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INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia (GIAD) is the most common vascular anomaly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, yet little is known about the factors favoring their bleeding. Our study aim was to determine the characteristics of patients with GIAD lesions in a Tunisian population and identify the risk factors of bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out from January 2010 to February 2020 at a tertiary care medical center in Tunisia. Clinical and endoscopic data were collected from each patient's medical reports. We divided the patients into two groups: group A, patients with symptomatic GIAD; and group B, patients with incidental lesions. Group A was subsequently divided into two subgroups, according to the presence or absence of recurrent bleeding. The groups were compared by clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic features. RESULTS: GIAD was diagnosed in 114 patients, with a mean age of 70 ±â€¯13.3 years. GIAD lesions were mainly located in the colon (n = 72, 63%). Fifty-four patients (47%) presented with GIAD-related bleeding. The bleeding diagnosis was made during endoscopic procedures by visualizing active bleeding and the stigmata of recent hemorrhage in 10 (18.5%) and 12 (22.2%) cases, respectively. Most of the patients were treated by argon plasma coagulation (93%). Predictive factors of bleeding were age > 75 years, number of lesions >10, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease (p: 0.008; 0.002; 0.016; 0.048; and 0.039, respectively). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the predictive factors of bleeding aids endoscopists in the decision-making process in cases of angiodysplasia.

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The aim of our study is to evaluate the value of Argon Plasma Coagulation in the treatment of gastrointestinal vascular abnormalities. Patients and methods: This is a descriptive and analytical retrospective study, from January 2009 to September 2020. 198 patients who have benefited from treatment with Argon Plasma Coagulation for vascular anomalies of the digestive tract divided into 2 groups: -Group A: Patients with radial rectitis lesions (n = 107). -Group B: Patients with lesions of digestive angiodysplasia (n = 91). Results: The mean age of our patients was 64.95 ± 9.88 years [43 - 83] in group A, while in group B the mean age was 65.19 ± 14.29 years [40 - 91] with a clear male predominance in 72.5%. The majority of patients in group A were followed for prostate cancer in 33,8%, and 26.3% of patients in group B had chronic renal failure, followed by stomach cancer in 15.8%, and esophageal cancer in 10.5%. Clinical symptomatology was dominated by rectories in 40.2% in group A versus 46.8% in group B. Rectal involvement was dominated in group A in 98.1%, whereas in group B the lesions were mainly located in the stomach in 60.5%. The endoscopic evolution was favorable in all our patients with a clear improvement of rectal lesions and digestive angiodysplasia lesions. The total complication rate in our series was nil. Conclusion: Plasma Argon coagulation is a very effective method in the endoscopic treatment of digestive haemorrhages with good tolerability and a low complication rate. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Angiodysplasias are responsible of 50% of small bowel bleeding. An endoscopic method that allows measuring its severity is not available. AIMS: The aim of the study was to validate a new endoscopic score with VCE to measure the severity of small bowel angiodysplasias (SBAD). METHODS: Four endoscopists independently reviewed VCE videos of 22 patients with SBAD. The score graded 3 variables: A - extent of lesions: E1, located in one half of the intestine and E2, in both halves; B - number of lesions: N1, <5; N2, 5-10; and N3, >10 lesions; C - probability of bleeding: P1, pale red spots; P2, bright red spots; P3, bleeding stigmata; and P4, active bleeding. Capsule Endoscopy Small Bowel Angiodysplasia Activity Index (CESBAI) was calculated as follows: E × 1 + N × 2 + P × 3. Interobserver variability was analyzed by Spearman's correlation and agreement Kappa statistic tests. RESULTS: The mean CESBAI scores by observers were O1= 11.6 ± 4.1; O2 = 11.3 ± 4.8; O3 = 11.1 ± 4.9; and O4 = 11.8 ± 4.2 (p > 0.05). Spearman's correlation values of CESBAI between every 2 observers were from 0.61 to 0.94 (p < 0.001) with a global correlation of 0.73 among all observers. Kappa values of CESBAI between every 2 observers ranged from 0.42 to 0.87 (p < 0.001) with a global agreement of 0.57 among all observers. All evaluators stated that the method was easy to use. CONCLUSIONS: CESBAI is a reliable and reproducible score. Nevertheless, these results must be validated in other studies with larger population before assessing its power for predicting bleeding recurrence.

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Resumo Fundamentos A síndrome de Heyde é a associação de estenose aórtica importante com episódio de sangramento gastrointestinal por lesões angiodisplásicas. Pouco é conhecido sobre os fatores associados a novos sangramentos e desfechos em longo prazo. Além disso, a maioria dos dados é restrita a relatos de casos e pequenas séries. Objetivo Avaliar o perfil clínico, laboratorial e ecocardiográfico de pacientes com síndrome de Heyde submetidos a intervenção valvar ou tratamento medicamentoso. Métodos Coorte prospectiva de 24 pacientes consecutivos entre 2005 e 2018. Foram avaliados dados clínicos, laboratoriais, ecocardiográficos e relacionados à intervenção valvar e a desfechos após o diagnóstico. Valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados Metade dos 24 pacientes apresentou sangramento com necessidade de transfusão sanguínea na admissão. Angiodisplasias foram encontradas mais frequentemente no cólon ascendente (62%). Intervenção valvar (cirúrgica ou transcateter) foi realizada em 70,8% dos pacientes, e 29,2% foram mantidos em tratamento clínico. Novos episódios de sangramento ocorreram em 25% dos casos, e não houve diferença entre os grupos clínico e intervenção (28,6 vs. 23,5%, p=1,00; respectivamente). A mortalidade no seguimento de 2 e 5 anos foi de 16% e 25%, sem diferença entre os grupos (log-rank p = 0,185 e 0,737, respectivamente). Conclusões Pacientes com síndrome de Heyde tiveram alta taxa de sangramento com necessidade de transfusão sanguínea na admissão, sugerindo ser uma doença grave e com risco elevado de mortalidade. Não encontramos diferenças entre os grupos submetidos ao tratamento clínico e à intervenção valvar em relação a taxas de ressangramento e mortalidade tardia.

Abstract Background Heyde's syndrome is the association of severe aortic stenosis with episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplastic lesion. Little is known about the factors associated with new episodes of bleeding and long-term outcomes. Furthermore, most data are restricted to case reports and small case series. Objective To assess the clinical, laboratory and echocardiography profile of patients with Heyde's syndrome who underwent valve intervention or drug therapy. Methods Prospective cohort of 24 consecutive patients from 2005 to 2018. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiography data were assessed, as well as those related to valve intervention and outcomes after diagnosis. A P <0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Results Half of the 24 patients presented with bleeding requiring blood transfusion on admission. Angiodysplasias were more frequently found in the ascending colon (62%). Valve intervention (surgical or transcatheter) was performed in 70.8% of the patients, and 29.2% remained on drug therapy. News episodes of bleeding occurred in 25% of the cases, and there was no difference between clinical and intervention groups (28.6 vs 23.5%, p = 1.00; respectively). Mortality at 2-year and 5-year was 16% and 25%, with no difference between the groups (log-rank p = 0.185 and 0.737, respectively). Conclusions Patients with Heyde's syndrome had a high rate of bleeding requiring blood transfusion on admission, suggesting that it is a severe disease with high mortality risk. No difference was found between clinical and intervention group regarding the rate of rebleeding and late mortality.

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Von Willebrand factor (vWf) is a fundamental multimeric plasma glycoprotein in the coagulation process. Its function is to mediate platelet adhesion and to stabilize circulating factor VIII. A functional or quantitative alteration of vWf gives rise to von Willebrand disease (vWD). The association between vWD and angiodysplasia was described in 1967, but it was only until 2011 that Starke et al demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo role of vWf in angiogenesis. Congenital or acquired vWf deficiency, especially of high molecular weight multimeters, not only favors bleeding, but also contributes to increased angiogenesis in these patients. The treatment should be focused both on the control of the acute episode of gastrointestinal bleeding, with vWf replacement therapy and local endoscopic treatment, as well as on the prevention of the progression of angiodysplasia and future bleeding. There are different published therapeutic approaches using vWf replacement that are not effective in all patients. Recently, angiogenesis inhibitor medications have been used.

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RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Heyde es la asociación entre estenosis valvular aórtica y sangrado gastrointestinal, por angiodisplasia intestinal. La base fisiopatológica de ese síndrome parece ser una deficiencia adquirida del factor de Von Willebrand, que lleva al sangrado de malformaciones arteriovenosas angiodisplásicas. Las alternativas de tratamiento incluyen la localización de puntos de sangrado y la cauterización, pero tal opción terapéutica está asociada a alta recurrencia. El reemplazo de la válvula parece ofrecer la mejor esperanza de resolución a largo plazo del sangrado y debe ser considerada en la mayoría de las veces. Objetivos: Presentar el caso de un síndrome de Heyde, una causa infrecuente de hemorragia digestiva. Caso clínico: Paciente de 74 años con antecedentes estenosis aórtica y sangrado gastrointestinal debido a angiodisplasia duodenal localizada en la segunda porción de esta, tratada mediante la escleroterapia. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Heyde es una asociación poco frecuente entre una valvulopatía aortica y sangrado digestivo por una angiodisplasia que puede presentarse en cualquier parte del tubo digestivo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Heyde syndrome is the association between aortic valve stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding, due to intestinal angiodysplasia. The pathophysiological basis of this syndrome seems to be acquired Von Willebrand factor deficiency, which leads to bleeding from angiodysplastic arteriovenous malformations. Management alternatives include localization of bleeding points and cauterization, but such a therapeutic option is associated with high recurrence. Valve replacement seems to offer the best hope for long-term solving of bleeding and should be considered for most of the cases. Objectives: To present a case of Heyde syndrome, a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Clinical case: A 74-year-old patient is presented with a history of aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding due to duodenal angiodysplasia located in the second portion of it, managed by sclerotherapy. Conclusions: Heyde syndrome is a rare association between aortic valve disease and digestive bleeding due to angiodysplasia that can occur in any part of the digestive tract(AU)

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Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare venous malformation that generally affects the lower limbs and, more infrequently, the upper limbs. It is characterized by cutaneous angiomatous formations, varicose veins and hypertrophy of the affected limb. The involvement of the genitourinary tract is extremely infrequent. We expose the case of a 14 years old female patient who was admitted for macroscopic hematuria of 48 hours of evolution and metrorrhagia with severe hemodynamic decompensation. The patient was under study for presenting a hemangioma in the lower left limb that extended to the pelvic region. Urethrocystofibroscopy showed the presence of multiple wide-spread angiomatous lesions in the bladder, some of them with active bleeding. The angio-resonance showed a voluminous hypervascular formation in contact with the bladder wall showing several arteriovenous fistulas at the pelvic level and in the left lower limb confirming the etiological diagnosis. A selective arterial embolization of the internal and external iliac territories was performed and then, a laser endocoagulation of the bleeding angiomatous foci was carried out. The hematuria completely stopped within 24 hours later of the procedure. The metrorrhagia associated with KTWS was controlled by the use of LHRH analogs and progestogens.

El síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (SKTW) es una rara malformación venosa que, en general afecta a los miembros inferiores y, más raramente, a los superiores. Se caracteriza por formaciones angiomatosas cutáneas, várices e hipertrofia del miembro afectado. El compromiso genitourinario es sumamente infrecuente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 14 años. Ingresó por hematuria macroscópica de 48 h de evolución y metrorragia con grave compromiso hemodinámico. Se encontraba en estudio por presentar un hemangioma en el miembro inferior izquierdo que se extendía hasta la región pelviana. La uretrocistofibroscopía demostró la presencia de múltiples lesiones angiomatosas diseminadas en forma amplia en la vejiga, algunas de ellas con sangrado activo. La angioresonancia mostró una voluminosa formación hipervascularizada en contacto con la pared vesical a la cual desplazaba y fístulas arteriovenosas a nivel pelviano y en el miembro inferior izquierdo confirmando el diagnóstico etiológico. Se realizó una embolización arterial selectiva de los territorios ilíacos interno y externo e inmediatamente después una endocoagulación láser de los focos angiomatosos sangrantes. La hematuria remitió completamente en las 24 h posteriores al procedimiento. La metrorragia asociada al SKTW fue controlada mediante la utilización de análogos LHRH y progestágenos.

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El síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (SKTW) es una rara malformación venosa que, en general afecta a los miembros inferiores y, más raramente, a los superiores. Se caracteriza por formaciones angiomatosas cutáneas, várices e hipertrofia del miembro afectado. El compromiso genitourinario es sumamente infrecuente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 14 años. Ingresó por hematuria macroscópica de 48 h de evolución y metrorragia con grave compromiso hemodinámico. Se encontraba en estudio por presentar un hemangioma en el miembro inferior izquierdo que se extendía hasta la región pelviana. La uretrocistofibroscopía demostró la presencia de múltiples lesiones angiomatosas diseminadas en forma amplia en la vejiga, algunas de ellas con sangrado activo. La angioresonancia mostró una voluminosa formación hipervascularizada en contacto con la pared vesical a la cual desplazaba y fístulas arteriovenosas a nivel pelviano y en el miembro inferior izquierdo confirmando el diagnóstico etiológico. Se realizó una embolización arterial selectiva de los territorios ilíacos interno y externo e inmediatamente después una endocoagulación láser de los focos angiomatosos sangrantes. La hematuria remitió completamente en las 24 h posteriores al procedimiento. La metrorragia asociada al SKTW fue controlada mediante la utilización de análogos LHRH y progestágenos.

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare venous malformation that generally affects the lower limbs and, more infrequently, the upper limbs. It is characterized by cutaneous angiomatous formations, varicose veins and hypertrophy of the affected limb. The involvement of the genitourinary tract is extremely infrequent. We expose the case of a 14 years old female patient who was admitted for macroscopic hematuria of 48 hours of evolution and metrorrhagia with severe hemodynamic decompensation. The patient was under study for presenting a hemangioma in the lower left limb that extended to the pelvic region. Urethrocystofibroscopy showed the presence of multiple wide-spread angiomatous lesions in the bladder, some of them with active bleeding. The angio-resonance showed a voluminous hypervascular formation in contact with the bladder wall showing several arteriovenous fistulas at the pelvic level and in the left lower limb confirming the etiological diagnosis. A selective arterial embolization of the internal and external iliac territories was performed and then, a laser endocoagulation of the bleeding angiomatous foci was carried out. The hematuria completely stopped within 24 hours later of the procedure. The metrorrhagia associated with KTWS was controlled by the use of LHRH analogs and progestogens.

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Introducción: desde el advenimiento de la cápsula endoscópica, la hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado ha cambiado su epidemiología y se ha podido identificar diversas causas que antes no se las entendía. Este estudio enmarca nuestra experiencia en esta nueva técnica de gran utilidad en el Hospital Metropolitano para estudiar el sangrado del intestino delgado. Objetivo: determinar los hallazgos identificados por cápsula endoscópica y su utilidad en los 3 grupos de hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado que son: 1) sangrado evidente, 2) sangrado oculto y 3) anemia ferropénica. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo transversal. Se revisaron 201 historias clínicas de las cuales se seleccionaron aquellas cuyos pacientes acudían a realizarse un estudio de cápsula endoscópica debido a sospecha de sangrado digestivo del intestino delgado. Variables que se analizaron: edad, sexo, hallazgos y una variable de utilidad del estudio en el sangrado digestivo. El sistema de la cápsula endoscópica que se utilizó fue Pill Cam 2 de la GIVEN de intestino delgado. Resultados: distribución etaria promedio de 58±17 años (56% menores de 65 años y 44% mayores de 65 años). Las causas de sangrado del intestino delgado de los 3 grupos estudiados fue angiodisplasia (9%), múltiples erosiones (8%), tumores del intestino delgado erosionados (5%). La cápsula endoscópica para detectar la etiología de sangrado digestivo fue útil en 84% de los casos: sangrado evidente (85%), en el grupo de anemia (84%) y en el grupo de sangrado oculto (85%). Conclusión: la hemorragia digestiva del intestino delgado se puede presentar en cualquier edad y sexo. Los hallazgos más frecuente de hemorragia del intestino delgado son las angiodisplasias, las cuales se relacionan con la edad y múltiples erosiones de la mucosa intestinal. La cápsula endoscópica es un método de gran utilidad para detectar la detección etiología de la hemorragia de intestino delgado. (AU)

Introduction: Since the advent of the endoscopic capsule, digestive hemorrhage of the small intestine has changed in its epidemiology and it has been possible to identify several causes not previously understood. This study frames our experience in this new technology at the Metropolitan Hospital in the study of small bowel bleeding and its great utility. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the findings identified by endoscopic capsule and its usefulness in the three groups of digestive hemorrhage of the small intestine, that are evident bleeding, occult bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. Methodology: A transversal retrospective descriptive study was carried out. In the study, 201 clinical records of patients were reviewed and those who attended an endoscopic capsule study with suspicion of digestive bleeding of small bowel origin were selected. The variables analyzed were age, sex, findings and a useful variable of the study in digestive bleeding. The system of the endoscopic capsule that was used was the Pill Cam 2 of the GIVEN of small intestine. Results: Among the results, an average age distribution of 58±17 years of age was found, of which 56% were patients under 65 years of age and 44% were older than 65 years. The most frequent cause of bleeding in the small intestine of the three groups studied was angiodysplasias in 9%. Multiple erosions were found in 8% of the patients. The presence of erosionaded small bowel tumors was observed in 5%. The endoscopic capsule in the detection of causes of digestive bleeding was useful in determining the etiology in 84% of cases. In the evident bleeding it was useful in 85%, in the anemia group 84% and in the group of occult bleeding in 85%. Conclusion: Small intestine digestive hemorrhage can occur at any age and in any gender. The most common findings of small bowel hemorrhage are angiodysplasias that are related to age, as well as multiple erosions of the intestinal mucosa. The endoscopic capsule is a very useful method in the etiological detection of small bowel hemorrhage. (AU)

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Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a frequent condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Angiodysplasia is a common cause of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract in the elderly. This case report discusses about a 75-year-old woman clinically stable with melena for 2 years due to arteriovenous fistula of upper mesenteric artery branches without adequate clinical and therapeutic treatment. The goal of this article is to report the safety and efficacy of superselective transcatheter arterial embolization with coils in treating lower gastrointestinal bleeding caused by angiodysplasia that was unresponsive to internal medicine treatment and enteroscopy management.

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Una paciente de sexo femenino, adulta joven se internó con diagnóstico de hemorragia digestiva y descompensación hemodinámica. La colonoscopia mostró sangrado desde el ostium apendicular. Se realizó apendicectomía, con resolución de su cuadro de hemorragia digestiva y buena evolución posoperatoria. La anatomía patológica mostró angiodisplasia del apéndice cecal. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de esta rara patología y se hacen consideraciones sobre su frecuencia, forma de estudio y posibilidades terapéuticas.

An adult, female patient was admitted with diagnosis of digestive bleeding and hemodynamic instability. Colonoscopy showed bleeding from the appendicular ostium. An appendectomy was performed, with resolution of the digestive hemorrhage and good postoperative outcome. Pathology showed angiodysplasia of the cecal appendix. A bibliographical revision is done with considerations on the frequency, diagnostic workup and alternative therapies.

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This case study describes a 71-year-old man with signet-ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma and malignant sigmoidal polyp; and typical features of Saint's triad and Heyde syndrome. He had digestive bleeding, two types of hernia, diverticulosis, arterial hypertension, malignant polyp, and antecedent of smoking, lung tuberculosis, and surgical correction of aortic valve stenosis. There is a hypothetical inverse relationship between herniosis and development of malignancy; however, the patient herein described presented gastric and sigmoidal cancers. Gastrointestinal malignancies are sometimes associated with paraneoplastic entities, isolated or manifested as syndromes, but neither Saint's triad or Heyde syndrome have been included. This patient persisted clinically stable during the preoperative period, but suddenly died; Trousseau's syndrome would be the most probable mechanism of sudden death in this setting. Case reports can stimulate further studies to get additional knowledge about unusual entities.

Este estudio de caso describe un hombre de 71 años de edad, con adenocarcinoma gástrico con células en anillo de sello y un pólipo maligno sigmoideo; y características típicas de la tríada de Saint y del síndrome de Heyde. Tuvo una hemorragia digestiva, dos tipos de hernias, divertículos, hipertensión arterial, y pólipo maligno; con antecedente de tabaquismo, tuberculosis pulmonar, y corrección quirúrgica de estenosis de la válvula aórtica. Hay una hipotética relación inversa entre hernioses y el desarrollo de malignidades; sin embargo, el paciente que se describe en el presente documento presentó cánceres gástrico y sigmoideo. Neoplasias gastrointestinales se asocian a veces con entidades para neoplásicas aisladas o manifiestan síndromes, pero ni la tríada de Saint ni el síndrome de Heyde se ha incluido. Este paciente persistió clínicamente estable durante el período preoperatorio, pero de repente murió; síndrome de Trousseau sería el mecanismo más probable de muerte súbita en esta situación. Los informes de casos pueden estimular más estudios para obtener un conocimiento adicional sobre esas entidades inusuales.

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Abstract Parkes-Weber syndrome is a congenital vascular disease that comprises capillary, venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformations. Although Parkes-Weber syndrome is a clinically distinct entity with serious complications, it is still frequently misdiagnosed as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, which consists of a triad of malformations involving the capillary, venous, and lymphatic vessels, without arteriovenous fistulas. Both syndromes are generally diagnosed with Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography. The aim of this study is to describe one case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, in a 36-year-old patient, and one case of Parkes-Weber syndrome, in a 21-year-old patient. We review the literature in order to discuss the possible causes and consequences of these diseases related to venous hypertension and angiodysplasia, taking a clearer approach to their differences, and discussing their treatment.

Resumo A síndrome de Parkes-Weber é uma doença vascular congênita que consiste em malformações capilares, venosas, linfáticas e arteriovenosas. Embora seja uma entidade clinicamente distinta com complicações graves, essa síndrome ainda é frequentemente diagnosticada erroneamente como síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay, que consiste em uma tríade de má formação nos vasos capilares, venosos e linfáticos, sem fístula arteriovenosa. Ambas as síndromes são geralmente diagnosticadas através de ultrassom Doppler e confirmadas pela angiografia por ressonância magnética. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever um caso de síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay em um paciente de 36 anos de idade e um caso de síndrome de Parkes-Weber em uma paciente de 21 anos. A literatura foi revisada com o objetivo de discutir as possíveis causas e consequências dessa doença e sua associação à hipertensão venosa e angiodisplasia. O presente trabalho também levanta discussão a respeito das diferenças sintomatológicas de ambas as síndromes e seus respectivos tratamentos.

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Angiodysplasia is a frequent cause of persistent gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage in elderly patients. Although GI bleeding isn't the most common manifestation in patients with bleeding disorders, when present, it represents a challenging complication. We describe a 62-year-old patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, who used thalidomide for severe and recurrent GI bleeding. For 6 months, the patient experienced temporary control of GI bleeding with thalidomide in a daily oral dose of 100 mg. The anti-angiogenic effects of thalidomide have recently been explored by several groups, particularly in the management of bleeding from angiodysplasia, including cases with von Willebrand disease. Here, we review the relevant descriptions of the use of thalidomide in this situation, and also discuss potential reasons why we observed only a temporary control of the GI bleeding in our patient, such as the use of low-dose regimen due to limitations posed by thalidomide side effects.

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Fundamento: la epicondilosis lateral de codo, también conocida como epicondilitis o codo de tenista, es una condición común resultante de una tendinopatía no inflamatoria del origen de los tendones extensores en el epicóndilo lateral con una incidencia entre el 1 % y el 3 % de la población adulta por año. La clínica se caracteriza por dolor a nivel del epicóndilo lateral, asociado a debilidad al agarrar o elevar objetos con el antebrazo en pronación. Un 15 % de los enfermos son tributarios de cirugía. Objetivo: caracterizar los resultados de la técnica de Nirschl en los pacientes con epicondilosis lateral de codo desde septiembre de 2012 hasta septiembre de 2015. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra no probabilística quedó constituida por 46 pacientes y 48 codos, seleccionados según criterios. Se utilizaron las técnicas de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados: predominaron las mujeres con 36 casos. Los enfermos se encontraban en el grupo de 30 a 59 años y 35 casos iniciaron los síntomas entre ocho y 12 meses de la cirugía. El miembro dominante predominó con 43 casos y en dos casos la afectación fue bilateral. La evaluación posoperatoria de los pacientes, mostró una evolución entre excelente y bueno en 46 codos al año de operados. Conclusiones: la técnica de Nirschl para la epicondilosis lateral de codo es efectiva en la mayoría de los pacientes, se logra una mejoría clínica que se mantuvo en el transcurso del tiempo. Se considera una terapia segura al acompañarse de un mínimo de complicaciones. La efectividad y seguridad del procedimiento dependen de una técnica depurada y de una selección adecuada de los pacientes.

ABSTRACT Background: lateral elbow epicondylosis, also known as epicondylitis or tennis elbow, is a common condition resulting in a non inflammatory tendinopathy of the extensor tendons at the lateral epicondyle, with an incidence between one and three percent in adult population per year. The clinical group of signs is characterized by pain in the lateral epicondyle, associated with weakness of the grip force and difficulties to lift objects in prone position. About a 15 % of the cases can undergo surgery. Objective: to characterize the results of the Nirschl technique in patients with lateral elbow epicondilosis from September 2012 to September 2015. Methods: a prospective, descriptive and transversal study was conducted. The non probabilistic sample was composed of 46 patients and 48 elbows, selected by criteria. Descriptive and inferential statistics techniques were used. Results: women prevailed with 36 cases. The ill patients were in the 30 to 59 age group, and 35 cases began with the symptoms between eight and twelve month after surgery. The dominant limb was predominant with 43 cases and in two patients the affection was bilateral. Postoperatory evaluation showed excellent and good results in 46 elbows up to a year after surgery. Conclusions: Nirschl technique for lateral epicondilosis is effective in the majority of the patients, because of the clinical improvement which last in time. It is considered a save therapy with less complications. The effectiveness and safety of this procedure depend on a pure technique and adequate selection of patients.

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Parkes-Weber syndrome is a congenital vascular disease that comprises capillary, venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformations. Although Parkes-Weber syndrome is a clinically distinct entity with serious complications, it is still frequently misdiagnosed as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, which consists of a triad of malformations involving the capillary, venous, and lymphatic vessels, without arteriovenous fistulas. Both syndromes are generally diagnosed with Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography. The aim of this study is to describe one case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, in a 36-year-old patient, and one case of Parkes-Weber syndrome, in a 21-year-old patient. We review the literature in order to discuss the possible causes and consequences of these diseases related to venous hypertension and angiodysplasia, taking a clearer approach to their differences, and discussing their treatment.

A síndrome de Parkes-Weber é uma doença vascular congênita que consiste em malformações capilares, venosas, linfáticas e arteriovenosas. Embora seja uma entidade clinicamente distinta com complicações graves, essa síndrome ainda é frequentemente diagnosticada erroneamente como síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay, que consiste em uma tríade de má formação nos vasos capilares, venosos e linfáticos, sem fístula arteriovenosa. Ambas as síndromes são geralmente diagnosticadas através de ultrassom Doppler e confirmadas pela angiografia por ressonância magnética. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever um caso de síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay em um paciente de 36 anos de idade e um caso de síndrome de Parkes-Weber em uma paciente de 21 anos. A literatura foi revisada com o objetivo de discutir as possíveis causas e consequências dessa doença e sua associação à hipertensão venosa e angiodisplasia. O presente trabalho também levanta discussão a respeito das diferenças sintomatológicas de ambas as síndromes e seus respectivos tratamentos.

RESUMO

El Síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay es una malformación vascular congénita caracterizada por una triada de manifestaciones clínicas que comprende una malformación vascular venular, linfática y venosa, junto con hipertrofia esquelética y aumento de tejidos blandos de uno o más miembros. De etiología desconocida, patogénicamente se cree que se produce una alteración en el desarrollo del mesodermo en el feto, que afecta a las líneas angioblástica, linfoblástica y osteoblástica. Se presenta el caso de un paciente femenino de 5 años de edad quien presenta una malformación vascular, diagnosticada inicialmente como hemangioma vascular y posteriormente se asoció a Síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay. El objetivo de la presentación de este caso es generar conocimiento sobre las características clínicas del síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay para un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno(AU)

Klippel - Trenaunay -Weber congenital vascular malformation characterized by a triad of clinical manifestations comprising a venular, venous and lymphatic vascular malformation, with hypertrophy increased skeletal and soft tissue of one or more members. Of unknown etiology, it is believed to pathogenically an alteration occurs in mesoderm development in the fetus, which affects angioblastic , and osteoblastic lymphoblastoid lines. Is presentedthe case of a 5 year old that has a vascular malformation, initially diagnosed as vascular hemangioma and later was associated with Klippel- Trenaunay -Weber.Objective: To generate knowledge about the clinical features of KlippelTrenaunay Syndrome for diagnosis and treatment(AU)

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RESUMO

Introducción: La cápsula colónica, PillCam© Colon fue utilizada por primera vez en el mundo en octubrede 2006 para la exploración no invasiva del colon. Estudios recientes han demostrado su buena rentabilidaddiagnóstica, comparada con la colonoscopía convencional, en el estudio de la patología colónica.Objetivo: Determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la PillCam© Colon en la detección de lesiones colónicas,comparada con la colonoscopia convencional, en pacientes de la ciudad de Cartagena con sintomatología de los intestinos medio y bajo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo de pruebas diagnósticas, en el cual se evaluóla validez (la sensibilidad, la especifi cidad y los valores predictivos) de la PillCam© Colon, comparada con lacolonoscopia, en la detección de lesiones colónicas, en una cohorte de pacientes que consultaron a la clínicaUniversitaria San Juan de Dios por sintomatología de los intestinos medio y bajo en Cartagena, durante elperiodo junio de 2011-enero de 2013. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando el software STATA 11.0.Resultados: Se estudió a 25 pacientes: 14 mujeres (56%) y 11 hombres (44%); todos ellos, con colonoscopiaprevia, y a quienes se les practicó una panendoscopia con la PillCam© Colon activada. Se logró la exploración completa del colon en el 76% de los casos (19 pacientes). El tiempo del tránsito colónico fue de 2,4 horas (DE±1,3 horas), y el del tránsito oroanal, de 6,2 horas (DE± 1,18). Conclusión: La PillCam© Colon es una técnica no invasiva, altamente sensible y segura en la detección delesiones colónicas, y que puede ser de utilidad en la práctica clínica en grupos de alto riesgo para la deteccióntemprana del cáncer colorrectal y en los casos donde la colonoscopia sea incompleta o esté contraindicada.

Introduction: In October 2006 the PillCam© Colon colonic capsule was used for the fi rst time ever for noninvasive colon. Recent studies have shown that is diagnostic performance is good in comparison with conventional colonoscopy for the study of colonic pathologies.Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic yield of PillCam© Colon in detecting colonic lesions with the yield of conventional colonoscopy for patients with symptoms in the mid and lowerintestinal regions in a hospital in Cartagena. Materials and methods: This was a prospective observational study of diagnostic tests which assessed the validity (sensitivity, specifi city and predictive values ) of the PillCam© Colon and compared them with colonoscopy for the detection of colonic lesions in a cohort of patients at the University Clínica Universitaria San Juan de Dios in Cartagena. Patients had symptoms in the mid and lower intestinal regions. Patients were examined from June 2011 to January 2013. Analyses were performed using STATA 11.0 software.Results: We studied 25 patients: 14 women (56 %) and 11 men (44 %). All had previously undergonecolonoscopies. Panendoscopies were performed on these patients using an activated PillCam© Colon. Weachieved complete colon examinations in 76% (19 patients). Colonic transit time was 2.4 hours (SD ± 1.3hours) and oral-anal transit time was 6.2 hours (SD ± 1.18). 78.9% of the fi ndings of the PillCam© Colon andcolonoscopy agreed. Conclusion: PillCam© Colon is a highly sensitive and reliable non-invasive method for detection of lesionsin the colon. It may be useful in clinical practice for early detection of colorectal cancer in high risk groups and in cases that colonoscopy is incomplete or contraindicated.

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