RESUMO

Zoysiagrass is an important ornamental and turfgrass cultivated in different countries. Recently, damage to this plant, characterized by a type of witchs broom and stunting were observed in southern Brazil, suggesting possible attack by mites. A detailed examination of these plants showed the presence of a new mite species, Abacarus zoysiae Flechtmann & Tassi sp. nov., as responsible for the damage. The objective of this publication is to describe that new species, based on adult females and males.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Zoysiagrass is an important ornamental and turfgrass cultivated in different countries. Recently, damage to this plant, characterized by a type of witchs broom and stunting were observed in southern Brazil, suggesting possible attack by mites. A detailed examination of these plants showed the presence of a new mite species, Abacarus zoysiae Flechtmann & Tassi sp. nov., as responsible for the damage. The objective of this publication is to describe that new species, based on adult females and males.

RESUMO

Abstract Zoysiagrass is an important ornamental and turfgrass cultivated in different countries. Recently, damage to this plant, characterized by a type of witch's broom and stunting were observed in southern Brazil, suggesting possible attack by mites. A detailed examination of these plants showed the presence of a new mite species, Abacarus zoysiae Flechtmann & Tassi sp. nov., as responsible for the damage. The objective of this publication is to describe that new species, based on adult females and males.

RESUMO

Nitrogen fertilization and an appropriate cutting thickness can result in firmer sod that can be handled in less time with greater turfgrass regrowth during the subsequent cycle. This experiment was conducted on a sod production farm located in Capela do Alto, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol) with a medium texture. The experiment had two statistical designs; the initial design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates. Treatments were five doses of liquid organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) corresponding to 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha1 of nitrogen (N) with supplementation of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) as well as two control treatments - one with 300 kg ha1 of N as OMF and the other with 300 kg ha1 of N-urea + P and K. At harvest, the adopted design was a split-plot type with four replicates in a 7 × 3 factorial arrangement with seven treatments as the main plot and three sod cutting heights (9, 16 and 22 mm) as subplots. Nitrogen doses in the form of OMF influenced the percentage of ground cover (PGC) by turfgrass in both cycles. The N dose of 300 kg ha1 formed the sod more quickly and provided the largest mass of roots and stolons and the highest sod tensile strength. The thinnest sod samples had faster regrowth and provided higher PGCs.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen fertilization and an appropriate cutting thickness can result in firmer sod that can be handled in less time with greater turfgrass regrowth during the subsequent cycle. This experiment was conducted on a sod production farm located in Capela do Alto, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol) with a medium texture. The experiment had two statistical designs; the initial design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates. Treatments were five doses of liquid organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) corresponding to 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha1 of nitrogen (N) with supplementation of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) as well as two control treatments - one with 300 kg ha1 of N as OMF and the other with 300 kg ha1 of N-urea + P and K. At harvest, the adopted design was a split-plot type with four replicates in a 7 × 3 factorial arrangement with seven treatments as the main plot and three sod cutting heights (9, 16 and 22 mm) as subplots. Nitrogen doses in the form of OMF influenced the percentage of ground cover (PGC) by turfgrass in both cycles. The N dose of 300 kg ha1 formed the sod more quickly and provided the largest mass of roots and stolons and the highest sod tensile strength. The thinnest sod samples had faster regrowth and provided higher PGCs.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen fertilization and an appropriate cutting thickness can result in firmer sod that can be handled in less time with greater turfgrass regrowth during the subsequent cycle. This experiment was conducted on a sod production farm located in Capela do Alto, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol) with a medium texture. The experiment had two statistical designs; the initial design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates. Treatments were five doses of liquid organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) corresponding to 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha1 of nitrogen (N) with supplementation of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) as well as two control treatments - one with 300 kg ha1 of N as OMF and the other with 300 kg ha1 of N-urea + P and K. At harvest, the adopted design was a split-plot type with four replicates in a 7 × 3 factorial arrangement with seven treatments as the main plot and three sod cutting heights (9, 16 and 22 mm) as subplots. Nitrogen doses in the form of OMF influenced the percentage of ground cover (PGC) by turfgrass in both cycles. The N dose of 300 kg ha1 formed the sod more quickly and provided the largest mass of roots and stolons and the highest sod tensile strength. The thinnest sod samples had faster regrowth and provided higher PGCs.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient responsible for the green coloration of lawns but also stimulates the growth of the aerial portion of grass, thus increasing mowing expenses. Therefore, herbicides may be used as a growth regulator. The ideal herbicide will reduce lawn height without affecting esthetics. Toward this end, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the green coloration of Emerald grass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) under the effect of different N doses or herbicides used as growth regulators. The study site consisted of randomized blocks containing 20 treatments arranged in a 5×4 factorial design with four treatment groups: four herbicides (glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and metsulfuron-methyl, accounting for 200, 420, 80, and 140g ha-1 of the active ingredient, respectively) and the control sample (no herbicide); and three doses of N in the form of urea (5, 10, and 20g m-2), divided into five applications per year, in addition to a treatment without N. Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) was assessed and the aerial portion of the lawn was measured with digital image analysis. Doses of N ranging from 10 to 20g m-2, divided into five applications a year, provided the lawn with intense green coloration, and the herbicides glyphosate (200g ha-1), imazaquin (420g ha-1), and imazethapyr (80g ha-1) were reported to be suitable for use as growth regulators of the study species, considering maintenance of esthetic quality (green coloration). The digital image analysis of the aerial portion provided more accurate results than use of a chlorophyll meter with regard to the recommendation of both N dose and herbicides to be used as growth regulators of Emerald grass.

RESUMO: Embora o nitrogênio (N) seja o principal nutriente responsável pela coloração verde dos gramados, o mesmo estimula o crescimento da parte aérea, resultando em maior dispêndio com cortes. Assim, a utilização de herbicidas como reguladores de crescimento seria alternativa, sendo ideal aquele que reduzisse a altura sem afetar a estética do gramado. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar a coloração verde da grama esmeralda ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) sob o efeito de doses de N e do uso de herbicidas como reguladores de crescimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos dispostos num fatorial 5x4 com quatro repetições, sendo quatro herbicidas: glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr e metsulfuron-methyl (200, 420, 80 e 140g ha-1 do ingrediente ativo (i.a.), respectivamente) e a testemunha (sem herbicida); e três doses de N na forma de ureia: 5, 10 e 20g m-2, parceladas em cinco aplicações ao ano, além do tratamento sem N. Avaliaram-se o índice de clorofila foliar (ICF) e a análise por imagem digital da parte aérea do gramado. Doses de 10 a 20g m-2 de N, parceladas em cinco vezes ao ano, propiciaram coloração verde intensa do gramado e os herbicidas glyphosate (200g ha-1), imazaquin (420g ha-1) e imazethapyr (80g ha-1) foram adequados para utilização como reguladores do crescimento da espécie estudada, considerando a qualidade estética (cor verde). A análise por imagem digital da parte aérea forneceu resultados mais precisos que o uso do clorofilômetro, quanto à recomendação da dose de N, bem como dos herbicidas a serem utilizados como reguladores de crescimento da grama esmeralda.

RESUMO

Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient responsible for the green coloration of lawns but also stimulates the growth of the aerial portion of grass, thus increasing mowing expenses. Therefore, herbicides may be used as a growth regulator. The ideal herbicide will reduce lawn height without affecting esthetics. Toward this end, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the green coloration of Emerald grass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) under the effect of different N doses or herbicides used as growth regulators. The study site consisted of randomized blocks containing 20 treatments arranged in a 5×4 factorial design with four treatment groups: four herbicides (glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and metsulfuron-methyl, accounting for 200, 420, 80, and 140g ha-1 of the active ingredient, respectively) and the control sample (no herbicide); and three doses of N in the form of urea (5, 10, and 20g m-2), divided into five applications per year, in addition to a treatment without N. Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) was assessed and the aerial portion of the lawn was measured with digital image analysis. Doses of N ranging from 10 to 20g m-2, divided into five applications a year, provided the lawn with intense green coloration, and the herbicides glyphosate (200g ha-1), imazaquin (420g ha-1), and imazethapyr (80g ha-1) were reported to be suitable for use as growth regulators of the study species, considering maintenance of esthetic quality (green coloration). The digital image analysis of the aerial portion provided more accurate results than use of a chlorophyll meter with regard to the recommendation of both N dose and herbicides to be used as growth regulators of Emerald grass.(AU)

Embora o nitrogênio (N) seja o principal nutriente responsável pela coloração verde dos gramados, o mesmo estimula o crescimento da parte aérea, resultando em maior dispêndio com cortes. Assim, a utilização de herbicidas como reguladores de crescimento seria alternativa, sendo ideal aquele que reduzisse a altura sem afetar a estética do gramado. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar a coloração verde da grama esmeralda ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) sob o efeito de doses de N e do uso de herbicidas como reguladores de crescimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos dispostos num fatorial 5x4 com quatro repetições, sendo quatro herbicidas: glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr e metsulfuron-methyl (200, 420, 80 e 140g ha-1 do ingrediente ativo (i.a.), respectivamente) e a testemunha (sem herbicida); e três doses de N na forma de ureia: 5, 10 e 20g m-2, parceladas em cinco aplicações ao ano, além do tratamento sem N. Avaliaram-se o índice de clorofila foliar (ICF) e a análise por imagem digital da parte aérea do gramado. Doses de 10 a 20g m-2 de N, parceladas em cinco vezes ao ano, propiciaram coloração verde intensa do gramado e os herbicidas glyphosate (200g ha-1), imazaquin (420g ha-1) e imazethapyr (80g ha-1) foram adequados para utilização como reguladores do crescimento da espécie estudada, considerando a qualidade estética (cor verde). A análise por imagem digital da parte aérea forneceu resultados mais precisos que o uso do clorofilômetro, quanto à recomendação da dose de N, bem como dos herbicidas a serem utilizados como reguladores de crescimento da grama esmeralda.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post-emergence on Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae) and determine associations with the leaf anatomy of this grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were the application of the herbicides bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112.5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) and 2.4-D (698 g ha-1), plus a control treatment without herbicide application. Phytotoxicity was assessed every seven days after application (DAA) of the herbicides until the symptoms disappeared. Foliar anatomical analyses of the leaves in the collected grass were conducted until the 35th DAA. The quantitative characters of the keel and wing region of the blade of Z. japonica were assessed, as well as the biometric characters, which were submitted to an analysis of variance F test, and the averages were compared by Tukeys test at a probability of 5%. The values of the anatomical characters of the foliar blade were tested by cluster analysis. The application of herbicides did not negatively influence the height of the plants but did reduce their dry mass. Toxic symptoms disappeared after 21 DAA, with the only symptoms of injury observed in plants treated with the herbicides oxadiazon and nicosulfuron. In addition, the cluster analysis indicated the formation of a uni

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre grama Esmeralda Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae), em associação com estudos da anatomia foliar dessa grama. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram da aplicação dos herbicidas: bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112,5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) e 2,4-D (698 g ha-1), além de um tratamento controle, sem aplicação de herbicidas. As avaliações de fitointoxicação foram realizadas a cada sete dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA) até o desaparecimento dos sintomas. Realizaram-se análises anatômicas foliares da grama coletando-se folhas no 35th DAA. Avaliaram-se os caracteres quantitativos da região da quilha e da asa do limbo de Z. japonica, bem como os caracteres biométricos da grama, os quais foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os valores dos caracteres anatômicos do limbo foliar foram submetidos ao teste de análise de agrupamento. A aplicação de herbicidas não influenciou negativamente a altura das plantas, porém reduziu massa seca. Os sintomas de fitointoxicação desapareceram até os 21 DAA, sendo que os únicos sintomas de injúrias foram observados nas plantas tratadas com os herbicidas nicosulfuron e oxadiazon. Al

RESUMO

The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post-emergence on Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae) and determine associations with the leaf anatomy of this grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were the application of the herbicides bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112.5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) and 2.4-D (698 g ha-1), plus a control treatment without herbicide application. Phytotoxicity was assessed every seven days after application (DAA) of the herbicides until the symptoms disappeared. Foliar anatomical analyses of the leaves in the collected grass were conducted until the 35th DAA. The quantitative characters of the keel and wing region of the blade of Z. japonica were assessed, as well as the biometric characters, which were submitted to an analysis of variance F test, and the averages were compared by Tukeys test at a probability of 5%. The values of the anatomical characters of the foliar blade were tested by cluster analysis. The application of herbicides did not negatively influence the height of the plants but did reduce their dry mass. Toxic symptoms disappeared after 21 DAA, with the only symptoms of injury observed in plants treated with the herbicides oxadiazon and nicosulfuron. In addition, the cluster analysis indicated the formation of a uni

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre grama Esmeralda Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae), em associação com estudos da anatomia foliar dessa grama. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram da aplicação dos herbicidas: bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112,5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) e 2,4-D (698 g ha-1), além de um tratamento controle, sem aplicação de herbicidas. As avaliações de fitointoxicação foram realizadas a cada sete dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA) até o desaparecimento dos sintomas. Realizaram-se análises anatômicas foliares da grama coletando-se folhas no 35th DAA. Avaliaram-se os caracteres quantitativos da região da quilha e da asa do limbo de Z. japonica, bem como os caracteres biométricos da grama, os quais foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os valores dos caracteres anatômicos do limbo foliar foram submetidos ao teste de análise de agrupamento. A aplicação de herbicidas não influenciou negativamente a altura das plantas, porém reduziu massa seca. Os sintomas de fitointoxicação desapareceram até os 21 DAA, sendo que os únicos sintomas de injúrias foram observados nas plantas tratadas com os herbicidas nicosulfuron e oxadiazon. Al

RESUMO

Nitrogen (N) is essential for nutrition and for the maintenance of the intense green color of lawns. However, this element affects shoot growth and, therefore, mowing frequency, which is a key factor of lawn-maintenance costs. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the use of nitrogen fertilization in combination with the use of potential herbicides as growth regulators to promote the maintenance of the high visual (intense green) and nutritional quality of lawns of emerald Zoysia (Zoysia japonica Steud.) grown in Ultisol soil while reducing their leaf growth. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching, Research and Extension Education Farm (Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão) of São Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP), Ilha Solteira Campus/ São Paulo (SP), from June/2012 to June/2013. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with 20 treatments established in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement with four replicates, including four herbicides (glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and metsulfuron-methyl, applied at doses of 200, 420, 80, and 140 g ha-1 active ingredient (a.i.), respectively) and a control (without herbicide), and four N doses (0, 5, 10, and 20 g m-2), split into five applications delivered throughout the year. The following items were evaluated: length, LCI (leaf chlorophyll index), leaf dry matter production and leaf N concentration and the percentage of phytotoxicity on lawn grass shoots. Doses from 10 to 20 g m-2 N provided sufficient N concentrations to maintain the emerald Zoysia. The herbicides metsulfuron-methyl and glyphosate weresuperior in the control of lawn leaf growth. While the former was phytotoxic, the latter had no effect onthe aesthetic quality of the lawn, standing out as an herbicide that may be used at a dose of 200 g ha-1 toregulate the growth of emerald Zoysia.(AU)

O nitrogênio é essencial para a nutrição e a manutenção da coloração verde intensa dos gramados. No entanto, influencia o crescimento da parte aérea e, consequentemente, a frequência de cortes, principal fator do custo de manutenção em gramados. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a adubação nitrogenada e o uso potencial de herbicidas como reguladores de crescimento em grama esmeralda (Zoysia japônica Steud.), em Argissolo Vermelho, visando manter o gramado com boa qualidade visual (verde intenso) e nutricional bem como reduzir o seu crescimento foliar. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP, de junho/2012 a junho/2013. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos dispostos num fatorial 5 x 4 com quatro repetições, sendo quatro herbicidas: glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr e metsulfuronmethyl aplicados na dose de, respectivamente, 200, 420, 80 e 140 g ha-1 do ingrediente ativo (i.a.) e a testemunha - sem herbicida; e quatro doses de N: 0, 5, 10 e 20 g m-2, parceladas em cinco aplicações durante o ano. Avaliaram-se: o comprimento, o índice ICF (índice de clorofila foliar) e a produção de matéria seca das folhas, determinaram-se também a concentração foliar de N e a porcentagem de fitointoxicação da parte aérea do gramado. Doses de 10 a 20 g m-2 de N proporcionaram concentração de N suficiente para a manutenção da grama esmeralda. Os herbicidas metsulfuron-methyl e glyphosatedestacaram-se no controle do crescimento foliar do gramado, sendo que o primeiro mostrou-se maisfitotóxico e o segundo não prejudicou a qualidade estética do gramado, destacando-se como herbicidaque possa ser utilizado como regulador do crescimento de grama esmeralda na dose de 200 g ha-1.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Nitrogen (N) is essential for nutrition and for the maintenance of the intense green color of lawns. However, this element affects shoot growth and, therefore, mowing frequency, which is a key factor of lawn-maintenance costs. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the use of nitrogen fertilization in combination with the use of potential herbicides as growth regulators to promote the maintenance of the high visual (intense green) and nutritional quality of lawns of emerald Zoysia (Zoysia japonica Steud.) grown in Ultisol soil while reducing their leaf growth. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching, Research and Extension Education Farm (Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão) of São Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP), Ilha Solteira Campus/ São Paulo (SP), from June/2012 to June/2013. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with 20 treatments established in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement with four replicates, including four herbicides (glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and metsulfuron-methyl, applied at doses of 200, 420, 80, and 140 g ha-1 active ingredient (a.i.), respectively) and a control (without herbicide), and four N doses (0, 5, 10, and 20 g m-2), split into five applications delivered throughout the year. The following items were evaluated: length, LCI (leaf chlorophyll index), leaf dry matter production and leaf N concentration and the percentage of phytotoxicity on lawn grass shoots. Doses from 10 to 20 g m-2 N provided sufficient N concentrations to maintain the emerald Zoysia. The herbicides metsulfuron-methyl and glyphosate weresuperior in the control of lawn leaf growth. While the former was phytotoxic, the latter had no effect onthe aesthetic quality of the lawn, standing out as an herbicide that may be used at a dose of 200 g ha-1 toregulate the growth of emerald Zoysia.

O nitrogênio é essencial para a nutrição e a manutenção da coloração verde intensa dos gramados. No entanto, influencia o crescimento da parte aérea e, consequentemente, a frequência de cortes, principal fator do custo de manutenção em gramados. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a adubação nitrogenada e o uso potencial de herbicidas como reguladores de crescimento em grama esmeralda (Zoysia japônica Steud.), em Argissolo Vermelho, visando manter o gramado com boa qualidade visual (verde intenso) e nutricional bem como reduzir o seu crescimento foliar. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP, de junho/2012 a junho/2013. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos dispostos num fatorial 5 x 4 com quatro repetições, sendo quatro herbicidas: glyphosate, imazaquin, imazethapyr e metsulfuronmethyl aplicados na dose de, respectivamente, 200, 420, 80 e 140 g ha-1 do ingrediente ativo (i.a.) e a testemunha - sem herbicida; e quatro doses de N: 0, 5, 10 e 20 g m-2, parceladas em cinco aplicações durante o ano. Avaliaram-se: o comprimento, o índice ICF (índice de clorofila foliar) e a produção de matéria seca das folhas, determinaram-se também a concentração foliar de N e a porcentagem de fitointoxicação da parte aérea do gramado. Doses de 10 a 20 g m-2 de N proporcionaram concentração de N suficiente para a manutenção da grama esmeralda. Os herbicidas metsulfuron-methyl e glyphosatedestacaram-se no controle do crescimento foliar do gramado, sendo que o primeiro mostrou-se maisfitotóxico e o segundo não prejudicou a qualidade estética do gramado, destacando-se como herbicidaque possa ser utilizado como regulador do crescimento de grama esmeralda na dose de 200 g ha-1.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do lodo de esgoto na formação e qualidades de tapetes de grama, foi instalado, em Itapetininga, São Paulo (SP), o experimento utilizando grama Zoysia japonica Steud., conhecida como esmeralda. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas principais constituídas de cinco doses de lodo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40Mg ha-1, base seca), mais um tratamento com NPK, de acordo com as necessidades da cultura e as subparcelas com dois sistemas de manejo (com e sem o uso de escarificador utilizado para romper uma camada superficial compactada). Utilizou-se o lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí, SP. As doses de lodo aplicadas correspondem às doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Após 165 dias da aplicação do lodo de esgoto, a dose de 31Mg ha-1 permitiu o fechamento completo (100% da taxa de cobertura do solo) e a maior resistência dos tapetes de grama. O mesmo resultado foi encontrado quando utilizou-se a adubação química. A testemunha e as parcelas que receberam 10Mg ha-1 de lodo não formaram tapete. O lodo de esgoto aplicado em superfície promoveu redução da massa dos tapetes de grama esmeralda. O uso do escarificador reduziu a resistência dos tapetes de grama esmeralda. Os valores de metais pesados encontrados no lodo de esgoto estavam abaixo do limite estabelecido pelas normas que regulamenta a utilização do lodo de esgoto na agricultura.

Aiming to evaluate sewage sludge effect in the grass sod qualitiy and formation it was installed in Itapetininha - SP one experiment using Zoysia japonica Steud. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with split plot design, with four replications, the main plots consisting of five doses of sludge (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40Mg ha-1, a dry basis), another treatment with NPK, according to the requirement of the culture, and subplots with two management systems (with and without chisel use, to break a compacted surface layer). The sludge used came from "Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí/SP". The doses of sludge applied correspond to the doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400kg ha-1 of nitrogen. 165 days after sewage sludge application, the dose of 31Mg ha-1 allowed the complete closing (100% of soil cover rate) and greater resistance of the zoysiagrass sod. The same results were found when chemical fertilization was used. The control and the plots that received 10Mg ha-1 of sludge did not formed sod. The sewage sludge applied to surface promoted reduction of zoysiagrass sod mass. The use of surface chisel reduced the strength of zoysiagrass sod. The heavy metals values found in sewage sludge were below the limit set by the rules governing the sewage sludge use in agriculture.

RESUMO

Aiming to evaluate sewage sludge effect in the grass sod qualitiy and formation it was installed in Itapetininha - SP one experiment using Zoysia japonica Steud. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with split plot design, with four replications, the main plots consisting of five doses of sludge (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40Mg ha-1, a dry basis), another treatment with NPK, according to the requirement of the culture, and subplots with two management systems (with and without chisel use, to break a compacted surface layer). The sludge used came from "Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí/SP". The doses of sludge applied correspond to the doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400kg ha-1 of nitrogen. 165 days after sewage sludge application, the dose of 31Mg ha-1 allowed the complete closing (100% of soil cover rate) and greater resistance of the zoysiagrass sod. The same results were found when chemical fertilization was used. The control and the plots that received 10Mg ha-1 of sludge did not formed sod. The sewage sludge applied to surface promoted reduction of zoysiagrass sod mass. The use of surface chisel reduced the strength of zoysiagrass sod. The heavy metals values found in sewage sludge were below the limit set by the rules governing the sewage sludge use in agriculture.

Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do lodo de esgoto na formação e qualidades de tapetes de grama, foi instalado, em Itapetininga, São Paulo (SP), o experimento utilizando grama Zoysia japonica Steud., conhecida como esmeralda. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas principais constituídas de cinco doses de lodo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40Mg ha-1, base seca), mais um tratamento com NPK, de acordo com as necessidades da cultura e as subparcelas com dois sistemas de manejo (com e sem o uso de escarificador utilizado para romper uma camada superficial compactada). Utilizou-se o lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí, SP. As doses de lodo aplicadas correspondem às doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Após 165 dias da aplicação do lodo de esgoto, a dose de 31Mg ha-1 permitiu o fechamento completo (100% da taxa de cobertura do solo) e a maior resistência dos tapetes de grama. O mesmo resultado foi encontrado quando utilizou-se a adubação química. A testemunha e as parcelas que receberam 10Mg ha-1 de lodo não formaram tapete. O lodo de esgoto aplicado em superfície promoveu redução da massa dos tapetes de grama esmeralda. O uso do escarificador reduziu a resistência dos tapetes de grama esmeralda. Os valores de metais pesados encontrados no lodo de esgoto estavam abaixo do limite estabelecido pelas normas que regulamenta a utilização do lodo de esgoto na agricultura.

RESUMO

Aiming to evaluate sewage sludge effect in the grass sod qualitiy and formation it was installed in Itapetininha - SP one experiment using Zoysia japonica Steud. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with split plot design, with four replications, the main plots consisting of five doses of sludge (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40Mg ha-1, a dry basis), another treatment with NPK, according to the requirement of the culture, and subplots with two management systems (with and without chisel use, to break a compacted surface layer). The sludge used came from "Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí/SP". The doses of sludge applied correspond to the doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400kg ha-1 of nitrogen. 165 days after sewage sludge application, the dose of 31Mg ha-1 allowed the complete closing (100% of soil cover rate) and greater resistance of the zoysiagrass sod. The same results were found when chemical fertilization was used. The control and the plots that received 10Mg ha-1 of sludge did not formed sod. The sewage sludge applied to surface promoted reduction of zoysiagrass sod mass. The use of surface chisel reduced the strength of zoysiagrass sod. The heavy metals values found in sewage sludge were below the limit set by the rules governing the sewage sludge use in agriculture.

Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do lodo de esgoto na formação e qualidades de tapetes de grama, foi instalado, em Itapetininga, São Paulo (SP), o experimento utilizando grama Zoysia japonica Steud., conhecida como esmeralda. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas principais constituídas de cinco doses de lodo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40Mg ha-1, base seca), mais um tratamento com NPK, de acordo com as necessidades da cultura e as subparcelas com dois sistemas de manejo (com e sem o uso de escarificador utilizado para romper uma camada superficial compactada). Utilizou-se o lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí, SP. As doses de lodo aplicadas correspondem às doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Após 165 dias da aplicação do lodo de esgoto, a dose de 31Mg ha-1 permitiu o fechamento completo (100% da taxa de cobertura do solo) e a maior resistência dos tapetes de grama. O mesmo resultado foi encontrado quando utilizou-se a adubação química. A testemunha e as parcelas que receberam 10Mg ha-1 de lodo não formaram tapete. O lodo de esgoto aplicado em superfície promoveu redução da massa dos tapetes de grama esmeralda. O uso do escarificador reduziu a resistência dos tapetes de grama esmeralda. Os valores de metais pesados encontrados no lodo de esgoto estavam abaixo do limite estabelecido pelas normas que regulamenta a utilização do lodo de esgoto na agricultura.