RESUMO

The Lotka-Volterra competition model (LVCM) is a fundamental tool for ecology, widely used to represent complex communities. The Allee effect (AE) is a phenomenon in which there is a positive correlation between population density and fitness, at low population densities. However, the interplay between the LVCM and AE has been seldom analyzed in multispecies models. Here, we analyze the mathematical properties of the LVCM [Formula: see text] AE, investigating the coexistence of species interacting through neutral diffuse competition, their equilibria and stable points. Minimum viable population density arises as the threshold below which species go extinct, characteristic of strong Allee effects. Then, by imposing relationships of main parameters to body size, i.e. allometric scaling, we derive a general solution to the size-scaling maximum and minimum expected density under plausible scenarios. The scaling of maximum population density is consistent with the literature, but we also provide novel predictions on the scaling of the lower limit to population density, a critical value for conservation science. The resulting framework is general and yields results that increase our current understanding of how complex demographic processes can be linked to ubiquitous ecological patterns.

Assuntos

RESUMO

AbstractHibernation (i.e., seasonal or multiday torpor) has been described in mammals from five continents and represents an important adaptation for energy economy. However, direct quantifications of energy savings by hibernation are challenging because of the complexities of estimating energy expenditure in the field. Here, we applied quantitative magnetic resonance to determine body fat and body composition in hibernating Dromiciops gliroides (monito del monte). During an experimental period of 31 d in winter, fat was significantly reduced by 5.72±0.45 g, and lean mass was significantly reduced by 2.05±0.14 g. This fat and lean mass consumption is equivalent to a daily energy expenditure of hibernation (DEEH) of 8.89±0.6 kJ d-1, representing 13.4% of basal metabolic rate, with a proportional contribution of fat and lean mass consumption to DEEH of 81% and 18%, respectively. During the deep heterothermic bouts of monitos, body temperature remained 0.41°C ± 0.2°C above ambient temperature, typical of hibernators. Animals shut down metabolism and passively cool down to a critical defended temperature of 5.0°C ± 0.1°C, where they begin thermoregulation in torpor. Using temperature data loggers, we obtained an empirical estimation of minimum thermal conductance of 3.37±0.19 J g-1 h-1 °C-1, which is 107% of the expectation by allometric equations. With this, we parameterized body temperature/ambient temperature time series to calculate torpor parameters and metabolic rates in euthermia and torpor. Whereas the acute metabolic fall in each torpor episode is about 96%, the energy saved by hibernation is 88% (compared with the DEE of active animals), which coincides with values from the literature at similar body mass. Thus, estimating body composition provides a simple method to measure the energy saved by hibernation in mammals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for neonates is applied routinely at major children's hospitals around the world. While the practice seems routine, the peculiar physiology of the small human imposes particular constraints on selection of equipment, performance of the circuit, and risks to the child. The physiology of small patients and physics of circuit elements leave many areas opaque and far from optimal, but still allow assembly of a set of useful heuristics for good practice. Here, we examine individual mechanical components of the ECMO circuit with attention to selection, pitfalls, and peculiarities of each when applied to the neonate.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Um exemplar de rato-do-bambu (Dactylomys dactylinus) subadulto saudável do sexo feminino, de vida livre, com massa corporal de 0,32 kg, recebeu por via intramuscular, em uma única injeção, doses de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, a partir das recomendações usuais para o cão doméstico de 10,0 kg (tiletamina/zolazepam - 5,0mg/kg, xilazina - 1,0mg/kg) e atropina - 0,05mg/kg). O rato perdeu a reação postural de endireitamento em 2,3 minutos pós-injeção (MPI) e recuperou a capacidade de deambular normalmente em 135 MPI. A frequência cardíaca variou de 360 a 188 bpm (226±62), a frequência respiratória de 128 a 112mpm (120±5), e a temperatura retal de 36,2 a 33,5°C (34,4±1,0). A analgesia e o miorrelaxamento foram considerados bons para a realização de procedimentos indolores ou pouco dolorosos de curta duração, como exame físico, colheita de material biológico, biometria, exames de imagem e marcação. A associação de fármacos permitiu a manipulação segura do animal por 63 MPI. A recuperação foi considerada satisfatória, porém prolongada. Destaca-se que este é primeiro registro de ocorrência da espécie na Região Sul do Brasil, e o primeiro relato de contenção farmacológica desse roedor neotropical.(AU)

One subadult healthy free-living female Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus), weighting 0.32 kg, received tiletamine HCl, zolazepam HCl, xilazine HCl and atropine sulfate, combined in a single intramuscular injection. All doses were calculated by interspecific allometric scaling, using as model a 10.0 kg domestic dog (tiletamine/zolazepam -5.0mg/kg), xylazine -1.0mg/kg), and atropine - 0.05mg/kg). Immobilization occurred in 2.3 minutes after injection (MAI) and returno to normal ambulation was observed in 135 MAI. Heart rate remained between 360 and 188 beats/minute (226±62), respiratory rate between 128 and 112 breaths/minute (120±5), and body temperature ranged from 36.2 to 33.5°C (34.4±1.0). Analgesia and myorelaxation were considered good for painless or mild painful fast procedures as physical examination, biological sampling, biometrics, imaging tests and tagging. The proposed anesthetic protocol was safe and effective, allowing safe manipulation of the animal during 63 MAI. The recovery was satisfactory, but prolonged. This is the first record of the species in Southern Brazil and the first report on its chemical restraint.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Um exemplar de rato-do-bambu (Dactylomys dactylinus) subadulto saudável do sexo feminino, de vida livre, com massa corporal de 0,32 kg, recebeu por via intramuscular, em uma única injeção, doses de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, a partir das recomendações usuais para o cão doméstico de 10,0 kg (tiletamina/zolazepam - 5,0mg/kg, xilazina - 1,0mg/kg) e atropina - 0,05mg/kg). O rato perdeu a reação postural de endireitamento em 2,3 minutos pós-injeção (MPI) e recuperou a capacidade de deambular normalmente em 135 MPI. A frequência cardíaca variou de 360 a 188 bpm (226±62), a frequência respiratória de 128 a 112mpm (120±5), e a temperatura retal de 36,2 a 33,5°C (34,4±1,0). A analgesia e o miorrelaxamento foram considerados bons para a realização de procedimentos indolores ou pouco dolorosos de curta duração, como exame físico, colheita de material biológico, biometria, exames de imagem e marcação. A associação de fármacos permitiu a manipulação segura do animal por 63 MPI. A recuperação foi considerada satisfatória, porém prolongada. Destaca-se que este é primeiro registro de ocorrência da espécie na Região Sul do Brasil, e o primeiro relato de contenção farmacológica desse roedor neotropical.(AU)

One subadult healthy free-living female Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus), weighting 0.32 kg, received tiletamine HCl, zolazepam HCl, xilazine HCl and atropine sulfate, combined in a single intramuscular injection. All doses were calculated by interspecific allometric scaling, using as model a 10.0 kg domestic dog (tiletamine/zolazepam -5.0mg/kg), xylazine -1.0mg/kg), and atropine - 0.05mg/kg). Immobilization occurred in 2.3 minutes after injection (MAI) and returno to normal ambulation was observed in 135 MAI. Heart rate remained between 360 and 188 beats/minute (226±62), respiratory rate between 128 and 112 breaths/minute (120±5), and body temperature ranged from 36.2 to 33.5°C (34.4±1.0). Analgesia and myorelaxation were considered good for painless or mild painful fast procedures as physical examination, biological sampling, biometrics, imaging tests and tagging. The proposed anesthetic protocol was safe and effective, allowing safe manipulation of the animal during 63 MAI. The recovery was satisfactory, but prolonged. This is the first record of the species in Southern Brazil and the first report on its chemical restraint.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The study examined the validity of the Line Drill test (LD) in male adolescent basketball players (10-15 years). Sensitiveness of the LD to changes in performance across a training and competition season (4 months) was also considered. Age, maturation, body size and LD were measured (n = 57). Sensitiveness of the LD was examined pre- and post-competitive season in a sub-sample (n = 44). The time at each of the four shuttle sprints of the LD (i.e. four stages) was modelled with Bayesian multilevel models. We observed very large correlation of performance at stage 4 (full LD protocol) with stage 3, but lower correlations with the early LD stages. Players' performance by somatic maturity differed substantially only when considering full LD protocol performance. Substantial improvements in all stages of the protocol were observed across the 4-month competitive season. The LD protocol should be shortened by the last full court shuttle sprint, remaining sensitive to training exposure, and independent of maturity status and body size.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study examined power output on jumping and sprinting tests in young soccer players of differing pubertal status, while controlling for body size with allometric scaling exponents. A total of 46 males aged 12-18 years (14.17 years) were divided into three groups: pre-pubescent ( n = 12), pubescent ( n = 22), and post-pubescent ( n = 12). Participants performed a series of tests, including the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10-meter and 30-meter sprint test protocols. The Post-PUB group was older ( F = 112.411, p < 0.001), more experienced in competitive soccer ( F = 8.055, p = 0.001), taller ( F = 28.940, p < 0.001), and heavier ( F = 20.618, p < 0.001), when compared to peers in the other groups. Mean differences in jumping and sprinting performances suggested a significant effect for pubertal status on performance in the 10-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.191, p < 0.001) and 30-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.093, p < 0.001) after allometric scaling. Power output derived from SJ (small effect size, F = 0.536, p = 0.001) and CMJ (small effect size, F = 1.058, p = 0.356) showed no significant differences across players of varying pubertal status. Biological maturation showed a large effect on maximal power output for sprints, but not for jumps, when the effect of body size was adjusted by statistically derived allometric exponents in young male soccer players.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: One subadult healthy free-living female Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus), weighting 0.32 kg, received tiletamine HCl, zolazepam HCl, xilazine HCl and atropine sulfate, combined in a single intramuscular injection. All doses were calculated by interspecific allometric scaling, using as model a 10.0 kg domestic dog (tiletamine/zolazepam -5.0mg/kg), xylazine -1.0mg/kg), and atropine - 0.05mg/kg). Immobilization occurred in 2.3 minutes after injection (MAI) and returno to normal ambulation was observed in 135 MAI. Heart rate remained between 360 and 188 beats/minute (226±62), respiratory rate between 128 and 112 breaths/minute (120±5), and body temperature ranged from 36.2 to 33.5°C (34.4±1.0). Analgesia and myorelaxation were considered good for painless or mild painful fast procedures as physical examination, biological sampling, biometrics, imaging tests and tagging. The proposed anesthetic protocol was safe and effective, allowing safe manipulation of the animal during 63 MAI. The recovery was satisfactory, but prolonged. This is the first record of the species in Southern Brazil and the first report on its chemical restraint.

RESUMO: Um exemplar de rato-do-bambu (Dactylomys dactylinus) subadulto saudável do sexo feminino, de vida livre, com massa corporal de 0,32 kg, recebeu por via intramuscular, em uma única injeção, doses de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, a partir das recomendações usuais para o cão doméstico de 10,0 kg (tiletamina/zolazepam - 5,0mg/kg, xilazina - 1,0mg/kg) e atropina - 0,05mg/kg). O rato perdeu a reação postural de endireitamento em 2,3 minutos pós-injeção (MPI) e recuperou a capacidade de deambular normalmente em 135 MPI. A frequência cardíaca variou de 360 a 188 bpm (226±62), a frequência respiratória de 128 a 112mpm (120±5), e a temperatura retal de 36,2 a 33,5°C (34,4±1,0). A analgesia e o miorrelaxamento foram considerados bons para a realização de procedimentos indolores ou pouco dolorosos de curta duração, como exame físico, colheita de material biológico, biometria, exames de imagem e marcação. A associação de fármacos permitiu a manipulação segura do animal por 63 MPI. A recuperação foi considerada satisfatória, porém prolongada. Destaca-se que este é primeiro registro de ocorrência da espécie na Região Sul do Brasil, e o primeiro relato de contenção farmacológica desse roedor neotropical.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate allometric scaling for ketamine-xylazine (KX) anesthesia in wild felids using domestic cats for reference. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective single-phase non-blinded study. ANIMALS: Six domestic cats and 13 wild felids (five Leopardus pardalis, five Puma concolor, one Panthera onca and two Panthera leo). METHODS: Six domestic cats (4.1 ± 0.8 kg, REF1) were anesthetized by intramuscular administration of ketamine (15 mg kg(-1) ) and xylazine (1 mg kg(-1) ). Wild cats were divided into three groups based on body weight: 12.9 ± 2.4 kg (G1; n = 7), 43.0 ± 15.7 kg (G2; n = 4) and 126.0 ± 7.8 kg (G3; n = 2). Ketamine and xylazine doses were calculated based on allometric scaling of the basal metabolic rate (BMR = 70 × body mass(0.75) ). Afterwards, the six domestic cats were administered mean KX doses calculated for G1 and G2 (REF2). The heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, respiratory frequency, pH, the venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and lactate concentrations were recorded for up to 60 minutes. RESULTS: Additional doses were required in 12 out of the 13 wild cats. Anesthesia was not achieved in G3. Latency periods in wild felids were longer than REF1 and REF2. Anesthesia duration in REF1 was longer than that in the other groups. Recovery from anesthesia in REF1 and REF2 was longer than G1 and G2. Physiological variables remained within the range limits for the species. G1 baseline lactate concentration was higher than in the other groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: KX anesthesia established by allometric scaling of BMR from doses administered to domestic cats did not predict reliable anesthetic doses for wild cats. Dose rates calculated with this method must not be applied to these species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo Investigou-se o efeito do modelo alométrico na relação entre o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) e o desempenho em corrida de longa distância. Doze corredores fundistas do sexo masculino (idade: 28,6 ± 7,4 anos; massa corporal: 67,9 ± 9,4 kg; estatura: 1,71 ± 0,7 m) foram submetidos a um teste de esforço máximo em esteira rolante para a determinação do VO2máx e a uma corrida máxima de 10.000 m. Apesar das diferenças significativas verificadas entre as formas de relativização do VO2máx (pela massa corporal total, pelo expoente alométrico amostral e pela massa corporal magra), as fortes correlações verificadas entre VO2máx e desempenho demonstram que a predição desse independe da forma de relativização da potência metabólica máxima.

Abstract The aim was investigated the effect of allometric model in relationship between maximal Oxygen uptake (VO2max ) and long-distance running performance. Twelve runners (age: 28.6 ± 7.4 years, body mass: 67.9 ± 9.4 kg, height: 1.71 ± 0.7 m) were submitted to an incremental treadmill running protocol for determination of VO 2max and participated in a trail of 10.000 m. despite the significant differences found between the forms of relativization of VO2max (by total body mass, allometric exponent for sampling and lean body mass), the strong correlations verified between VO2max and performance show that this prediction is independent of how the VO2max is relativized.

Resumen Se investigó el efecto del modelo alométrico en la relación entre el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx ) y el rendimiento en carreras de larga distancia. Doce corredores fondistas de sexo masculino (edad: 28,6 ± 7,4 años; masa corporal: 67,9 ± 9,4 kg; estatura: 1,71 ± 0,7 m) pasaron un test de esfuerzo máximo en una cinta de correr para la determinación del VO2máx y participaron en una carrera de 10.000 m. A pesar de las diferencias entre las formas de relativización del VO2máx (por la masa corporal total, por el exponente alométrico general de la muestra y por la masa corporal magra), las fuertes correlaciones encontradas entre VO2máx y rendimiento demuestran que la predicción de éste es independiente de la forma de relativización del consumo máximo de oxígeno.

RESUMO

Relata-se a contenção farmacológica e anestesia dissociativa de campo de 10 primatas adultos dasubfamília Cercopithecinae, pesando 20,98 ± 11,96 kg, sendo dois babuínos (Papioanubis) machos euma fêmea, quatro mandris (Mandrillussphinx) machos, um macaco-japonês (Macaca fuscata) macho euma fêmea, e um mangabey (Cercocebus spp.)macho.Foi usada a associação de tiletamina, zolazepam,atropina e xilazina, em doses calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica. Os fármacosforam combinados numa preparação concentrada que foi denominada “ZAX-50” (Zoletil/50®+ Atropina + Xilazina), para a qual se adicionam ao conteúdo de tiletamina e zolazepam desidratadosde um frasco do produto Zoletil/50®, os volumes de 0,25 mL de atropina a 1,0%, 2,50 mL de xilazinaa 2,0%e 2,05 mL de água destilada.Com essa combinação o volume final do frasco é de exatamente 5,0mL de ZAX-50, com os fármacos associados numa concentração que permite a contenção farmacológicade um mandril pesando 40,0 kg com um volume de 2,83 mL, por exemplo. Esse método simplificaenormemente o trabalho veterinário com mamíferos selvagens, e mostrou-se seguro e eficiente paraprocedimentos de captura, transporte, exame físico, exames de imagem, colheita de amostras de sanguee urina, curativos, tratamento de feridas contaminadas, suturas cutâneas, tuberculinização e procedimentosodontológicos, incluindo periodontia, exodontia, endodontia e dentística restauradora.(AU)

This paper reports the chemical restraint and field anesthesia of 10adult Cercopithecinae primates weighing 20.98± 11.96 kg, being two male and a female baboons (Papioanubis), four male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), one maleand one female japanese-monkeys (Macacafuscata), and one male mangabey (Cercocebus spp.).There was employedthe combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, atropine, and xylazine, in allometrically scaled dosages.The drugs werecombined in a concentrate preparation called “ZAX-50” (Zoletil/50® + Atropine + Xylazine), in which the dehydratedtiletamine + zolazepam content of a Zoletil/50® vial is diluted with 0.25 mL of 1.0% atropine, 2.50 mL of 2.0%xylazine, and 2.05 mL of distilled water. With this combination, the final volume of the vial is exactly 5.0 mL ofZAX-50, with the drugs associated in a concentration which permits the chemical restraint of a mandrill weighing40.0 kg with a 2.83 mL volume, for example. This method simplifies greatly the veterinary work with wild mammals,and showed to be safe and efficient for capture, transport, physical examination, imaging examination, bloodand urine sampling, bandaging, treatment of contaminated wounds, skin sutures,and dentistry, including periodontics,exodontics, endodontics, and restoration.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Relata-se a contenção farmacológica e anestesia dissociativa de campo de 10 primatas adultos dasubfamília Cercopithecinae, pesando 20,98 ± 11,96 kg, sendo dois babuínos (Papioanubis) machos euma fêmea, quatro mandris (Mandrillussphinx) machos, um macaco-japonês (Macaca fuscata) macho euma fêmea, e um mangabey (Cercocebus spp.)macho.Foi usada a associação de tiletamina, zolazepam,atropina e xilazina, em doses calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica. Os fármacosforam combinados numa preparação concentrada que foi denominada “ZAX-50” (Zoletil/50®+ Atropina + Xilazina), para a qual se adicionam ao conteúdo de tiletamina e zolazepam desidratadosde um frasco do produto Zoletil/50®, os volumes de 0,25 mL de atropina a 1,0%, 2,50 mL de xilazinaa 2,0%e 2,05 mL de água destilada.Com essa combinação o volume final do frasco é de exatamente 5,0mL de ZAX-50, com os fármacos associados numa concentração que permite a contenção farmacológicade um mandril pesando 40,0 kg com um volume de 2,83 mL, por exemplo. Esse método simplificaenormemente o trabalho veterinário com mamíferos selvagens, e mostrou-se seguro e eficiente paraprocedimentos de captura, transporte, exame físico, exames de imagem, colheita de amostras de sanguee urina, curativos, tratamento de feridas contaminadas, suturas cutâneas, tuberculinização e procedimentosodontológicos, incluindo periodontia, exodontia, endodontia e dentística restauradora.

This paper reports the chemical restraint and field anesthesia of 10adult Cercopithecinae primates weighing 20.98± 11.96 kg, being two male and a female baboons (Papioanubis), four male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), one maleand one female japanese-monkeys (Macacafuscata), and one male mangabey (Cercocebus spp.).There was employedthe combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, atropine, and xylazine, in allometrically scaled dosages.The drugs werecombined in a concentrate preparation called “ZAX-50” (Zoletil/50® + Atropine + Xylazine), in which the dehydratedtiletamine + zolazepam content of a Zoletil/50® vial is diluted with 0.25 mL of 1.0% atropine, 2.50 mL of 2.0%xylazine, and 2.05 mL of distilled water. With this combination, the final volume of the vial is exactly 5.0 mL ofZAX-50, with the drugs associated in a concentration which permits the chemical restraint of a mandrill weighing40.0 kg with a 2.83 mL volume, for example. This method simplifies greatly the veterinary work with wild mammals,and showed to be safe and efficient for capture, transport, physical examination, imaging examination, bloodand urine sampling, bandaging, treatment of contaminated wounds, skin sutures,and dentistry, including periodontics,exodontics, endodontics, and restoration.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A mensuração da lactatemia como indicador indireto da oxigenação dos tecidos e, por conseguinte, de estresse e acidemia, tem potencial para se tornar uma ferramenta muito útil em medicina veterinária. Neste estudo, 10 cães domésticos adultos clinicamente saudáveis foram anestesiados pela associação de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina, em doses calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica intraespecífica. A lactatemia foi mensurada por meio de reação enzimática, com leitura por fotometria de reflectância, 1.140 minutos e um minuto antes da administração da associação anestésica por via intramuscular, aos 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 180, 360, 720, 1.140, 2.880 e 14.440 minutos após a injeção. O comportamento das concentrações de lactato frente aos eventos experimentais evidenciou normalidade antes e depois da anestesia, e queda significativa durante a mesma. Concluiu-se que a anestesia dissociativa pela associação de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina, em doses calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica intraespecífica, não eleva a lactatemia. De fato, durante a anestesia ocorreu queda significativa das concentrações de lactato em relação aos níveis considerados basais.

Lactate level measuring as an indirect indicator of tissue oxygenation, and consequently stress and acidemia, isa potentially useful tool for Veterinary Medicine. In this study 10 adult healthy dogs were anesthetized with the combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, xylazine and atropine, with dosages calculated by intraespecific allometric scaling. Blood lactate was measured by enzymatic reaction with reflectancy photometry 1.140 and one minute before intramuscular administration of the anesthetic combination, and at 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 180, 360, 720, 1,140, 2.880 and 14.440 minutes after the injection. Serum lactate concentrations were normal prior and after anesthesia, and presented significant decrease throughout it. It was concluded that the combination of tiletamina, zolazepam, xylazine and atropine in allometrically scaled dosages do not increase lactatemia. In fact, significant decrease of lactate serum concentrations in comparison with basal levels was observed during anesthesia.

La mensuración de la lactatemia como indicador indirecto de la oxigenación de los tejidos, así como de estrés y acidemia, tiene potencial para tornarse una herramienta muy útil en medicina veterinaria. En este estudio fueron anestesiados 10 perros adultos saludables con la asociación de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilacina y atropina, en dosis calculadas por medio de extrapolación alométrica intraespecífica. La lactatemia fue mensurada por medio de reacción enzimática, con evaluación porfotometría de reflectancia, 1.140 minutos y un minuto antes de la suministración de la combinación anestésica por vía intramuscular,y a los 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 180, 360, 720, 1.140, 2.880 y 14.440 minutos después de la inyección. El comportamiento de las concentraciones de lactato delante de los eventos experimentales evidenció normalidad antes y después de la anestesia, y caída significativa durante la misma. Se concluyó que la anestesia disociativa por la combinación de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilacina y atropina, en dosis calculadas por medio de extrapolación alométrica intraespecífica, no eleva la lactatemia. De facto, durante la anestesia ocurrió caída significativa de las concentraciones de lactato en relación a los niveles considerados basales.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Foram avaliados os efeitos anestésicos da associação de cloridrato de tiletamina, cloridrato de zolazepam e cloridrato de xilazina para contenção farmacológica de gatos-do-mato-pequenos, Leopardus tigrinus Schreber, 1775 (Felidae), submetidos à colheita de sêmen por eletroejaculação. Formularam-se três diferentes protocolos, sendo as doses calculadas individualmente, por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, com base nas indicações posológicas usuais para o cão doméstico com massa de 10,0 kg. No Protocolo 1 (n=10) a base para o cálculo alométrico foi 5,0mg/kg para tiletamina + zolazepam e 0,5mg/kg para xilazina; no Protocolo 2 (n=12,) foi 5,0mg/kg para tiletamina + zolazepam e 0,75mg/kg para xilazina; e no Protocolo 3 (n=11), foi 5,0mg/ kg para tiletamina + zolazepam e 1,0mg/kg para xilazina. Os animais foram anestesiados em três ocasiões, com intervalo mínimo de 30 dias. Após a administração dos fármacos, monitorizaram-se durante 120 minutos freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória, temperatura retal, miorrelaxamento e nocicepção. Também foram avaliados período de latência, período anestésico hábil e contaminação do ejaculado por urina. De um total de 32 colheitas, houve contaminação por urina em 10 colheitas (31,2 por cento) e em 18 alíquotas (0,07 por cento), as quais foram desprezadas, não inviabilizando a análise e o processamento do sêmen. Observou-se pequeno aumento da temperatura retal durante a eletroejaculação, justificado pela contração muscular, ocorrendo redução da temperatura após o procedimento. As freqüências cardíaca e respiratória oscilaram durante o experimento, porém se mantiveram dentro dos padrões fisiológicos para a espécie. Nos três protocolos analisados não houve diferença significativa de sensibilidade de membros torácicos entre momentos antes e durante a eletroejaculação (pe"0,10), caracterizando assim a eficácia dos protocolos em propiciar analgesia e anestesia durante a colheita de sêmen por tal método.

This paper reports the anesthetic effects of the combination of tiletamine HCl, zolazepam HCl, and xylazine HCl in tigrinas, Leopardus tigrinus Schreber, 1775 (Fam. Felidae), submitted to semen collection by electroejaculation. Three different protocols and the individual anesthetic doses were calculated by interspecific allometric scaling, based on the usual recommendations for a 10.0 kg domestic dog: On Protocol 1 (n=10) the basis for calculation was 5.0mg/kg for tiletamine + zolazepam and 0.5mg/kg for xylazine; on Protocol 2 (n=12) 5.0mg/kg for tiletamine + zolazepam and 0.75mg/kg for xylazine; and on Protocol 3 (n=11) 5.0mg/kg for tiletamine + zolazepam and 1.0mg/kg for xylazine. The tigrinas were anesthetized on three different occasions with a minimum interval of 30 days. During 120 minutes after the drug administration cardiac and respiratory frequencies, rectal temperature, limb myorelaxation and sensitivity to deep pain were monitored. Latency period, anesthetic period, and contamination of the semen with urine were also monitored. From a total of 32 collections, 10 samples (31.2 percent) and 18 aliquots (0.07 percent) were contaminated and rejected, but this episodes were not detrimental for semen analysis and processing. A discrete increase in rectal temperature during electroejaculation caused by muscle contraction, followed by temperature decrease, was observed. Cardiac and respiratory frequency varied during the experiment, but remained within physiological standards for the species. The three tested protocols showed to be safe and effective to produce analgesia and anesthesia in L. tigrinus during semen collection by electroejaculation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Relata-se o tratamento de um caso de dermatite psicogênica em um cão Rottweiler macho, com idade de 13 meses, pesando 42 kg. O paciente apresentava graves lesões dermatológicas devidas a auto-mutilação por lambedura, em ambas as regiões metatarsianas, e a anamnese indicava que o distúrbio psíquico tivesse origem no estresse provocado por uma mudança ambiental. Prescreveu-se tratamento com um neuroléptico de ação prolongada, o decanoato de haloperidol, com dose calculada por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, usando-se como modelo a dose total humana de 100 mg/70 kg. A dose total calculada para o cão de 42 kg foi de 70 mg, sendo administrada semanalmente, durante seis semanas. Já na segunda semana a recuperação era satisfatória, sendo que a cura completa foi obtida no 28º dia de tratamento. Mantido em observação por um período de seis meses, o paciente não apresentou quaisquer sinais de recidiva. Os resultados indicam que a droga apresenta excelentes perspectivas para o tratamento desta dermatopatia canina, e que o método de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica é plenamente eficiente no estabelecimento de protocolos posológicos individualizados.

ABSTRACT: This paper reports the results of the treatment of a 13 month-old male Rottweiler dog, weighing 42 kg, affected by psychogenic dermatitis. The patient presented serious cutaneous lesions due to self-licking, affecting both metatarsal areas. Anamnesis indicated that the psychic disturbance was caused by stress provoked by an environmental change. It was prescribed haloperidol decanoate, a long-acting neuroleptic, with dose calculated by interspecifi c allometric scaling, using as model the human total dose of 100 mg/70 kg. The total dose calculated for the 42 kg dog was 70 mg, and it was administered weekly for six weeks. Clinical recovery was already satisfactory in the second week, and complete cure was obtained in the 28th day of treatment. The patient was monitored by a six months period and did not present any relapsing signs. The results indicate that the drug presents excellent perspectives for the treatment of this canine skin disease, and that the method of interespecifi c allometric scaling is effi cient in the establishment of individualized therapeutic protocols.KEY WORDS: psychogenic dermatitis, neuroleptic, haloperidol decanoate, allometric scaling, dog

RESUMEN: Relata-se el tratamiento de un caso de dermatitis psicogénica en un perro Rottweiler macho, con edad de 13 meses y peso de 42 kg. El paciente presentaba graves lesiones dermatológicas debidas a auto-mutilación por lamedura, en ambas las regiones metatarsianas, y la anamnesia indicaba que la enfermedad tuviese origen en el estrés provocado por un cambio ambiental. Se prescribió tratamiento con un agente neuroléptico de acción prolongada, el decanoato de haloperidol, con dosis calculada por extrapolación alométrica interespecífi ca, se usando como modelo la dosis total humana de 100 mg/70 kg. La dosis total calculada para el perro de 42 kg fue de 70 mg, sendo administrada semanalmente, durante seis semanas. La recuperación clínica ya era satisfactoria en la segunda semana, y la cura completa se obtuvo en el vigésimo octavo día de tratamiento. El paciente fue supervisado por un periodo de seis meses y no presentó ninguna señal de retorno de la enfermedad. Los resultados indican que la droga presenta perspectivas excelentes para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad en perros, y que el método de extrapolación alométrica descascarar es en el establecimiento de protocolos terapéuticos individualizados.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Relata-se o tratamento de um caso de dermatite psicogênica em um cão Rottweiler macho, com idade de 13 meses, pesando 42 kg. O paciente apresentava graves lesões dermatológicas devidas a auto-mutilação por lambedura, em ambas as regiões metatarsianas, e a anamnese indicava que o distúrbio psíquico tivesse origem no estresse provocado por uma mudança ambiental. Prescreveu-se tratamento com um neuroléptico de ação prolongada, o decanoato de haloperidol, com dose calculada por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, usando-se como modelo a dose total humana de 100 mg/70 kg. A dose total calculada para o cão de 42 kg foi de 70 mg, sendo administrada semanalmente, durante seis semanas. Já na segunda semana a recuperação era satisfatória, sendo que a cura completa foi obtida no 28º dia de tratamento. Mantido em observação por um período de seis meses, o paciente não apresentou quaisquer sinais de recidiva. Os resultados indicam que a droga apresenta excelentes perspectivas para o tratamento desta dermatopatia canina, e que o método de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica é plenamente eficiente no estabelecimento de protocolos posológicos individualizados.(AU)

This paper reports the results of the treatment of a 13 month-old male Rottweiler dog, weighing 42 kg, affected by psychogenic dermatitis. The patient presented serious cutaneous lesions due to self-licking, affecting both metatarsal areas. Anamnesis indicated that the psychic disturbance was caused by stress provoked by an environmental change. It was prescribed haloperidol decanoate, a long-acting neuroleptic, with dose calculated by interspecifi c allometric scaling, using as model the human total dose of 100 mg/70 kg. The total dose calculated for the 42 kg dog was 70 mg, and it was administered weekly for six weeks. Clinical recovery was already satisfactory in the second week, and complete cure was obtained in the 28th day of treatment. The patient was monitored by a six months period and did not present any relapsing signs. The results indicate that the drug presents excellent perspectives for the treatment of this canine skin disease, and that the method of interespecifi c allometric scaling is effi cient in the establishment of individualized therapeutic protocols.(AU)

Relata-se el tratamiento de un caso de dermatitis psicogénica en un perro Rottweiler macho, con edad de 13 meses y peso de 42 kg. El paciente presentaba graves lesiones dermatológicas debidas a auto-mutilación por lamedura, en ambas las regiones metatarsianas, y la anamnesia indicaba que la enfermedad tuviese origen en el estrés provocado por un cambio ambiental. Se prescribió tratamiento con un agente neuroléptico de acción prolongada, el decanoato de haloperidol, con dosis calculada por extrapolación alométrica interespecífi ca, se usando como modelo la dosis total humana de 100 mg/70 kg. La dosis total calculada para el perro de 42 kg fue de 70 mg, sendo administrada semanalmente, durante seis semanas. La recuperación clínica ya era satisfactoria en la segunda semana, y la cura completa se obtuvo en el vigésimo octavo día de tratamiento. El paciente fue supervisado por un periodo de seis meses y no presentó ninguna señal de retorno de la enfermedad. Los resultados indican que la droga presenta perspectivas excelentes para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad en perros, y que el método de extrapolación alométrica descascarar es en el establecimiento de protocolos terapéuticos individualizados.(AU)

Assuntos