Caribe, sendo necessário um enfoque multissetorial baseado no conceito de saúde única (one health) para reduzir a incidência da doença e proteger os indivíduos em risco. Faz-se necessário melhorar a capacidade laboratorial de identificar os casos de leptospirose, juntamente com campanhas de conscientização dirigidas ao público em geral e aos profissionais de saúde humana e animal.

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Haiti has experienced numerous barriers to rabies control over the past decades and is one of the remaining Western Hemisphere countries to report dog-mediated human rabies deaths. We describe the circumstances surrounding a reported human rabies death in 2016 as well as barriers to treatment and surveillance reporting.

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The inspection of qualified professionals is an important action of the National Programme for Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT). The data for this study were obtained by compiling reports of 63 inspections in loco of qualified private veterinarians between 2008 and 2011 in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Through the findings of this study, it was observed that all inspected professionals are regularly registered in the CRMV-ES, nevertheless it was found pending issues regarding the registration to conduct vaccinations against brucellosis. It was observed that most professionals keep the infrastructure and equipment for conducting tuberculosis and brucellosis tests. The majority adopts the official models of certification, however there is a significant delay in sending reports of actions, and many professionals reported a lack of demand for certification of properties.

A fiscalização de profissionais habilitados é uma importante ação do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT). Com este trabalho, buscou-se reunir informações das fiscalizações relativas à habilitação de médicos veterinários privados no estado do Espírito Santo. Os dados deste estudo foram obtidos mediante a compilação dos relatórios de 63 fiscalizações in loco entre 2008 e 2011. Por meio dos achados deste estudo, observou-se que todos os profissionais fiscalizados estão regularmente inscritos no CRMV-ES, todavia foram verificadas pendências quanto ao cadastro para realizar vacinações contra brucelose. Observou-se que a maior parte dos profissionais mantém a infraestrutura e os equipamentos para a realização de exames de brucelose e tuberculose. A maioria adota os modelos oficiais de atestados, contudo há um expressivo atraso no envio dos relatórios de ações, e muitos profissionais relataram falta de demandas para certificação de propriedades.

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The inspection of qualified professionals is an important action of the National Programme for Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT). The data for this study were obtained by compiling reports of 63 inspections in loco of qualified private veterinarians between 2008 and 2011 in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Through the findings of this study, it was observed that all inspected professionals are regularly registered in the CRMV-ES, nevertheless it was found pending issues regarding the registration to conduct vaccinations against brucellosis. It was observed that most professionals keep the infrastructure and equipment for conducting tuberculosis and brucellosis tests. The majority adopts the official models of certification, however there is a significant delay in sending reports of actions, and many professionals reported a lack of demand for certification of properties.(AU)

A fiscalização de profissionais habilitados é uma importante ação do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT). Com este trabalho, buscou-se reunir informações das fiscalizações relativas à habilitação de médicos veterinários privados no estado do Espírito Santo. Os dados deste estudo foram obtidos mediante a compilação dos relatórios de 63 fiscalizações in loco entre 2008 e 2011. Por meio dos achados deste estudo, observou-se que todos os profissionais fiscalizados estão regularmente inscritos no CRMV-ES, todavia foram verificadas pendências quanto ao cadastro para realizar vacinações contra brucelose. Observou-se que a maior parte dos profissionais mantém a infraestrutura e os equipamentos para a realização de exames de brucelose e tuberculose. A maioria adota os modelos oficiais de atestados, contudo há um expressivo atraso no envio dos relatórios de ações, e muitos profissionais relataram falta de demandas para certificação de propriedades.(AU)

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The inspection of qualified professionals is an important action of the National Programme for Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT). The data for this study were obtained by compiling reports of 63 inspections in loco of qualified private veterinarians between 2008 and 2011 in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Through the findings of this study, it was observed that all inspected professionals are regularly registered in the CRMV-ES, nevertheless it was found pending issues regarding the registration to conduct vaccinations against brucellosis. It was observed that most professionals keep the infrastructure and equipment for conducting tuberculosis and brucellosis tests. The majority adopts the official models of certification, however there is a significant delay in sending reports of actions, and many professionals reported a lack of demand for certification of properties.(AU)

A fiscalização de profissionais habilitados é uma importante ação do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT). Com este trabalho, buscou-se reunir informações das fiscalizações relativas à habilitação de médicos veterinários privados no estado do Espírito Santo. Os dados deste estudo foram obtidos mediante a compilação dos relatórios de 63 fiscalizações in loco entre 2008 e 2011. Por meio dos achados deste estudo, observou-se que todos os profissionais fiscalizados estão regularmente inscritos no CRMV-ES, todavia foram verificadas pendências quanto ao cadastro para realizar vacinações contra brucelose. Observou-se que a maior parte dos profissionais mantém a infraestrutura e os equipamentos para a realização de exames de brucelose e tuberculose. A maioria adota os modelos oficiais de atestados, contudo há um expressivo atraso no envio dos relatórios de ações, e muitos profissionais relataram falta de demandas para certificação de propriedades.(AU)

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Resumen Se hizo una evaluación posmortem de 41 individuos de T. callirostris, mantenidos en cautiverio durante el 2009 en el Centro de Atención de Fauna (CAV-CVS), a través de exámenes histopatológicos de los principales órganos y lesiones encontradas. Para esto se realizó un examen clínico externo de los individuos y se evaluó cada uno de los órganos macroscópicamente. Los órganos que presentaron anomalías fueron colectados para histopatología con la tinción Hematoxilina-Eosina. De los individuos evaluados, el principal hallazgo patológico externo correspondió a la enfermedad septicémica ulcerativa cutánea (SCUD), el cual se presentó en el 90% de los individuos. A la evaluación macroscópica de los órganos internos, se observaron anomalías en la cavidad celómica, hígado, bazo y pulmones. Se presentaron lesiones en el 71% de los hígados, 92% de los bazos, 41% de los riñones y 40% de los pulmones. Lo anterior demuestra el efecto negativo que tiene el cautiverio sobre los individuos silvestres de esta especie que han sido decomisados producto del tráfico ilegal.

A postmortem evaluation of 41 T. callirostris kept in captivity during the year 2009 was conducted at CAV-CVS Wildlife Care Center. The evaluation was performed in animals confiscated as a result of illegal trafficking. Histopathological examination of main organs and lesions was conducted in all animals. External clinical examination was also conducted and organs were macroscopically evaluated. Organs with anomalies were collected for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain. The most common external pathology found was Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease (SCUD), present in 90% of the individuals. Abnormalities in the coelomic cavity, liver, spleen and lungs were observed while performing the macroscopic evaluation of internal organs. Lesions were present in 71% of livers, 92% of spleens, 41% of kidneys, and 40% of the lungs. This study shows the negative effects of captivity on wild individuals of this species.

Avaliou-se o estado sanitário post-mortem de 41 indivíduos de T.callirostris, mantidos em cativeiro durante o 2009 no centro de atenção de fauna Silvestre (CAV-CVS). A avaliação se fez a traves de analise histopatológica dos principais órgãos e lesões encontradas. Para isto, realizou-se uma avaliação clinica externa dos indivíduos e avaliaram-se cada um dos órgãos macroscopicamente. Os órgãos que apresentaram anomalias foram coletados para histopatologia com Hematoxilina-Eosina. Dos indivíduos avaliados, a principal descoberta no exame patológico externo correspondeu a doença septicêmica ulcerativa cutânea (SCUD), o qual apresentou-se no 90% dos indivíduos (37/41). Na avaliação macroscópica dos órgãos internos, observaram-se anomalias na cavidade celômica, fígado, baço e pulmões. Apresentaram-se lesões no 71% dos fígados, 92% dos baços, 41% dos rins e 40% dos pulmões. O anterior demonstra o efeito negativo que tem o cativeiro sob os indivíduos silvestres desta espécie que tem sido decomisados como produto do trafego ilegal.

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Livestock disease surveillance is particularly challenging in resource-scarce settings, where disease events are often unreported. Surveillance performance is determined as much by the quantifiable biological attributes of the disease, as it is by motivations and barriers perceived by livestock keepers for disease reporting. Mixed methods designs, which integrate the collection, analysis and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data in a single study, are increasingly used across different disciplines. These designs allow for a deeper exploration of the topic under investigation, than can be achieved by either approach alone. In this study a mixed methods design was used in order to gain a greater understanding of the factors that influence reporting of livestock diseases in Bolivia. There is a need to strengthen passive surveillance in this country, among other reasons as part of an eradication programme for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). Findings revealed livestock keepers in the study area were extremely unlikely to report the occurrence of livestock health events to the Official Veterinary Services (OVS). Communication outside the local community occurs more often through alternative routes and this is positively correlated with disease awareness. The main barriers to disease reporting identified were a lack of institutional credibility and the conflicting priorities of the OVS and livestock keepers. As for other animal and human diseases across the developing world, passive surveillance of livestock diseases in Bolivia should be enhanced; this is urgent in view of the current FMD eradication programme. Increasing timeliness and smallholders' participation requires a detailed understanding of their likely actions and perceived barriers towards disease reporting. These insights are most likely to be developed through a holistic mixed methods approach of quantitative and qualitative analyses.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonosis distributed worldwide, endemic mainly in humid subtropical and tropical countries, with epidemic potential. It affects a range of both wild and domestic animals, including sheep, which transport leptospires in their urine and, therefore, can infect other animals and humans who deal with them. Therefore, leptospirosis is characterized as an occupational zoonosis. In individual herds leptospirosis can cause severe economic loss due to miscarriages and outbreaks of mastitis with a significant reduction of milk production. The disease is caused by Leptospira interrogans, which was reclassified into 13 pathogenic species, and distributed into more than 260 serovars classified into 23 serogroups. The clinical signs of infection may vary depending on the serovar and host. In maintenance hosts, antibody production is generally low; there are relatively mild signs of the disease, and a prolonged carrier state with organisms in the kidneys. In incidental hosts, the disease may be more severe, with high titers of circulating antibodies and a very short or nonexistent renal carrier state. In general, young animals with renal and hepatic failure have more serious infections than adults. Several diseases may produce symptoms similar to those of leptospirosis, so that laboratory confirmation, through microscopic agglutination test, for example, is required. The effectiveness of treatment depends on early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, depending on clinical features, since leptospirosis can develop into chronic liver disease and nephropathy, progressing towards death. Improvements in habitation and sanitary conditions, rodent control, vaccination, isolation and treatment of affected animals are the main measures for the control of leptospirosis.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis distributed worldwide, endemic mainly in humid subtropical and tropical countries, with epidemic potential. It affects a range of both wild and domestic animals, including sheep, which transport leptospires in their urine and, therefore, can infect other animals and humans who deal with them. Therefore, leptospirosis is characterized as an occupational zoonosis. In individual herds leptospirosis can cause severe economic loss due to miscarriages and outbreaks of mastitis with a significant reduction of milk production. The disease is caused by Leptospira interrogans, which was reclassified into 13 pathogenic species, and distributed into more than 260 serovars classified into 23 serogroups. The clinical signs of infection may vary depending on the serovar and host. In maintenance hosts, antibody production is generally low; there are relatively mild signs of the disease, and a prolonged carrier state with organisms in the kidneys. In incidental hosts, the disease may be more severe, with high titers of circulating antibodies and a very short or nonexistent renal carrier state. In general, young animals with renal and hepatic failure have more serious infections than adults. Several diseases may produce symptoms similar to those of leptospirosis, so that laboratory confirmation, through microscopic agglutination test, for example, is required. The effectiveness of treatment depends on early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, depending on clinical features, since leptospirosis can develop into chronic liver disease and nephropathy, progressing towards death. Improvements in habitation and sanitary conditions, rodent control, vaccination, isolation and treatment of affected animals are the main measures for the control of leptospirosis.

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