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Background: Athletes, tourists, and mining workers from all over the world ascend daily to an altitude greater than 3.000 meters above sea level to perform different activities, all of which demand physical effort. A ventilation increase is the first mechanism once the chemoreceptors perceive hypoxia, and is key to maintaining blood oxygen levels during acute exposure to high altitudes and to buffering lactic acidosis during exercise. It has been observed that gender is a variable that can influence the ventilatory response. Still, the available literature is limited due to the few studies considering women as study subjects. The influence of gender on anaerobic performance and its effects under high altitudes (HA) environments have been poorly studied. Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate anaerobic performance in young women exposed to high altitudes and to compare the physiological response to multiple sprints between women and men measured by ergospirometry. Methodology: Nine women and nine men (22.9 ± 3.2 years old) carried out the multiple-sprint anaerobic tests under two conditions, sea level and high altitudes. Results: In the first 24 h of exposure to a high altitudes, lactate levels were higher in women than those in men (2.57 ± 0.4 Mmol/L, 2.18 ± 0.3 Mmol/L, respectively; p < 0.05). Second, women had a decreased ventilatory response in exposure to high altitudes compared to men (p > 0.005). Third, there is a positive correlation between lactate levels prior to an anaerobic test and the ventilatory response developed by subjects at high altitudes (R2 = 0.33, slope = -41.7, and p < 0.05). Lastly, this ventilatory response can influence VO2peak (R2 = 0.60, slope = 0.02, and p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study provides insights into the mechanisms behind the reduced respiratory capacity observed in women during an anaerobic exercise test at high altitudes. An acute response to HA showed a greater work of breathing and increased the drive ventilatory response. It is possible to postulate the differences in the fatigue-induced metaboreflex of the respiratory muscles and aerobic-anaerobic transition between genders. These results on multiple sprint performance and the influences of gender in hypoxic environments deserve further investigation.

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BACKGROUND: At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus denominated SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread through the world causing the pandemic coronavirus disease known as COVID-19. The difference in the inflammatory response against SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living at different altitudes is a variable not yet studied. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in two Peruvian cities at different altitudes for comparison: Lima and Huaraz. Five important proinflammatory cytokines were measured including: IL-6, IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α using ELISA assays. RESULTS: A total of 35 COVID-19 patients and 10 healthy subjects were recruited from each study site. The mean levels of IL-6 (p < 0.03) and TNF-α (p < 0.01) were significantly different among the study groups. In the case of IL-6, patients from Lima had a mean level of 16.2 pg/ml (healthy) and 48.3 pg/ml (COVID-19), meanwhile, patients from Huaraz had levels of 67.3 pg/ml (healthy) and 97.9 pg/ml (COVID-19). Regarding TNF-α, patients from Lima had a mean level of 25.9 pg/ml (healthy) and 61.6 pg/ml (COVID-19), meanwhile, patients from Huaraz had levels of 89.0 pg/ml (healthy) and 120.6 pg/ml (COVID-19). The levels of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ were not significantly different in the study groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 residing at high-altitude tend to have higher levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to patients living at sea level, particularly IL-6 and TNF-α. A better understanding of the inflammatory response in different populations can contribute to the implementation of therapeutic and preventive approaches. Further studies evaluating more patients, a greater variety of cytokines and their clinical impact are required.

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The objective of this study was to assess the association between vitamin D and cardiometabolic markers in 2 indigenous communities from similar ethnic backgrounds, but living at different altitudes. A cross-sectional study compared 152 (72 females) indigenous schoolchildren from San Antonio de los Cobres (SAC), 3750 m above sea level, with 175 (86 females) from Chicoana (CH), 1400 m above sea level, mean age 9 years. Anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, and vitamin D were assessed in spring season. The prevalence of children's overweight/obesity was significantly lower in SAC, 9.2% (13), than in CH, 41.5% (71). There was a significantly higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) in SAC (n = 103, 67.7%) than in CH (n = 62, 36.3%). SAC showed an inverse correlation between vitamin D and insulinemia (r = -0.17, P < .05), whereas CH showed an inverse correlation between vitamin D and systolic blood pressure (r = -0.19, P < .05), z-BMI (body mass index; r = -0.25, P < .01), triglycerides (r = -0.15, P < .05), glucose (r = -0.35, P < .05), and insulinemia (r = -0.24, P < .01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that vitamin D (ß = -.47; R 2 = .21) was significantly associated with SAC location, adjusted for confounding variables. Vitamin D levels were significantly and directly associated with altitude and inversely with metabolic markers, suggesting that populations living at high altitudes are at higher risk for future cardiovascular diseases.

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Records of extreme altitudes where several coccinellid species from South America inhabit the Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru are provided. After an intensive review of several entomological collections and literature, records for 35 species with at least one location over 3500-m elevation were obtained, including the genera Cycloneda (ten species), Eriopis (15 species and one subspecies), Harmonia (one species), Hippodamia (two species), Mimoscymnus (two species), Psyllobora (one species), and Stenadalia (four species). In total, 184 location records are listed, of which 119 were from between 3000 and 4000 m, 57 between 4000 and 4900 m and eight above 4900 m, with the highest altitude record at 5250 m for Eriopis minima Hofmann. All records above 4000 m were obtained in the Puna biogeographic province within the Paramo Puneña biogeographic subregion. These records are the highest altitudes observed for the American continent and by far surpass others known for coccinellids worldwide. Several species of coccinellids living in sympatry at these high altitudes were verified, and in some cases, in situ development was inferred by the presence of immature stages. These findings are important to foresee the future effects of global warming that will affect especially the biological communities of extreme altitudes.

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Sensory characteristics were evaluated such as aroma, taste, aftertaste, acidity, body, consistency, balance, cleanliness of the cup, sweetness and beverage quality of four coffee cultivars (Catuaí, Caturra, Pache and Catimor) harvested from two different attitudes [sic: altitudes] (800-1000 and 1000-1200 meters above sea level) in the Province of San Martin - Peru. The focus of this research was to look for significant differences between sensory characteristics evaluated by 05 professional coffee-tasters certified by the Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Ripe cherries were hand-picked, wet processed with natural fermentation and last of all submitted to solar drying. The roasting and grinding procedures followed those specified by the Specialty Coffee Association of America. The coffee-tasters evaluated the sensory attributes on a scale of 6-10 for each criterion. Our results suggested that the sensory quality of Pache and Caturra coffee beans increases the higher the altitude they are cultivated. Although, there is no significant difference between altitudes, the interaction between these two varieties and altitude favors a greater gain in beverage quality as well as aroma, flavor and acidity for the Caturra variety.(AU)

Foram avaliados atributos sensoriais como aroma, sabor, sabor residual, acidez, corpo, consistência, equilíbrio, xicara limpa, doçura e qualidade de xicara de quatro cultivares (Catuaí , Caturra, Pache e Catimor) de café coletados sobre duas elevações (800-1000 e 1000-1200 metros de altitude) no Departamento de San Martín - Peru. O foco da pesquisa foi encontrar diferenças significativas entre os atributos sensoriais avaliados por 05 baristas certificados pela Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Cerejas maduras foram colhidas de forma artesanal, processadas pela via húmida com fermentação natural e finalmente exposta a uma secagem solar. As condições de torrado e moagem foram seguidas de acordo aos procedimentos da Specialty Coffee Association of America. Os baristas avaliaram os atributos sensoriais numa escala de 6-10 para cada. Nossos resultados sugerem que os grãos de café pache e caturra aumentaram sua qualidade sensorial à medida que as plantas são crescidas a maior altitude, embora não exista diferencia significativa entre altitudes, a interação entres estas duas variedades com a altitude favorece a ganhar maior qualidade de xícara, assim como aroma, sabor, acidez para a variedade caturra.(AU)

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Sensory characteristics were evaluated such as aroma, taste, aftertaste, acidity, body, consistency, balance, cleanliness of the cup, sweetness and beverage quality of four coffee cultivars (Catuaí, Caturra, Pache and Catimor) harvested from two different attitudes [sic: altitudes] (800-1000 and 1000-1200 meters above sea level) in the Province of San Martin - Peru. The focus of this research was to look for significant differences between sensory characteristics evaluated by 05 professional coffee-tasters certified by the Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Ripe cherries were hand-picked, wet processed with natural fermentation and last of all submitted to solar drying. The roasting and grinding procedures followed those specified by the Specialty Coffee Association of America. The coffee-tasters evaluated the sensory attributes on a scale of 6-10 for each criterion. Our results suggested that the sensory quality of Pache and Caturra coffee beans increases the higher the altitude they are cultivated. Although, there is no significant difference between altitudes, the interaction between these two varieties and altitude favors a greater gain in beverage quality as well as aroma, flavor and acidity for the Caturra variety.

Foram avaliados atributos sensoriais como aroma, sabor, sabor residual, acidez, corpo, consistência, equilíbrio, xicara limpa, doçura e qualidade de xicara de quatro cultivares (Catuaí , Caturra, Pache e Catimor) de café coletados sobre duas elevações (800-1000 e 1000-1200 metros de altitude) no Departamento de San Martín - Peru. O foco da pesquisa foi encontrar diferenças significativas entre os atributos sensoriais avaliados por 05 baristas certificados pela Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Cerejas maduras foram colhidas de forma artesanal, processadas pela via húmida com fermentação natural e finalmente exposta a uma secagem solar. As condições de torrado e moagem foram seguidas de acordo aos procedimentos da Specialty Coffee Association of America. Os baristas avaliaram os atributos sensoriais numa escala de 6-10 para cada. Nossos resultados sugerem que os grãos de café pache e caturra aumentaram sua qualidade sensorial à medida que as plantas são crescidas a maior altitude, embora não exista diferencia significativa entre altitudes, a interação entres estas duas variedades com a altitude favorece a ganhar maior qualidade de xícara, assim como aroma, sabor, acidez para a variedade caturra.

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ABSTRACT: Sensory characteristics were evaluated such as aroma, taste, aftertaste, acidity, body, consistency, balance, cleanliness of the cup, sweetness and beverage quality of four coffee cultivars (Catuaí, Caturra, Pache and Catimor) harvested from two different attitudes [sic: altitudes] (800-1000 and 1000-1200 meters above sea level) in the Province of San Martin - Peru. The focus of this research was to look for significant differences between sensory characteristics evaluated by 05 professional coffee-tasters certified by the Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Ripe cherries were hand-picked, wet processed with natural fermentation and last of all submitted to solar drying. The roasting and grinding procedures followed those specified by the Specialty Coffee Association of America. The coffee-tasters evaluated the sensory attributes on a scale of 6-10 for each criterion. Our results suggested that the sensory quality of Pache and Caturra coffee beans increases the higher the altitude they are cultivated. Although, there is no significant difference between altitudes, the interaction between these two varieties and altitude favors a greater gain in beverage quality as well as aroma, flavor and acidity for the Caturra variety.

RESUMO: Foram avaliados atributos sensoriais como aroma, sabor, sabor residual, acidez, corpo, consistência, equilíbrio, xicara limpa, doçura e qualidade de xicara de quatro cultivares (Catuaí , Caturra, Pache e Catimor) de café coletados sobre duas elevações (800-1000 e 1000-1200 metros de altitude) no Departamento de San Martín - Peru. O foco da pesquisa foi encontrar diferenças significativas entre os atributos sensoriais avaliados por 05 baristas certificados pela Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Cerejas maduras foram colhidas de forma artesanal, processadas pela via húmida com fermentação natural e finalmente exposta a uma secagem solar. As condições de torrado e moagem foram seguidas de acordo aos procedimentos da Specialty Coffee Association of America. Os baristas avaliaram os atributos sensoriais numa escala de 6-10 para cada. Nossos resultados sugerem que os grãos de café pache e caturra aumentaram sua qualidade sensorial à medida que as plantas são crescidas a maior altitude, embora não exista diferencia significativa entre altitudes, a interação entres estas duas variedades com a altitude favorece a ganhar maior qualidade de xícara, assim como aroma, sabor, acidez para a variedade caturra.

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En el presente trabajo se reportan las respectivas altitudes para mosquitos de la tribu Anophelini (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) del Municipio Gran Sabana, estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Se señalan nuevos registros de altitudes en el país para Chagasia ablusa Harbach, Chagasia bonneae Root y doce especies del género Anopheles. La Gran Sabana cubre una superficie de cerca de 18.000 km², con altitudes que varían de 750 m a 1.450 m. La mayor parte de las tierras altas de la misma, presenta un clima característico de bosques húmedos sub-montanos siempre verdes, con temperaturas promedio anual que oscilan entre 18ºC y 24ºC, con un promedio de precipitación anual entre 2.000 y 3.500 mm, y un corto periodo seco que ocurre entre los meses de Diciembre y Marzo.

Altitude records for mosquitos in the tribe Anophelini (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) from the Gran Sabana municipality, Bolívar State, Venezuela are reported. New altitude registers include Chagasia ablusa Harbach, Chagasia bonneae Root and 12 species of Anopheles. The Gran Sabana is an undulating grass-dominated upland savanna covering an area close to 18,000 km², with altitudes ranging from 750 m to 1,450 m. Most of the Gran Sabana highlands have a humid submontane climate, with average annual temperatures ranging between 18ºC and 24ºC, and average annual rainfall between 2,000 and 3,500 mm. It has a very short dry season occurring from December to March.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de dezessete linhagens de soja em diferentes regiões de Estado do Tocantins (Central e Sul) foram conduzidos dois ensaios no ano agrícola 2007/08, sendo um na Área Experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT no município de Palmas-TO e outro na Área Experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT no município de Gurupi-TO. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 34 tratamentos e três repetições, instalados em um esquema fatorial 17 X 2, constituído por dezessete cultivares de soja (CD 219RR, M-SOY 8585RR, M-S0Y 8787RR, M-SOY 8925RR, M-SOY 9056RR, P98R31, P98R62, P98R91, P98Y51, P99R01, TMG103RR, TMG106RR, TMG108RR, TMG115RR, TMG117RR, TMG121RR e BRSMG Valiosa) e duas localidades (Gurupi e Palmas). Foram avaliadas as características: altura de vagem; número de dias para o florescimento; número de dias para a maturação; altura das plantas e produção de grãos. Houve efeito significativo da interação local x cultivar para todas as características, exceto para número de dias para o florescimento. Os cultivares BRSMG Valiosa, M-SOY 8585 RR e TMG 106 RR alcançaram as maiores médias de produção.

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Electrokinetic, thermic, and kinetic properties of products of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHP; EC 1.1.1.42) loci of Astyanax scabripinnis (Pisces, Characidae) collected at three different altitudes (700 m, 1,800 m, and 1,920 m) of Grande Stream at Campos do Jordão, State of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed. Two IDHP bidirectionally divergent loci, a single skeletal muscle, the IDHP-A*, and a single liver IDHP-B*, both polymorphic, were detected in the three different altitude populations. The variant allele *128 at the IDHP-A* locus, had its highest frequency detected in the 1,920 m population (0.494). Among the nine variant alleles detected at the IDHP-B* locus (*37, *57, *69, *79, *85, *114, *119, *124, and *140), the *37 and 79 were detected only in 1,800 m population. Chi-square values showed that only the 700 m population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the IDHP-A* locus, while for the IDHP-B* locus, no population is. Homogeneity Chi² test indicated that the populations are significantly different in their A and B phenotype frequencies. Wright's FST mean value (0.036 and 0.32, IDHP-A* and IDHP-B*, respectively) was 0.178 for the three altitude populations which means that 82% of total genetic diversity was found among individuals of each one of the populations. Stability at environmental temperatures (16º to 21ºC), and apparent Km and Vmax values of each A-phenotype skeletal muscle crude extract suggest different roles of A-isoforms during the increased lipogenesis that occurs in fish at low temperatures.

Foram analisadas propriedades eletrocinéticas, térmicas e cinéticas dos produtos dos locos que codificam o isocitrato desidrogenase NADP-dependente (IDHP; E.C. 1.1.1.42) como Astyanax scabripinnis (Pisces, Characidae) em três diferentes alturas do Ribeirão Grande, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Nas populações das três altitudes foram detectados dois locos da IDHP, bidirecionalmente divergentes, um único em músculo esquelético, o IDHP-A*, e um único em fígado, o IDHP-B*, ambos polimórficos. O único alelo variante no loco IDHP-A*, A*128, mostrou maior freqüência na população de 1.920 m (0,494). Dentre os nove alelos variantes detectados no loco IDHP-B* (*37, *57, *69, *79, *85, *114, *119, *124 e *140), os alelos *37 e *79 apareceram somente na população de 1.800 m. Valores de Qui-quadrado revelaram que para o loco IDHP-A* somente a população de 700 m não está em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, enquanto para o loco IDHP-B* nenhuma população se encontra em equilíbrio. Qui² da homogeneidade revelou que as populações são significativamente diferentes em suas freqüências fenotípicas para ambos os locos. Valor médio de FST de Wright (0,036 e 0,320, IDHP-A* e IDHP-B*, respectivamente) foi de 0,178 para populações das três altitudes, o que significa que 82% da diversidade gênica total foi detectada entre indivíduos da mesma população. Estabilidades em temperatura ambiente (16º a 21ºC) e valores de Km e Vmax aparentes de extratos de músculo esquelético de cada fenótipo-A sugerem diferentes papéis das isoformas-A na lipogênese aumentada que ocorre nos peixes em baixas temperaturas.