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Chronic stress deteriorates the immune function of fish, thereby increasing their vulnerability to infections. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying stress-mediated immunosuppression and infection susceptibility in fish remain largely unknown. Understanding these mechanisms will contribute to improving fish welfare and their farm production. Herein, we review the challenges of sturgeon aquaculture in subtropical countries, where current climate change has giving rise to significant temperature increments during summer. This leads to the exposure of fish to stressful conditions during these months. Chronic heat stress deserves attention considering the rapid warming rate of the planet. It is already affecting wild fish populations, with disastrous consequences for sturgeons, which are one of the most endangered fish species in the world. In this context, we discuss the most recent advances through the studies on the effects of chronic heat stress on the innate immune components of sturgeons. To this end, we summarise the findings of studies focusing on the aquaculture of Russian sturgeons and observations made on other Acipenser species. Special attention is given to acute-phase proteins, as they might be valuable biomarkers of heat stress and infection, with applicability in monitoring the fish health status in farms.

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In most animals, pain can compromise physiological functions and delay healing so, rapid detection of pain through behavior and inflammatory reaction with biomarkers are necessary. This study aimed to evaluate pain, physiological variations and Acute Phase Proteins (APP) in donkeys undergoing orchiectomy technique by inguinal access. For this research, 15 male northeastern donkeys kept in extensive management were selected, with a mean age of 4.5±3.1 years. All animals had the same anesthetic protocol, using dissociative anesthesia and local block with lidocaine, followed by orchiectomy by inguinal access. Due to their predisposition to complications, the inguinal technique is the most indicated to minimize complications and excessive inflammation in donkeys' orchiectomy, the donkeys were evaluated regarding behavioral assessment of pain, hematological parameters, APP and the surgical wound, during 0 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. As for the physiological parameters and APP, no significant differences were observed between times, due to the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. In the macroscopic evaluation of the surgical wound, it was observed that there were no significant differences between the times, with animals presenting mean scores of 1.8±0.414, in 48 hours 1.6 ± 0.507, and in 72 hours 1.6 ± 0.507. Most animals had mild to moderate edema in the scrotum and foreskin regions. As for pain assessment, the average scores were between 2 and 3, representing mild and moderate pain, not requiring intervention. However, further research is needed to elucidate the behavior of PFAs in the face of variables and the creation of new pain scales for animals raised in an extensive system.

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Background: Anaplasmosis, also called gall sickness or tropical bovine ehrlichiosis, is an infectious disease caused by species belonging to the genus Anaplasma in domestic and wild animals in tropical and subtropical regions. Anaplasma ovis and A. phagocytophilum are important pathogens of sheep. A. ovis is considered the most common species affecting sheep. The infection is usually subclinical and progresses with high fever, anaemia, icterus, weight loss and abortions. This study aimed to investigate changes in cardiac damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant status, cytokines, and acute phase proteins in sheep naturally infected with A. ovis. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, a total of 40 animals, including 20 healthy sheep and 20 sheep infected with anaplasmosis, were used. A. ovis was diagnosed based on clinical findings and peripheral blood smear. Blood smears were prepared from the ear vein. The smears were stained with Giemsa and examined for the presence of Anaplasma spp. Infection was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from blood, and the MSP-4 gene region was amplified as A. ovis specific target gene. Twenty clinically healthy sheep of the same age group, reared under the same conditions and testing negative in the molecular assessment were used as controls. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein and and centrifuged to obtain serum. The serum stored at -20°C until the analysis stage. Serum samples were used for the analysis of cardiac damage markers [troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST)], oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], cytokines [interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and acute phase proteins [C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp)]. cTnI and CK-MB levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, SAA and Hp levels were measured by an ELISA reader. LDH, AST and CRP levels were measured in an autoanalyzer. cTnI and LDH levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The concentration of AST was decreased in infected animals. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT and GPx levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The levels of the inflammatory parameters such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10 and IFN-γ were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). Hp level were significantly increased in the infected group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in CK-MB, SAA and CRP concentrations in the infected animals (P > 0.05). Discussion: Ovine anaplasmosis is an obligate intracellular arthropod disease that causes widespread changes in haematobiochemical, immune response and oxidative stress parameters. Cardiac damage is often overlooked in field conditions due to the lack of adequate knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Our results showed that A. ovis infection leads to significant changes in cardiac biomarkers and that the parasite can cause cardiac dysfunction. This is the first report on cardiac damage markers in Anaplasma-infected sheep. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers that may cause functional disorders were also found to be increased. Thus, measuring markers of cardiac function, oxidative stress and inflammation can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of ovine anaplasmosis.

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INTRODUCTION: Ferritin is the best biomarker for assessing iron deficiency, but ferritin concentrations increase with inflammation. Several adjustment methods have been proposed to account for inflammation's effect on iron biomarker interpretation. The most recent and highly recommended method uses linear regression models, but more research is needed on other models that may better define iron status in children, particularly when distributions are heterogenous and in contexts where the effect of inflammation on ferritin is not linear. OBJECTIVE: Assess the utility and relevance of quadratic regression models and quantile quadratic regression models in adjusting ferritin concentration in the presence of inflammation. METHODS: We used data from children aged under five years, taken from Cuba's national anemia and iron deficiency survey, which was carried out from 2015-2018 by the National Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology Institute. We included data from 1375 children aged 6 to 59 months and collected ferritin concentrations and two biomarkers for inflammation: C-reactive protein and α-1 acid glycoprotein. Quadratic regression and quantile regression models were used to adjust for changes in ferritin concentration in the presence of inflammation. RESULTS: Unadjusted iron deficiency prevalence was 23% (316/1375). Inflammation-adjusted ferritin values increased iron-deficiency prevalence by 2.6-4.5 percentage points when quadratic regression correction model was used, and by 2.8-6.2 when quantile regression was used. The increase when using the quantile regression correction model was more pronounced and statistically significant when both inflammation biomarkers were considered, but adjusted prevalence was similar between the two correction methods when only one biomarker was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of quadratic regression and quantile quadratic regression models is a complementary strategy in adjusting ferritin for inflammation, and is preferable to standard regression analysis when the linear model's basic assumptions are not met, or when it can be assumed that ferritin-inflammation relationships within a subpopulation may deviate from average trends.

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Lead (Pb) is one of the most common metals found in ecosystems in elevated concentrations derived mainly from anthropogenic activities. Pb toxicity is of special concern in birds due to its capacity for bioaccumulation in the liver, bones, and kidneys causing physiological disruptions. Such disruptions can be lethal in a few days after Pb acute intoxication and they are associated with several million deaths of birds. Moreover, Pb may work as an immunosuppressant as it affects the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, including components of the acute-phase response (APR). We (1) examined the effects of Pb contamination on the innate immune system, body mass, and food intake of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), and (2) evaluated the effects of Pb on its APR after exposing the animals to Pb acetate in drinkable water during 7 days. We found that Pb contamination increased the number of circulating white blood cells (WBCs), but no effect was found on body mass, food intake, the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, and haptoglobin (Hp) concentration. When Pb-exposed birds were injected with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli to activate the APR, they had a negative body mass ratio, reduced food intake, and increased the number of WBCs, the H/L ratio, and the Hp concentration. We conclude that Pb exposure at this dose did not affect baseline values of the constitutive response and that it did not affect the APR of quails, but commend for further studies testing the effect of different Pb doses.

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OBJECTIVE: Feed additives that modify rumen fermentation can be used to prevent metabolic disturbances such as acidosis and optimize beef cattle production. The study evaluated the effects of liquid and powdered forms of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on rumen fermentation parameters in ruminally cannulated non-lactating dairy cows that were adapted or unadapted to a high concentrate diet. METHODS: A double 3×3 Latin square design was used with three PAP treatments (control, powdered, and liquid PAP) and two adaptation protocols (adapted, unadapted; applied to the square). Adapted animals were transitioned for 2 weeks from an all-forage to an 80% concentrate diet, while unadapted animals were switched abruptly. RESULTS: Interactions between sampling time and adaptation were observed; 12 h after feeding, the adapted group had lower ruminal pH and greater total short chain fatty acid concentrations than the unadapted group, while the opposite was observed after 24 h. Acetate:propionate ratio, molar proportion of butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentration were generally greater in adapted than unadapted cattle up to 36 h after feeding. Adaptation promoted 3.5 times the number of Entodinium protozoa but copy numbers of Streptococcus bovis and Fibrobacter succinogens genes in rumen fluid were not affected. However, neither liquid nor powdered forms of PAP altered rumen acidosis variables in adapted or unadapted animals. CONCLUSION: Adaptation of cattle to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets promoted a more stable ruminal environment, but PAP was not effective in this study in which no animal experienced acute or sub-acute rumen acidosis.

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Pulmonary disorders are common in horses, and treatment efficiency depends on an adequate diagnosis. Amyloid A is the most sensitive indicator of pathology in horses. The objective of this study was to establish the concentration of amyloid A of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in healthy horses. Health condition of horses was considered normal based on physical examination, complete blood count, biochemical parameters, and BALF cytology. Blood and BALF were collected from thirty adult female horses. Amyloid A concentrations in serum and BALF were measured using commercial ELISA tests. Amyloid A was detected in serum (mean ± SD = 3.71±2.51) and BALF (mean ± SD = 0.000745±0.000785) of all horses. In conclusion, SAA can also be measured in bronchoalveolar fluid, affording early detection of respiratory infections or inflammatory conditions.(AU)

Distúrbios pulmonares são comuns nos cavalos e a eficiência do tratamento depende de um diagnóstico adequado e precoce. A amilóide A é um biomarcador sensível na deteccção de patologias inflamatórias e infecciososa em cavalos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a concentração de amilóide A no líquido broncoalveolar (LBA) em cavalos saudáveis. Os cavalos foram considerados saudaveis baseado nos achados de normalidade do exame físico, hemograma, parâmetros bioquímicos e citologia do LBA. Sangue e LBA foram coletados de 30 fêmeas equinas adultas. Os níveis de Amilóide A no soro e no LBA foram mensurados por meio do teste de ELISA. A amilóide A foi detectada no soro (média ± DP = 3,71±2,51) e no LBA (média ± DP = 0,000745±0,000785) de todos os animais. Conclui-se que a amilóide A também pode ser mensurada no LBA, auxiliando no diagnóstico precoce de processos inflamatórios e infecciosos pulmonares.(AU)

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Pulmonary disorders are common in horses, and treatment efficiency depends on an adequate diagnosis. Amyloid A is the most sensitive indicator of pathology in horses. The objective of this study was to establish the concentration of amyloid A of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in healthy horses. Health condition of horses was considered normal based on physical examination, complete blood count, biochemical parameters, and BALF cytology. Blood and BALF were collected from thirty adult female horses. Amyloid A concentrations in serum and BALF were measured using commercial ELISA tests. Amyloid A was detected in serum (mean ± SD = 3.71±2.51) and BALF (mean ± SD = 0.000745±0.000785) of all horses. In conclusion, SAA can also be measured in bronchoalveolar fluid, affording early detection of respiratory infections or inflammatory conditions.(AU)

Distúrbios pulmonares são comuns nos cavalos e a eficiência do tratamento depende de um diagnóstico adequado e precoce. A amilóide A é um biomarcador sensível na deteccção de patologias inflamatórias e infecciososa em cavalos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a concentração de amilóide A no líquido broncoalveolar (LBA) em cavalos saudáveis. Os cavalos foram considerados saudaveis baseado nos achados de normalidade do exame físico, hemograma, parâmetros bioquímicos e citologia do LBA. Sangue e LBA foram coletados de 30 fêmeas equinas adultas. Os níveis de Amilóide A no soro e no LBA foram mensurados por meio do teste de ELISA. A amilóide A foi detectada no soro (média ± DP = 3,71±2,51) e no LBA (média ± DP = 0,000745±0,000785) de todos os animais. Conclui-se que a amilóide A também pode ser mensurada no LBA, auxiliando no diagnóstico precoce de processos inflamatórios e infecciosos pulmonares.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum amyloid A (SAA) and biomarkers of muscle activity of horses submitted to show jumping activity. To do this, the variables SAA, glucose, lactate and the biomarkers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were evaluated in 10 horses submitted to the show jumping exercise in a tournament for beginners. The evaluations occurred before exercise (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 minutes (T2), 60 minutes (T3) and 24 hours after the end (T4). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The statistical software SAEG 9.1 was used to verify the level of significance between the moments for P<0.05. Glucose presented a difference between the moments T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) and T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). Lactate presented elevation in T1 (15.3±6.1mmol/L) compared to the others T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) and T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). The CK showed a significant difference between T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) and T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) and between T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) with T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). The AST presented no difference between moments. The show jumping activity with one-meter obstacles did not induce changes in the SAA protein between the moments.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a amilóide sérica A (SAA) e biomarcadores de atividade muscular de equinos submetidos a atividade de salto, ou hipismo clássico. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as variáveis SAA, glicose, lactato e os biomarcadores creatina quinase (CK) e aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) em 10 equinos submetidos ao exercício de saltos em torneio para iniciantes. As avaliações ocorreram antes do exercício (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos (T2), 60 minutos (T3) e 24 horas após o término (T4). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando análise de variância para medidas repetidas. O software estatístico SAEG 9.1 foi utilizado para verificar o nível de significância entre os momentos para P<0,05. A glicose diferenciou-se entre os momentos T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) e T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). O lactado apresentou elevação comparada com o momento T1(15.3±6.1mmol/L) e os demais T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) e T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). A CK mostrou diferença significativa entre T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) e T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) e entre T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) com T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). A AST não apresentou diferença entre os momentos. A atividade de hipismo clássico com obstáculos de um metro não induziu alterações na proteína SAA entre os momentos.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum amyloid A (SAA) and biomarkers of muscle activity of horses submitted to show jumping activity. To do this, the variables SAA, glucose, lactate and the biomarkers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were evaluated in 10 horses submitted to the show jumping exercise in a tournament for beginners. The evaluations occurred before exercise (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 minutes (T2), 60 minutes (T3) and 24 hours after the end (T4). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The statistical software SAEG 9.1 was used to verify the level of significance between the moments for P<0.05. Glucose presented a difference between the moments T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) and T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). Lactate presented elevation in T1 (15.3±6.1mmol/L) compared to the others T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) and T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). The CK showed a significant difference between T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) and T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) and between T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) with T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). The AST presented no difference between moments. The show jumping activity with one-meter obstacles did not induce changes in the SAA protein between the moments.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a amilóide sérica A (SAA) e biomarcadores de atividade muscular de equinos submetidos a atividade de salto, ou hipismo clássico. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as variáveis SAA, glicose, lactato e os biomarcadores creatina quinase (CK) e aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) em 10 equinos submetidos ao exercício de saltos em torneio para iniciantes. As avaliações ocorreram antes do exercício (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos (T2), 60 minutos (T3) e 24 horas após o término (T4). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando análise de variância para medidas repetidas. O software estatístico SAEG 9.1 foi utilizado para verificar o nível de significância entre os momentos para P<0,05. A glicose diferenciou-se entre os momentos T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) e T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). O lactado apresentou elevação comparada com o momento T1(15.3±6.1mmol/L) e os demais T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) e T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). A CK mostrou diferença significativa entre T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) e T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) e entre T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) com T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). A AST não apresentou diferença entre os momentos. A atividade de hipismo clássico com obstáculos de um metro não induziu alterações na proteína SAA entre os momentos.(AU)

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The aim of the study was to determine the concentration pattern of intra-articular acute phase proteins (APPs) and immunoglobulins in healthy crossbred cattle. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected from the radiocarpal joint of 25 heifers and 25 steers. Concentrations of APPs were measured by SDS-PAGE. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (P<0.05). Thirty-seven proteins with molecular weights ranging from 7 to 37kDa were identified in SF of all animals. Eight were nominally identified with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Ab), α1-antitripsin (AAT), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and haptoglobin (Hp). The α1-antitripsin was only identified in the Sf of the heifers. The SF values of Cp, Hp, AGP and IgA were significantly higher in heifers than in steers. In sera, 34 proteins with molecular weights between 7 and 244kDa were identified in heifers and steers. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, however the α1-antitrypsin was identified only in SF. The serum values Tf, AGP and IgG were significantly higher in heifers compared with steers. In conclusion, the physiological acute-phase proteins concentrations in synovial fluid of healthy ruminants can be useful in the interpretation of samples from animals with joint diseases. The SF electrophoretic profile of healthy ruminants differs depending on gender. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, but only the SF of α1-antitrypsin.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o padrão de concentração de proteínas de fase aguda e de imunoglobulinas intra-articulares (APPs) em bovinos mestiços saudáveis. As amostras de fluido sinovial (SF) foram coletadas da articulação radiocárpica de 25 novilhas e 25 novilhos. As concentrações de APPs foram mensuradas por SDS-PAGE. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância usando o programa estatístico SAS, e os meios foram comparados pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls (P<0,05). Trinta e sete proteínas com pesos moleculares variando de 7 a 37kDa foram identificadas no SF de todos os animais. Oito foram nominalmente identificadas como imunoglobulina A (IgA) e G (IgG), ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Ab), a1-antitripsina (AAT), glicoproteína a1-ácido (AGP) e haptoglobina (Hp). A α1-antitripsina foi identificada apenas no SF das novilhas. Os valores de Cp, Hp, AGP e IgA no SF foram significativamente maiores em novilhas do que em novilhos. No soro, 34 proteínas com pesos moleculares entre 7 e 244kDa foram identificadas nas novilhas e novilhos. Proteínas similares foram identificadas nos soros, mas apenas o SF das novilhas apresentou a α1-antitripsina. Os valores séricos de Tf, AGP e IgG foram significativamente maiores em novilhas em relação aos novilhos. Conclui-se que a mensuração das concentrações das proteínas da fase aguda no líquido sinovial de animais saudáveis pode ser útil na avaliação de amostras oriundas de bovinos com afecções articulares. O perfil eletroforético do SF de ruminantes saudáveis difere em função do gênero e as diferenças devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos achados.(AU)

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The aim of the study was to determine the concentration pattern of intra-articular acute phase proteins (APPs) and immunoglobulins in healthy crossbred cattle. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected from the radiocarpal joint of 25 heifers and 25 steers. Concentrations of APPs were measured by SDS-PAGE. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (P<0.05). Thirty-seven proteins with molecular weights ranging from 7 to 37kDa were identified in SF of all animals. Eight were nominally identified with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Ab), α1-antitripsin (AAT), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and haptoglobin (Hp). The α1-antitripsin was only identified in the Sf of the heifers. The SF values of Cp, Hp, AGP and IgA were significantly higher in heifers than in steers. In sera, 34 proteins with molecular weights between 7 and 244kDa were identified in heifers and steers. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, however the α1-antitrypsin was identified only in SF. The serum values Tf, AGP and IgG were significantly higher in heifers compared with steers. In conclusion, the physiological acute-phase proteins concentrations in synovial fluid of healthy ruminants can be useful in the interpretation of samples from animals with joint diseases. The SF electrophoretic profile of healthy ruminants differs depending on gender. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, but only the SF of α1-antitrypsin.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o padrão de concentração de proteínas de fase aguda e de imunoglobulinas intra-articulares (APPs) em bovinos mestiços saudáveis. As amostras de fluido sinovial (SF) foram coletadas da articulação radiocárpica de 25 novilhas e 25 novilhos. As concentrações de APPs foram mensuradas por SDS-PAGE. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância usando o programa estatístico SAS, e os meios foram comparados pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls (P<0,05). Trinta e sete proteínas com pesos moleculares variando de 7 a 37kDa foram identificadas no SF de todos os animais. Oito foram nominalmente identificadas como imunoglobulina A (IgA) e G (IgG), ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Ab), a1-antitripsina (AAT), glicoproteína a1-ácido (AGP) e haptoglobina (Hp). A α1-antitripsina foi identificada apenas no SF das novilhas. Os valores de Cp, Hp, AGP e IgA no SF foram significativamente maiores em novilhas do que em novilhos. No soro, 34 proteínas com pesos moleculares entre 7 e 244kDa foram identificadas nas novilhas e novilhos. Proteínas similares foram identificadas nos soros, mas apenas o SF das novilhas apresentou a α1-antitripsina. Os valores séricos de Tf, AGP e IgG foram significativamente maiores em novilhas em relação aos novilhos. Conclui-se que a mensuração das concentrações das proteínas da fase aguda no líquido sinovial de animais saudáveis pode ser útil na avaliação de amostras oriundas de bovinos com afecções articulares. O perfil eletroforético do SF de ruminantes saudáveis difere em função do gênero e as diferenças devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos achados.(AU)

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The present study aimed to investigate the kinetics of acute phase proteins and cytokines in the serum of immunized or naive pigs following infection with a field isolate of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Five-month-old SPF pigs were intramuscularly immunized with or without the 146S antigen (7.5 µg per head) purified from FMD virus (O/Andong/SKR/2010) and were subsequently challenged 30 days post-vaccination (dpv) with FMD virus on each footpad. Serum samples were obtained at 28 dpv and on days 1, 3, and 5 post-infection (dpi). At 28 dpv, the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were higher in the immunized pigs compared with the non-immunized control pigs. Upon challenge, the levels of all measured acute phase proteins (i.e., C-reactive protein, major acute phase protein, S-amyloid A, and haptoglobin) plateaued at 1 dpi in the immunized pigs whereas they gradually increased up to 5 dpi in the non-immunized control pigs. Levels of serum TNF-α remained higher in the immunized challenged pigs compared with the non-immunized challenged pigs. The serum concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 in the immunized challenged pigs was undetectable at all time points, but moderately increased upon challenge in the non-immunized challenged pigs. IL-1ß was not detected in any of the pigs at any of the observed time points. Collectively, these findings show that the immunized pigs exhibit a rapid serum acute phase protein response following subsequent challenge with the field FMD virus compared with the non-immunized pigs.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum amyloid A (SAA) and biomarkers of muscle activity of horses submitted to show jumping activity. To do this, the variables SAA, glucose, lactate and the biomarkers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were evaluated in 10 horses submitted to the show jumping exercise in a tournament for beginners. The evaluations occurred before exercise (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 minutes (T2), 60 minutes (T3) and 24 hours after the end (T4). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The statistical software SAEG 9.1 was used to verify the level of significance between the moments for P 0.05. Glucose presented a difference between the moments T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) and T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). Lactate presented elevation in T1 (15.3±6.1mmol/L) compared to the others T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) and T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). The CK showed a significant difference between T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) and T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) and between T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) with T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). The AST presented no difference between moments. The show jumping activity with one-meter obstacles did not induce changes in the SAA protein between the moments.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a amilóide sérica A (SAA) e biomarcadores de atividade muscular de equinos submetidos a atividade de salto, ou hipismo clássico. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as variáveis SAA, glicose, lactato e os biomarcadores creatina quinase (CK) e aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) em 10 equinos submetidos ao exercício de saltos em torneio para iniciantes. As avaliações ocorreram antes do exercício (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos (T2), 60 minutos (T3) e 24 horas após o término (T4). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando análise de variância para medidas repetidas. O software estatístico SAEG 9.1 foi utilizado para verificar o nível de significância entre os momentos para P 0,05. A glicose diferenciou-se entre os momentos T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) e T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). O lactado apresentou elevação comparada com o momento T1(15.3±6.1mmol/L) e os demais T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) e T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). A CK mostrou diferença significativa entre T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) e T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) e entre T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) com T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). A AST não apresentou diferença entre os momentos. A atividade de hipismo clássico com obstáculos de um metro não induziu alterações na proteína SAA entre os momentos.

RESUMO

Videosurgery is increasingly used in veterinary medicine. Compared with open surgery, it has been shown to cause minimal pain and promote a more rapid recovery. There are various methods of assessing pain and postoperative inflammation in cats, although their particular behaviours may make these assessments difficult. The aim of this study was to compare levels of postoperative pain and inflammation after laparoscopic ovariectomy with an open minimally invasive technique. Twenty queens were randomly divided into two groups based on the method of haemostasis and surgical technique: (1) laparoscopic ovariectomy using a miniloop (miniloop group (MG)); and (2) minilaparotomy using a Snook hook (control group (CG)). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end tidal CO2 (EtCO2) and body temperature were assessed using a multiparametric monitor during anaesthesia and surgery at defined surgical time points (preincision, left ovary manipulation, right ovary manipulation and skin suture). Blood samples (2 mL each) were collected from the jugular vein before surgery and 1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, and 10 days, after endotracheal extubation for blood count analysis and to assess total protein and acute phase proteins (APP). EtCO2 and RR were significantly higher in MG patients (P<0.001). HR was higher in the CG group for the duration of surgery (P=0.01). Temperature was significantly lower in MG patients (P<0.001). Pain assessment by dynamic interactive visual analogue scale showed no difference between groups or at specific moments of time within groups. Segmented neutrophil counts increased at 24 hours postoperatively and peaked at 48 and 72 hours in MG (P=0.01). The most important result among APPs was haptoglobin, which peaked at 72 hours in MG patients (P=0.001). Patients undergoing minilaparotomy and laparoscopy showed comparable postoperative pain. However, inflammatory changes such as APPs and neutrophil counts were increased in the laparoscopic group.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Considering the scarcity of information regarding blood parameters of Pêga donkeys (Equus asinus), and the influence of factors such as breed and physiological status on these parameters, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pregnancy on hematological, blood biochemical and serum protein profiles of the Pêga donkey, using samples from 59 female adult donkeys, 22 pregnant and 37 non-pregnant, kept under field conditions. The parameters measured were counts of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), basophils, eosinophils, bands, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets; and the levels of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorides, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect serum bilirubin. Serum protein fractionation was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which found 10 proteins: immunoglobulins A and G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, 1-acid glycoprotein, 138 kDa (MWP138), 33 kDa (MWP33) and 23 kDa (MWP23) molecular weight proteins. RBC and triglycerides were higher in pregnant females. Urea, Immunoglobulin A, MWP138 and MWP23 concentrations were higher in non-pregnant mares. This study presented differences from previous studies, and some differences in blood variables between pregnant and non-pregnant Pêga donkeys, confirming that pregnancy causes significant metabolic changes, which must be considered in the clinical evaluation of these animals.

Considerando a escassez de informações sobre as variáveis hematológicas dos jumentos Pêga e a influência de fatores como raça e estado fisiológico sobre estes parâmetros, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da prenhez sobre os perfis hematológico, bioquímico sanguíneo e de proteínas séricas de jumentos Pêga, utilizando amostras de 59 jumentas adultas, 22 prenhes e 37 não prenhes, mantidas sob condições de campo. Foram mensuradas as contagens de hemácias, leucócitos, basófilos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos bastonetes, neutrófilos segmentados, linfócitos, monócitos e plaquetas; volume globular, concentração de hemoglobina e os níveis de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, creatina quinase, gama glutamil transferase, ureia, glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, cálcio total, fósforo, magnésio, cloretos, sódio, potássio, cálcio ionizado, creatinina, proteína total, albumina, bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. O fracionamento de proteínas séricas foi realizado pela eletroforese em gel de acrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), o qual revelou 10 proteínas: imunoglobulinas A e G, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, haptoglobina, 1-glicoproteína ácida, proteína de peso molecular 138 kDa (PPM138), 33 kDa (PPM33) e 23 kDa (PPM23). A contagem de eritrócitos e os triglicérides séricos foram mais altos para as fêmeas prenhes. As concentrações de ureia, IgA, PPM138e PPM23 foram mais altas para jumentas não prenhes. Houve diferenças em relação a estudos anteriores, e diferenças entre as variáveis sanguíneas de jumentas Pêga prenhes e vazias confirmam que a prenhez causa mudanças metabólicas significantes, as quais devem ser consideradas na avaliação clínica destes animais.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Considering the scarcity of information regarding blood parameters of Pêga donkeys (Equus asinus), and the influence of factors such as breed and physiological status on these parameters, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pregnancy on hematological, blood biochemical and serum protein profiles of the Pêga donkey, using samples from 59 female adult donkeys, 22 pregnant and 37 non-pregnant, kept under field conditions. The parameters measured were counts of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), basophils, eosinophils, bands, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets; and the levels of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorides, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect serum bilirubin. Serum protein fractionation was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which found 10 proteins: immunoglobulins A and G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, 1-acid glycoprotein, 138 kDa (MWP138), 33 kDa (MWP33) and 23 kDa (MWP23) molecular weight proteins. RBC and triglycerides were higher in pregnant females. Urea, Immunoglobulin A, MWP138 and MWP23 concentrations were higher in non-pregnant mares. This study presented differences from previous studies, and some differences in blood variables between pregnant and non-pregnant Pêga donkeys, confirming that pregnancy causes significant metabolic changes, which must be considered in the clinical evaluation of these animals.(AU)

Considerando a escassez de informações sobre as variáveis hematológicas dos jumentos Pêga e a influência de fatores como raça e estado fisiológico sobre estes parâmetros, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da prenhez sobre os perfis hematológico, bioquímico sanguíneo e de proteínas séricas de jumentos Pêga, utilizando amostras de 59 jumentas adultas, 22 prenhes e 37 não prenhes, mantidas sob condições de campo. Foram mensuradas as contagens de hemácias, leucócitos, basófilos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos bastonetes, neutrófilos segmentados, linfócitos, monócitos e plaquetas; volume globular, concentração de hemoglobina e os níveis de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, creatina quinase, gama glutamil transferase, ureia, glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, cálcio total, fósforo, magnésio, cloretos, sódio, potássio, cálcio ionizado, creatinina, proteína total, albumina, bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. O fracionamento de proteínas séricas foi realizado pela eletroforese em gel de acrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), o qual revelou 10 proteínas: imunoglobulinas A e G, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, haptoglobina, 1-glicoproteína ácida, proteína de peso molecular 138 kDa (PPM138), 33 kDa (PPM33) e 23 kDa (PPM23). A contagem de eritrócitos e os triglicérides séricos foram mais altos para as fêmeas prenhes. As concentrações de ureia, IgA, PPM138e PPM23 foram mais altas para jumentas não prenhes. Houve diferenças em relação a estudos anteriores, e diferenças entre as variáveis sanguíneas de jumentas Pêga prenhes e vazias confirmam que a prenhez causa mudanças metabólicas significantes, as quais devem ser consideradas na avaliação clínica destes animais.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Os atuais sistemas de criação de equinos estão associados às dietas ricas em carboidratos que resultam em sobre peso e acúmulo de gordura em animais ainda muito jovens. Nesses animais com sobre peso submetidos exercício físico intenso há aumento na incidência de osteoartrite juvenil e outras afecções inflamatórias. O objetivo deste estudo foi associar a adiposidade corporal e a forma de criação de potros com o perfil energético sanguíneo, as concentrações sanguíneas de proteínas inflamatórias e lesões osteoarticulares na região társica comparando animais criados em regimes intensivo ou extensivo. Foram avaliados 40 potros com 18 meses de idade da raça crioula, 23 fêmeas e 17 machos, sendo 20 animais criados exclusivamente em sistema extensivo e 20 animais criados em sistema intensivo. Foram efetuadas coletas de sangue para avaliação bioquímica e eletroforese proteica. Foram efetuadas através de ultrassonografia a mensuração da gordura na crista do pescoço, região retroperitoneal e na base da cauda. Em 17 animais do grupo intensivo e nove animais do grupo extensivo foi efetuado o estudo radiográfico da região do tarso esquerdo. Foi observado maiores níveis de colesterol total e LDL, glicemia, Amilóide A sérica (SAA), transferrina, haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, glicoproteína ácida e uma proteína de 23Kda de peso molecular (não identificada) nos animais do grupo intensivo com relação aos do grupo extensivo. O grupo intensivo também apresentou maior depósito de gordura na região da crista do pescoço, região retroperitoneal e base da cauda. Em 100% dos animais do grupo intensivo foram observados lesões compatíveis com osteoartrite juvenil, enquanto que em apenas 23% dos animais do grupo extensivo apresentaram tais alterações. No teste exato de Fisher foi observado que os animais do grupo intensivo apresentaram 105% mais chance de desenvolver osteoartrite que os animais do grupo extensivo. Ainda, no teste de Pearson foi observada correlação positiva entre a gordura na crista do pescoço com o grau de comprometimento articular dos potros. A gordura na crista do pescoço apresentou correlação positiva com as alterações osteoarticulares, com os níveis séricos de colesterol LDL, níveis séricos de glicose, níveis de glicoproteína ácida, haptoglobina, transferrina e SAA. A SAA apresentou correlação com a espessura de gordura retroperitoneal. Conclui-se que o depósito de gordura na crista do pescoço apresenta correlação com as alterações no perfil energético, inflamatório e no comprometimento osteoarticular dos animais avaliados. Os níveis de glicose, colesterol LDL, glicoproteína ácida, haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, transferrina e SAA estiveram correlacionados ao depósito de gordura na crista do pescoço. Potros em sistema intensivo apresentam, em relação aos criados em sistema extensivo, 105 % mais chance de apresentarem lesões articulares degenerativas crônicas compatíveis com osteoartrite juvenil.(AU)

High carbohydrate diets are increasingly used in horse rearing systems. This can result in weight gain and fat accumulation in young horses. There is a growing incidence of juvenile osteoarthritis and other inflammatory conditions in overweight young horses that undergo intense physical exercise. The aim of this study was to associate corporal adiposity with energy profile, serum concentration of acute phase proteins and presence of osteo-articular lesion in the tarsal region of young horses raised in two different rearing systems: intensive system and extensive system. We evaluated 40 young horses 18 months old, 23 of them were females and 17 were males. Twenty horses were raised in the extensive rearing system and twenty horses were raised in intensive rearing system. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and protein electrophoresis. Fat deposition on the crest of the neck, peritoneum and tailhead was measured by ultrasonography. Radiographic examination of the left tarsus was performed in 17 horses of the farm rearing system and in nine horses of the extensive rearing system. We observed higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL, glucose, serum amyloid A (SAA), transferrin, haptoglobin, acid glycoprotein and unidentified protein 23Kda in horses of the intensive system. These horses also showed higher fat deposition on the crest of the neck, peritoneum and tailhead than horses raised on extensive system. All horses on the intensive system group that underwent radiographic examination had lesions compatible with juvenile osteoarthritis while only 23% of the animals of the extensive system group showed such changes. With Fisher's exact test we observed that horses of the intensive rearing system are 105% more likely to develop osteoarthritis than horses of the extensive rearing system. With the Pearson correlation test we found a positive correlation between fat deposition on the crest of the neck and degree of articular injury. Fat deposition on the crest of the neck also showed a positive correlation with serum levels of LDL, glucose, acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, transferrin and SAA. The SAA correlated with the thickness of retroperitoneal fat. There was a positive correlation between retroperitoneal fat deposition and presence of osteoarticular abnormalities. In conclusion, fat deposition on the crest of the neck has a correlation with energetic profile changes, cute phase proteins changes and with articular injuries. Levels of glucose, LDL cholesterol, acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin and SAA have a correlation with fat deposition on the crest of the neck. In addition, young horses of the intensive rearing system are 105% more likely to have chronic degenerative joint lesions compatible with juvenile osteoarthritis than horses of the extensive rearing system.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

High carbohydrate diets are increasingly used in horse rearing systems. This can result in weight gain and fat accumulation in young horses. There is a growing incidence of juvenile osteoarthritis and other inflammatory conditions in overweight young horses that undergo intense physical exercise. The aim of this study was to associate corporal adiposity with energy profile, serum concentration of acute phase proteins and presence of osteo-articular lesion in the tarsal region of young horses raised in two different rearing systems: intensive system and extensive system. We evaluated 40 young horses 18 months old, 23 of them were females and 17 were males. Twenty horses were raised in the extensive rearing system and twenty horses were raised in intensive rearing system. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and protein electrophoresis. Fat deposition on the crest of the neck, peritoneum and tailhead was measured by ultrasonography. Radiographic examination of the left tarsus was performed in 17 horses of the farm rearing system and in nine horses of the extensive rearing system. We observed higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL, glucose, serum amyloid A (SAA), transferrin, haptoglobin, acid glycoprotein and unidentified protein 23Kda in horses of the intensive system. These horses also showed higher fat deposition on the crest of the neck, peritoneum and tailhead than horses raised on extensive system. All horses on the intensive system group that underwent radiographic examination had lesions compatible with juvenile osteoarthritis while only 23% of the animals of the extensive system group showed such changes. With Fishers exact test we observed that horses of the intensive rearing system are 105% more likely to develop osteoarthritis than horses of the extensive rearing system. With the Pearson correlation test we found a positive correlation between fat deposition on the crest of the neck and degree of articular injury. [...](AU)

Os atuais sistemas de criação de equinos estão associados às dietas ricas em carboidratos que resultam em sobre peso e acúmulo de gordura em animais ainda muito jovens. Nesses animais com sobre peso submetidos exercício físico intenso há aumento na incidência de osteoartrite juvenil e outras afecções inflamatórias. O objetivo deste estudo foi associar a adiposidade corporal e a forma de criação de potros com o perfil energético sanguíneo, as concentrações sanguíneas de proteínas inflamatórias e lesões osteoarticulares na região társica comparando animais criados em regimes intensivo ou extensivo. Foram avaliados 40 potros com 18 meses de idade da raça crioula, 23 fêmeas e 17 machos, sendo 20 animais criados exclusivamente em sistema extensivo e 20 animais criados em sistema intensivo. Foram efetuadas coletas de sangue para avaliação bioquímica e eletroforese proteica. Foram efetuadas através de ultrassonografia a mensuração da gordura na crista do pescoço, região retroperitoneal e na base da cauda. Em 17 animais do grupo intensivo e nove animais do grupo extensivo foi efetuado o estudo radiográfico da região do tarso esquerdo. Foi observado maiores níveis de colesterol total e LDL, glicemia, Amilóide A sérica (SAA), transferrina, haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, glicoproteína ácida e uma proteína de 23Kda de peso molecular (não identificada) nos animais do grupo intensivo com relação aos do grupo extensivo. O grupo intensivo também apresentou maior depósito de gordura na região da crista do pescoço, região retroperitoneal e base da cauda. Em 100% dos animais do grupo intensivo foram observados lesões compatíveis com osteoartrite juvenil, enquanto que em apenas 23% dos animais do grupo extensivo apresentaram tais alterações. No teste exato de Fisher foi observado que os animais do grupo intensivo apresentaram 105% mais chance de desenvolver osteoartrite que os animais do grupo extensivo.[...](AU)

Assuntos