RESUMO
Background: Currently, integrase inhibitors (INIs)-based ART regimens are the preferred initial therapy for AIDS patients. There is scarce information on the use of dolutegravir (DTG) among late-presenter people living with HIV (PLHIV). Objectives: To compare the effect of DTG- or efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens on the outcomes of patients with advanced AIDS. Methods: We compared two cohorts of consecutive symptomatic AIDS patients (WHO stage 4, CD4 count<50 cells/mL) starting therapy with DTG-based (2018-2021, prospective cohort) or EFV-based regimens (2013-2016, retrospective cohort) from five Brazilian cities. The main endpoints were early (all-cause) mortality, viral suppression at 24 and 48 weeks, changes in CD4 count, and changes in initial therapy (for any reason). Results: We included all eligible patients in a consecutive way (in both groups) until we reached 92 individuals per arm. The median baseline CD4 count (20 vs. 21 cells/mL) and the median HIV plasma viral load (5.5 copies/mL log10) were identical across the groups. Viral suppression rates were higher in the DTG group than in the EFV group at 24 (67.4% vs. 42.4%,) and 48 weeks (65.2% vs. 45.7%, p < 0.001 for both comparisons). More patients in the DTG group presented with CD4 > 200 cells/mL compared to the EFV group at 48 weeks (45% vs. 29%, p = 0.03). Treatment changes (ITT, M = F) were significantly more frequent in the EFV group (1% vs. 17%, p < 0.0001). The relative mortality rate was 25% lower in the DTG group, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: We detected a higher rate of virological suppression and greater treatment durability in patients with advanced AIDS treated with DTG than in those treated with EFV.
RESUMO
Chagas disease, a chronic systemic parasitosis caused by the Kinetoplastid protozoon Trypanosoma cruzi, is the first cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality in poor rural and suburban areas of Latin America and the largest parasitic disease burden in the continent, now spreading worldwide due to international migrations. A recent change in the scientific paradigm on the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease has led to a consensus that all T. cruzi-seropositive patients should receive etiological treatment. This important scientific advance has spurred the rigorous evaluation of the safety and efficacy of currently available drugs (benznidazole and nifurtimox) as well as novel anti-T. cruzi drug candidates in chronic patients, who were previously excluded from such treatment. The first results indicate that benznidazole is effective in inducing a marked and sustained reduction in the circulating parasites' level in the majority of these patients, but adverse effects can lead to treatment discontinuation in 10-20% of cases. Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, such as posaconazole and ravuconazole, are better tolerated but their efficacy at the doses and treatment duration used in the initial studies was significantly lower; such results are probably related to suboptimal exposure and/or treatment duration. Combination therapies are a promising perspective but the lack of validated biomarkers of response to etiological treatment and eventual parasitological cures in chronic patients remains a serious challenge.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Nitroimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Tripanossomicidas/uso terapêutico , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/patologia , Doença Crônica , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/tendências , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Nifurtimox/uso terapêutico , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Triazóis/uso terapêutico , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidade , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiologiaRESUMO
Los efectos adversos de los opioides son el resultado de interacciones con sus receptores a nivel cerebral. Cuando se administran por vía intratecal se ha descrito depresión respiratoria, aunque con menor frecuencia que en uso endovenoso. Objetivo: describir la ocurrencia de efectos adversos en pacientes llevados a cirugía en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá D.C. que recibieron fentanyl intratecal como adición a bupivacaína hiperbárica. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de una cohorte de pacientes llevados a cirugía en el Hospital de San José entre 1º de octubre de 2007 y 30 de septiembre de 2009, que recibieron anestesia subaracnoidea aplicando fentanyl intratecal y bupivacaína hiperbárica. Se incluyeron los pacientes de 18 a 65 años, las no gestantes y aquellos sin conversión a anestesia general. Resultados: se estudiaron 313 pacientes, 39,9% mujeres con edad promedio de 42 años (DE:12,7), clasificación ASA distribuida en ASA I, 60,7%; ASA II, 33,3%; ASA III, 5,7% y ASA IV, 0,3%. Los efectos adversos más comunes fueron náuseas 8,6% (n:27), prurito 6,7%(n:21), vómito 2,2% (n:7) y bradicardia 2,2% (n:7). La depresión respiratoria se presentó en 1,3% (n:4). Conclusiones: la frecuencia de depresión respiratoria que reportamos se encuentra en el rango de la literatura; sin embargo, hay que considerar que no existe consenso en la manera como se mide. Los demás eventos adversos fueron menos que los reportados.
Adverse effects of opioids result of their interactions with opioid brain receptors. Intrathecal administration of fentanyl may induce respiratory depression but less frequently than when intravenously administered. Objective: to describe the frequency of adverse side effects in surgical patients at Hospital de San José who received intrathecal fentanyl plus hyperbaric bupivacaine. Materials and Methods: descriptive study of a cohort of patients who underwent surgery at Hospital de San José between October 1 2007 and September 30 2009, who received intratecal fentanyl plus hyperbaric bupivacaine. Patients aged 18 to 65 years, nonpregnant women and those who were not converted into general anesthesia were included. Results: 313 patients were studied, 39.9% women with mean age 42 years (SD: 12.7), classified as: ASA I 60.7%; ASA II, 33.3%; ASA III, 5.7% and ASA IV, 0.3%. The most common adverse side effects were, nausea 8.6% (n: 27), pruritus 6.7% (n: 21), vomiting 2.2% (n: 7) and bradycardia 2.2% (n: 7). Respiratory depression presented in 1.3% (n: 4). Conclusions: our report of the frequency of respiratory depression is within that described in literature; however, it must be considered that the measuring methods were not consistent. Other adverse events were lower than those reported.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Fentanila/efeitos adversos , Anestesia/efeitos adversos , Apneia , Prurido , Insuficiência Respiratória , Vômito , Náusea , Analgésicos Opioides , Bupivacaína/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Objetivo. Determinar las características de la prescripción de AINEs en pacientes de 60 años y más. Material y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 400 pacientes entre agosto y septiembre 2003 en una Unidad de Medicina Familiar (UMF), con base en un diseño prospectivo, transversal analítico y un muestreo aleatorio simple. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: tener 60 años o más, ser de ambos sexos sin deterioro cognitivo. Se excluyeron los que no contaban con información confiable en su expediente. Se interrogaron y exploraron a los pacientes, revisando sus expedientes y recetas. Resultados. Se prescribió AINEs a 312 de los 400 pacientes incluidos en el estudio (78% IC al 95% 74-82) de los cuales a 188 (60% IC al 95% 55-65) se recetó solamente un AINE, a 117 (38% IC al 95% 33- 43) dos y a 7 (2% IC al 95% 0.0-4) tres. El total de prescripciones fue 443. Los tipos más frecuentemente prescritos fueron el ácido acetil salicílico en 200 prescripciones (45% IC al 95% 40-50) y el naproxeno en 100 (23% IC al 95%19- 26). El ácido acetil salicílico fue recetado principalmente para profilaxis cardiovascular, mientras que el naproxeno lo fue como analgésico. La duración del tratamiento no estaba especificado en 253 pacientes (81% IC al 95% 77-85). En 228 de ellos (73% IC al 95% 68-77) se presentó interacción potencial fármacofármaco y en 247 (79% IC al 95% 77-81) interacción potencial fármacoenfermedad. La prescripción de una protección farmacológica gastroesofágica no se relacionó con la prescripción de AINEs (OR = 1; IC al 95% 0.53-1.75; p = 0.89). Conclusiones. La prescripción de AINEs a adultos mayores es muy frecuente; se prefiere el naproxeno como analgésico, el cual no se acompaña de protección gastroesofágica. La probabilidad de interacciones fármaco-fármaco y fármaco-enfermedad es alta.
OBJECTIVE: Determine prescription characteristics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the elderly attending primary medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Setting, Family Health Unit 52, Mexican Institute of Social Security. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, with randomized sampling. PARTICIPANTS: 400 patients; aged 60 and older, male and female, without cognitive impairment. Those without clinical records were excluded. Every patient was interviewed and examined and their clinical record and prescription were assesed. RESULTS: NSAIDs were prescribed in 312 patients (78% 95% CI 74-82), one type of NSAIDs was prescribed in 188 (60% 95% CI 55-65), two types in 117 (38% 95% CI 33-43) and three types in 7 (2% 95% CI 0.0-4). Of the 443 prescriptions, Acetylsalicylic acid was prescribed in 200 cases (45% 95% CI 40-50) and Naproxen in 100 (23% IC 95% 19-26). Reasons for prescribing included cardiovascularprophylaxis in 46% (IC 95% 7-13)pain management in 40% (95% CI 31-49), anti-inflammatory cases 4% (95% CI 2-6), and non-specified in 10% of cases (95% CI 7-13). Treatment duration was not specified for 253 patients (81% 95% CI 77-85). We noted drug-drug interaction in 228 cases (73% 95% CI 67-77) and a potential drug-disease interaction in 247 (79% 95% CI 77-81). The gastro-esophageal prescription was not more frequent among patients taking NSAIDs compared with non-users OR = 1 (95% CI 0.53-1.75; p = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs prescription prevalence is high: although diagnoses do not justify their use and gastro-esophageal protection is often not sufficient. Prostaglandins inhibitors are favored without taking into account drug-disease interaction.