RESUMO
Smallanthus sonchifolius, popularly known as yacon, is a member of the Asteraceae family. Due to its medicinal and edible value, yacon is consumed by different populations. Yacon is unique due to its high fructo-oligosaccharide and inulin content, as well as flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and phenolic acids. Roots can be used to produce flour, which is less perishable and can be applied in various industrial products. This systematic review focuses on the effects of yacon flour on metabolic parameters. PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were consulted, and PRISMA guidelines were followed in the selection of the studies. In total, 526 articles were found in the databases, and of these, only 28 full texts were eligible for inclusion. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven studies were finally included. The results showed that the use of yacon flour can reduce glycemia, HbA1c, advanced glycation ends, plasma lipids, body fat mass, body weight, and waist circumference and improve intestinal microbiota and the antioxidant status. Further exploration of the effects of yacon flour is warranted, and additional clinical trials are necessary to determine the optimal daily consumption levels required to assist in improving metabolic parameters.
RESUMO
Kefir is a natural source of probiotics, and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuberous root rich in fructooligosaccharides, with prebiotic properties. We hypothesized that kefir and yacon can improve bone and intestinal health and that their synbiotic effects will enhance these benefits. The properties of yacon and kefir and their association were evaluated in the intestinal and bone health in rats. Forty Wistar male rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 10): control (C), kefir (K), yacon (Y), and yacon + kefir (YK) and received an AIN-93 M diet containing 50% of the daily recommendation of calcium for 42 days. Group K received 1 mL/day of kefir containing 108 CFU/mL; group Y received yacon flour (5% fructooligosaccharides); and the YK group received the same treatment as the Y and K groups. Urine and feces were collected to determine the calcium balance. Serum biomarkers of bone formation and resorption, osteocalcin, N telopeptides of collagen type I and C-telopeptide of collagen type I, intraluminal pH, intestinal permeability, and secretory immunoglobulin A were evaluated. Yacon reduced intraluminal pH alone or in association with kefir (groups Y and YK). Yacon also improved intestinal permeability (lowered lactulose and mannitol excretion) and increased calcium balance and osteocalcin, a biomarker of bone formation. In turn, K improved immunity by increasing secretory immunoglobulin A secretion and reducing bone resorption biomarkers (C-telopeptide of collagen type I and N telopeptides of collagen type I). Thus, yacon and kefir had beneficial effects on intestinal and bone health; however, the association between them did not demonstrate a synbiotic effect.
Assuntos
Asteraceae , Kefir , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , Ratos Wistar , Colágeno Tipo I , Densidade Óssea , Cálcio/metabolismo , Osteocalcina , Imunoglobulina A Secretora , Biomarcadores , Asteraceae/químicaRESUMO
Colorectal cancer has a high worldwide incidence. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of yacon flour (YF) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and endotoxemia in rats with induced colorectal cancer (CRC). The Wistar male rats were divided and kept for 8 weeks in four groups: S (basal diet, n = 10), Y (YF flour + basal diet, n = 10), C (CRC-induced control + basal diet, n = 12), CY (CRC-induced animals + YF, n = 12). CRC was induced by intraperitoneal injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (25 mg/kg body weight). Groups Y and CY received 7.5% of the prebiotic FOS from YF. The treatment with YF increased fecal secretory immunoglobulin A levels and decreased lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12. However, no effect was observed on the oxidative stress by the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, anion superoxide, and nitric oxide analysis of the animals (p < 0.05). The short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate showed interactions with NF-κB, TLR4, iNOS, and NADPH oxidase by in silico analysis and had a correlation (by the Person analysis) with CRC markers. The yacon flour treatment reduced the inflammation in rats with induced CRC, and could be a promising food to reduce the damages caused by colorectal cancer.
Assuntos
Asteraceae , Neoplasias Colorretais , Endotoxemia , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , Ratos Wistar , Farinha , Estresse Oxidativo , Carcinogênese , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
High-fructose diet is associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through chronic inflammation. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential benefit of daily consumption of Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) roots, rich in fructooligosaccharides (FOS), on the progression to liver fibrosis, in a rat model of NAFLD induced by a high-fructose diet. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard diet (CD, n = 6) or a standard diet plus 10% fructose solution (FD; n = 18). After 20 weeks, FD rats were randomly separated into the following groups (n = 6, each): FD; FD treated with yacon flour (340 mg FOS/body weight; FD + Y) and FD treated with fenofibrate (30 mg/kg body weight; FD + F), for 16 weeks. Daily intake of yacon flour significantly reduced body weight gain, plasma lipid levels, transaminase activities, and improved systemic insulin response in FD rats. In the liver, yacon treatment decreased fructose-induced steatosis and inflammation, and reduced total collagen deposition (64%). Also, yacon decreased TGF-ß1 mRNA expression (78%), followed by decreased nuclear localization of p-Smad2/3 in liver tissue. Yacon significantly reduced the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Col1α1, and Col3α1 mRNAs (85, 44, and 47%, respectively), inhibiting the activation of resident hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). These results suggested that yacon roots have the potential to ameliorate liver damage caused by long-term consumption of a high-fructose diet, being a promising nutritional strategy in NAFLD management.
Assuntos
Asteraceae , Fenofibrato , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Animais , Ratos , Actinas/metabolismo , Dieta , Fenofibrato/metabolismo , Frutose/efeitos adversos , Inflamação , Insulina/metabolismo , Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/induzido quimicamente , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/prevenção & controle , Ratos Wistar , RNA Mensageiro , Transaminases/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Yacon flour is rich in bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and fructooligosaccharides (FOS)), and may therefore reduce the risk of diseases associated with excess body weight. However, its effect on fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA), intestinal permeability, oxidative stress and inflammation markers has not been studied in adult humans with excess body weight. Thus, we evaluated the effect of the consumption of yacon flour on these variables. METHODS: Twenty-six excess body weight (30.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2) adults (31.3 ± 8.5y) were randomized to one of two groups (yacon flour or control; n = 13) on a double blind clinical trial. Subjects received a breakfast drink containing or not yacon flour (25g) associated with an energy restricted diet, for six weeks. The flour chemical characterization, FOS and total phenolics contents were evaluated. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo (plasma). Intestinal permeability, fecal SCFA, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers also were evaluated in vivo. RESULTS: Yacon flour was well tolerated. It presented an in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity, increased plasma total antioxidant capacity (ΔYAC: 49.16 (-4.20; 156.63)) and reduced protein carbonyl concentrations (ΔYAC: -0.98 (-1.54; -0.42)). A reduction in SCFAs was observed in both groups (Δacetic: -3.16 (-5.07; -0.95) vs. -1.05 (-2.65; 1.11); Δpropionic: -1.05 (-2.60;-0.38) vs. -0.41 (-2.08; 0.09); Δbutyric -0.75 (-1.38; -0.04) vs. -0.28 (-0.98; 0.11), for YAC and CON, respectively). Other variables did not change. CONCLUSION: The yacon flour increased the plasma antioxidant capacity, decreased oxidative stress and SCFAs in adults with obesity or overweight.
Assuntos
Asteraceae , Farinha , Adulto , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Humanos , Inflamação , Obesidade , Sobrepeso , Estresse Oxidativo , PermeabilidadeRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic VSL#3 isolated or associated with a yacon-based product (synbiotic) on oxidative stress modulation and intestinal permeability in an experimental model of colorectal carcinogenesis. Forty-five C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: control (standard diet AIN-93 M); probiotic (standard diet AIN-93 M and multispecies probiotic VSL#3, 2.25 × 109 CFU), and synbiotic (standard diet AIN-93 M with yacon-based product, 6% fructooligosaccharides and inulin, and probiotic VSL#3, 2.25 × 109 CFU). The experimental diets were provided for 13 weeks. The probiotic and the yacon-based product showed antioxidant activity, with the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging equal to 69.7 ± 0.4% and 74.3 ± 0.1%, respectively. These findings contributed to reduce hepatic oxidative stress: the control group showed higher concentration of malondialdehyde (1.8-fold, p = 0.007 and 1.5-fold, p = 0.035) and carbonylated protein (2-fold, p = 0.008 and 5.6-fold, p = 0.000) compared to the probiotic and synbiotic groups, respectively. Catalase enzyme activity increased 1.43-fold (p = 0.014) in synbiotic group. The crypt depth increased 1.2-fold and 1.4-fold with the use of probiotic and synbiotic, respectively, compared to the control diet (p = 0.000). These findings corroborate the reduction in intestinal permeability in the probiotic and synbiotic groups, as measured by the percentage of urinary lactulose excretion (CON: 0.93 ± 0.62% × PRO: 0.44 ± 0.05%, p = 0.048; and CON: 0.93 ± 0.62% × SYN: 0.41 ± 0.12%, p = 0.043). In conclusion, the probiotic and synbiotic showed antioxidant activity, which contributed to the reduction of oxidative stress markers. In addition, they protected the mucosa from damage caused by chemical carcinogen and reduced intestinal permeability. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The relationship between intestinal health and the occurrence of various organic disorders has been demonstrated in many studies. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is currently one of the main targets for modulation of intestinal health. We demonstrated that the use of a commercial mix of probiotic bacteria (VSL#3) isolated or associated with a yacon-based prebiotic, rich in fructooligosaccharides and inulin, is able to reduce the oxidative stress and intestinal permeability in a colorectal carcinogenesis model. These compounds have great potential to be used as a food supplement, or as ingredients in the development of food products.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Probióticos/farmacologia , Simbióticos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , PermeabilidadeRESUMO
A raiz do yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), em função da rica concentração de fruto-oligossacarídeos, é classificada como prebiótico e tornou-se promissora da obesidade pelo aumento da saciedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de um produto à base de yacon (PBY) em ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX) no consumo alimentar, na modulação de medidas antropométricas e do imunomarcador da saciedade glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) em ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas (OVX). Analisou-se o consumo alimentar pela pesagem diária de sobra de dieta, a porcentagem de gordura corporal foi determinada pelo índice de Lee e também foram avaliados o peso, o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência abdominal. Fragmentos do ceco foram utilizados para imunomarcação de GLP-1, de ratas OVX, após serem alimentadas por 24 semanas com dieta padrão adicionadas ou não de 6% de FOS/inulina/PBY. Observou-se diminuição da circunferência abdominal (p=0,2173) em 3,5%, também houve decréscimo de IMC (p=0,3822) em 6,25% e de percentual de gordura corporal (p=0,3528) em 2,14% em animais que receberam PBY durante 24 semanas (G4) comparado aos animais do grupo controle. No grupo G4 o GLP-1 aumentou (p<.0001), os animais aumentaram o consumo (p=0,0064) e, paradoxalmente, tiveram menor ganho de peso (p<.0001), o que pode estar associado ao fato de que as fibras diminuem a eficiência de absorção de lipídeos ao longo do intestino delgado, o que pode diminuir a assimilação calórica de nutrientes. Esse fenômeno demonstra que o PBY possui potencial na modulação da obesidade, portanto, melhoria da qualidade de vida de mulheres na menopausa.(AU)
The yacon root (Smallanthus sonchifolius), due to the rich concentration of fructo-oligosaccharides, is classified as prebiotic and has become promising for obesity due to increased satiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of a yacon-based product (PBY) in ovariectomized rats (OVX) in food consumption, in the modulation of anthropometric measurements and in the satiety immunosorbent glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in rats Wistar ovariectomized (OVX). Food consumption was analyzed by daily weighing of leftover diet, the percentage of body fat was determined by the Lee index, and weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were also evaluated. Cecum fragments were used for immunostaining GLP-1, from OVX rats, after being fed for 24 weeks with a standard diet with or without 6% FOS / inulin / PBY. There was a decrease in abdominal circumference (p = 0.2173) in 3.5%, there was also a decrease in BMI (p = 0.3822) in 6.25% and a percentage of body fat (p = 0.3528) 2.14% in animals that received PBY for 24 weeks (G4) compared to animals in the control group. In the G4 group GLP-1 increased (p <.0001), the animals increased their consumption (p = 0.0064) and paradoxically, they gained less weight gain (p <.0001), which may be associated with the fact that fibers decrease the efficiency of absorption of lipids along the small intestine, which can decrease the caloric assimilation of nutrients. This phenomenon demonstrates that PBY has the potential to modulate obesity, thus improving the quality of life of women in menopause. (AU)
Assuntos
Ratos , Peso Corporal , Ratos Wistar , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Dieta , EconomiaRESUMO
Yacon is an Andean plant that has been used in folk medicine for its medicinal properties. The beneficial effects of this plant are possibly due to the high content of phenolic compounds present in its leaves and roots. This study evaluated the in vitro toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and roots from yacon (1, 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL) through cell viability tests, genotoxic and mutagenic activity in leukocytes culture cells; and cytotoxicity and apoptosis cell death (1, 10, 50, 100, and 500 µg/mL) in cell line originally established from the primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells that were cultured by the designated protocol, so-called 3T3 protocol "3-day transfer, inoculum 3 × 105 cells" (3T3 cell line). No mutagenic and cytotoxic activities were observed in leukocyte cultures. Cytotoxic activity was evidenced in the highest concentrations of yacon leaf extract (50 and 100 µg/mL), whereas all concentrations tested with yacon leaf extract there was induction for apoptosis in the 3T3 cells. Genotoxic potential was observed only at higher doses of leaf (50 and 100 µg/mL) and root (100 µg/mL) extract. These results suggest that yacon leaf at high concentrations may present toxic potential showing concentration-dependent behavior; however, in vivo studies should be performed to validate these results.
Assuntos
Asteraceae , Extratos Vegetais , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular , Fibroblastos , Camundongos , Fenóis/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives Yacon flour is rich in bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and fructooligosaccharides (FOS)), and may therefore reduce the risk of diseases associated with excess body weight. However, its effect on fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA), intestinal permeability, oxidative stress and inflammation markers has not been studied in adult humans with excess body weight. Thus, we evaluated the effect of the consumption of yacon flour on these variables. Materials and methods Twenty-six excess body weight (30.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2) adults (31.3 ± 8.5y) were randomized to one of two groups (yacon flour or control; n = 13) on a double blind clinical trial. Subjects received a breakfast drink containing or not yacon flour (25g) associated with an energy restricted diet, for six weeks. The flour chemical characterization, FOS and total phenolics contents were evaluated. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo (plasma). Intestinal permeability, fecal SCFA, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers also were evaluated in vivo. Results Yacon flour was well tolerated. It presented an in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity, increased plasma total antioxidant capacity (ΔYAC: 49.16 (-4.20; 156.63)) and reduced protein carbonyl concentrations (ΔYAC: -0.98 (-1.54; -0.42)). A reduction in SCFAs was observed in both groups (Δacetic: -3.16 (-5.07; -0.95) vs. -1.05 (-2.65; 1.11); Δpropionic: -1.05 (-2.60;-0.38) vs. -0.41 (-2.08; 0.09); Δbutyric: -0.75 (-1.38; -0.04) vs. -0.28 (-0.98; 0.11), for YAC and CON, respectively). Other variables did not change. Conclusion The yacon flour increased the plasma antioxidant capacity, decreased oxidative stress and SCFAs in adults with obesity or overweight.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Asteraceae , Farinha , Permeabilidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Dieta , Sobrepeso , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Inflamação , ObesidadeRESUMO
: All over the world, there are species which may be considered as neglected or underutilized despite their nutritious properties. At present, such crops contribute to food security in isolated areas by providing energy and nutrients in a diversified diet. Such genetic heritage-improved by ancient cultures-is under threat of losing biodiversity as well as the traditional knowledge associated with their cultivation and usage. Among these species, the Andean root and tuber crops (ARTCs) constitute a valuable resource which should be preserved and popularized because of their food and functional properties. We studied three ARTC species (mashua, arracacha, and yacon) to provide data on their composition, essential for increasing their use globally. We compared their nutritional values with the values of more widely used crops. Important differences in nutrient composition among ARTC landraces were found. Mineral nutrients showed significant differences among species. Considerable variations in the contents of prebiotics like fructooligosaccharides or functional elements (antioxidants and glucosinolates) were found among species and intraspecific samples. Certainly, these species are important assets to complement human nutrition and to secure supply of functional elements for healthy diets.
RESUMO
In this study, we examined the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant and beet pulp (BP) on the quality of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) residue silage. Yacon silage was prepared using a small-scale system of silage fermentation, and the treatments were as follows: control silage without any additive and silages with LAB inoculant Chikuso-1 (Lactobacillus plantarum, 5 mg/kg, fresh matter basis), BP (30% fresh matter basis), and LAB+BP. Silages were opened on days 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, and 60 of fermentation. The chemical composition, organic acid content, and in vitro ruminal digestion of the 60-day silage were determined. The pH of LAB-treated silage was lower than that of the silage without LAB. Furthermore, the LAB-treated silage presented the lowest ammonia-N concentration among the four types of silages, and it inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria including molds and clostridia during the early stages of fermentation. The BP-treated silage had lower contents of crude protein and ether extract than the silage without BP. The 60-day silage inoculated with LAB had the highest in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility among the four silages, and the production of methane was lower than that of the silage treated with BP. The pH showed a tendency toward stabilization after 30 days of fermentation, although the concentration of lactic acid exhibited fluctuations during fermentation. The results suggest that the addition of LAB and BP can improve the fermentation quality of yacon silage, and the yacon silage with LAB might increase in vitro DM digestibility, but decrease in vitro ruminal methane production.(AU)
Assuntos
Beta vulgaris/microbiologia , Fermentação , Inoculantes Agrícolas/fisiologia , Ruminação Digestiva , Silagem/análise , Técnicas In Vitro/veterináriaRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a synbiotic beverage made from soy and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) extracts containing Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 on healthy elderly individuals' intestinal polyamine concentrations. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial has been conducted with twenty-nine volunteers (over 65years of age) who either had a daily intake of 150mL of synbiotic (synbiotic group - S) or placebo (placebo group - P) beverages. Both had the same nutrient composition, except that a probiotic culture was added to the synbiotic beverage. Total experiment time was 8weeks, which was divided into 3 consecutive phases: a prefeeding period (2weeks), followed by a feeding period (4weeks) and a postfeeding period (2weeks). Stool samples were collected at 3 time periods. Fecal concentrations of polyamines, putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD) and spermidine (SPD) that were obtained during the synbiotic and placebo consumption period were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those found during the pre-consumption baseline level period. No significant differences in the number of bifidobacteria, clostridia, or enterobacteria were observed in any of the two groups at the three time periods. Similarly, no significant effect on the production of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) was induced by the synbiotic or placebo beverages consumption. The results herein indicate that both the synbiotic and the placebo beverage consumption have increased polyamines levels, which are often reduced in elderly individuals, without influencing inflammatory responses. In addition, both placebo and synbiotic beverages seems to contribute by maintaining increased polyamines levels.
Assuntos
Asteraceae , Bebidas/microbiologia , Bifidobacterium animalis/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Poliaminas/metabolismo , Alimentos de Soja , Simbióticos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Animais , Brasil , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Método Duplo-Cego , Fezes/química , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Fatores de Tempo , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Yacon (Smallanthussonchifolius) is a functional food and its prebiotic activity has re-cently been emphasized, considering the high concentrations of fructooligosaccharides/FOS and inulin. The objective of this study was to evaluate different concentrations of FOS/inulin of a yacon-based product (PBY) (0% - control group, 5%, 6%, 7.5% and 10%) on the cecal and fecal profiles in rats. Animal performance (weight gain and feed efficiency ratio) was not affected by increasing the concentration of FOS/inulin in the diets (P>0.05). Animals receiving 6% FOS/inulin in the diet presented the highest concentrations for the Short chain fatty acids acetate and butyrate (P<0.05) in the cecal contents. Higher feces moisture content (55.20% and 58.15%), feces weight (3.95g and 4.59g), relative cecum weight (0.0091 and 0.0092) and osmotic diarrhea (scores between 2 and 3) were observed in the groups consuming the diets containing 7.5% and 10% FOS/inulin, respectively. Therefore, the addition of the 6% of 6% FOS/inulin from PBY in the diet did not cause gastrointestinal disorders in the cecum of Wistar rats. It is suggested that this concentration could induce functional changes in the host and might be used in in vivo rat models to evaluate specific functional effects of this new functional food product.(AU)
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) é um alimento funcional e sua atividade prebiótica tem sido enfatizada recentemente, considerando as altas concentrações de fructooligo-sacarídeos/FOS e inulina. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes concentrações de FOS/inulina de um produto à base de yacon (PBY) (0% - grupo controle, 5%, 6%, 7,5% e 10%) nos perfis cecais e fecais em ratos. O desempenho animal (ganho de peso e relação de eficiência alimentar) não foi afetado pelo aumento da concentração de FOS/inulina nas dietas (P> 0,05). Os animais que receberam 6% de FOS/inulina na dieta apresentaram as concentrações mais altas para os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, acetato e o butirato de (P <0,05) no conteúdo cecal. Foi observado maior teor de umidade nas fezes (55,20% e 58,15%), peso de fezes (3,95 g e 4,59 g), peso relativo do ceco (0,0091 e 0,0092) e diarreia osmótica (pontuação entre 2 e 3) nos grupos que consomiram dietas contendo 7,5 % e 10% FOS/inulina, respectivamente. Portanto, a adição de 6% de FOS/inulina a 6% de PBY na dieta não causou distúrbios gastrointestinais no ceco de ratos Wistar. Sugere-se que esta concentração possa induzir mudanças funcionais no hospedeiro e possa ser utilizada em modelos in vivopara avaliar efeitos funcionais específicos desse novo produto alimentar funcional.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Ração Animal , Alimento Funcional , Prebióticos , Frutanos/análise , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/análise , Testes de Química Clínica/veterinária , Fezes , Ciência dos Animais de LaboratórioRESUMO
Yacon (Smallanthussonchifolius) is a functional food and its prebiotic activity has re-cently been emphasized, considering the high concentrations of fructooligosaccharides/FOS and inulin. The objective of this study was to evaluate different concentrations of FOS/inulin of a yacon-based product (PBY) (0% - control group, 5%, 6%, 7.5% and 10%) on the cecal and fecal profiles in rats. Animal performance (weight gain and feed efficiency ratio) was not affected by increasing the concentration of FOS/inulin in the diets (P>0.05). Animals receiving 6% FOS/inulin in the diet presented the highest concentrations for the Short chain fatty acids acetate and butyrate (P<0.05) in the cecal contents. Higher feces moisture content (55.20% and 58.15%), feces weight (3.95g and 4.59g), relative cecum weight (0.0091 and 0.0092) and osmotic diarrhea (scores between 2 and 3) were observed in the groups consuming the diets containing 7.5% and 10% FOS/inulin, respectively. Therefore, the addition of the 6% of 6% FOS/inulin from PBY in the diet did not cause gastrointestinal disorders in the cecum of Wistar rats. It is suggested that this concentration could induce functional changes in the host and might be used in in vivo rat models to evaluate specific functional effects of this new functional food product.
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) é um alimento funcional e sua atividade prebiótica tem sido enfatizada recentemente, considerando as altas concentrações de fructooligo-sacarídeos/FOS e inulina. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes concentrações de FOS/inulina de um produto à base de yacon (PBY) (0% - grupo controle, 5%, 6%, 7,5% e 10%) nos perfis cecais e fecais em ratos. O desempenho animal (ganho de peso e relação de eficiência alimentar) não foi afetado pelo aumento da concentração de FOS/inulina nas dietas (P> 0,05). Os animais que receberam 6% de FOS/inulina na dieta apresentaram as concentrações mais altas para os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, acetato e o butirato de (P <0,05) no conteúdo cecal. Foi observado maior teor de umidade nas fezes (55,20% e 58,15%), peso de fezes (3,95 g e 4,59 g), peso relativo do ceco (0,0091 e 0,0092) e diarreia osmótica (pontuação entre 2 e 3) nos grupos que consomiram dietas contendo 7,5 % e 10% FOS/inulina, respectivamente. Portanto, a adição de 6% de FOS/inulina a 6% de PBY na dieta não causou distúrbios gastrointestinais no ceco de ratos Wistar. Sugere-se que esta concentração possa induzir mudanças funcionais no hospedeiro e possa ser utilizada em modelos in vivopara avaliar efeitos funcionais específicos desse novo produto alimentar funcional.
Assuntos
Animais , Alimento Funcional , Fezes , Frutanos/análise , Prebióticos , Ratos , Ração Animal , Testes de Química Clínica/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/análise , Ciência dos Animais de LaboratórioRESUMO
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl.) roots are largely grown in Andean countries and have attracted recent interest due to their antioxidant and prebiotic effects. Yacon is typically consumed as a fruit due to its sweet taste and juiciness. The macromolecular properties of an aqueous extract of yacon are investigated using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to UV, multiangle light scattering (MALS) and differential refractive index (dRI) detection. The method allows for determination of molar mass and size over the size distribution. Three major populations were found of which one strongly dominates in concentration. Through collection of fractions from AF4, carbohydrate composition and glycosidic linkage analysis for the dominating population was performed. The results show that the dominating population consists of a highly branched arabinogalactan (type 2) with a molar mass of approximately 1-2·105g/mol, a hydrodynamic radius of approximately 6-10nm and a relatively high apparent density (approx. 70-150kg/m3).
Assuntos
Galactanos/análise , Galactanos/química , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/química , Asteraceae , Fracionamento por Campo e Fluxo/métodos , Prebióticos/análise , Solubilidade , Água/químicaRESUMO
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae) is an ancient andean crop that has numerous dietary and medicinal properties. Morphological and anatomical features and developmental changes of the capitulum were studied. A ray floret is a pistillate, female flower, while a disc floret is a staminate male flower, and the former opens before the latter, being pseudanthium protogynous. The capitulum presents interesting attributes for pollinators such as flower structure, nectaries and pollenkitt. Gynoecial nectaries were found on undeveloped ovary in the disc floret, but not in the ray floret. Glandular trichomes were observed on the abaxial epidermis of corolla in the ray floret, but not in the disc floret. Capitulum development was divided into eight stages. Stigma receptivity varied with these stages. Pollen viability was low (15%). In accordance with low viability, pollen grains exhibit diverse sizes and shapes, reduction in length of spines, and abnormal protoplasm. Examination of ovary development in the ray floret showed that a mature ovule was formed, but fertilization did not occur. In advanced developmental stages, the capitulum showed proliferation of the endothelium, degeneration of the embryo sac, and all harvested cypselae had aborted seeds. Problems found in pollen viability and aborted cypselae could be the result of a history of vegetative propagation in the domestication process.
Assuntos
Asteraceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Argentina , Asteraceae/anatomia & histologia , Asteraceae/fisiologia , Flores/anatomia & histologia , ReproduçãoRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou a modulação da microbiota gastrointestinal, do perfil de ácidos orgânicos e de lipídeos em ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas, sendo que algumas receberam dieta suplementada com 6% de fruto-oligossacarídeos e inulina, a partir do produto a base de yacon, e outras não. Métodos: Analisou-se o peso do ceco, pH e ácidos orgânicos, microbiota do conteúdo cecal, colesterol total e frações. Resultados: No grupo que recebeu a dieta suplementada durante todo o experimento ocorreu modulação benéfica da microbiota intestinal em função da fermentação dos fruto-oligossacarídeos/inulina, bem como aumento do perfil de lactato (p<0,05) e do nível de lipoproteina alta densidade (p<0,05). Conclusão: Isso sugere que o hábito de consumo contínuo do yacon tem potencial para modular a microbiota intestinal, o perfil de ácidos orgânicos e para diminuir as dislipidemias.
ABSTRACT Objective: Fructans, a type of inulin present in yacon based products, can modulate microbiota and fatty acid profile, performing many beneficial roles. From this perspective, this study assessed the modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota, organic acid profile, and lipid profile of ovariectomized Wistar rats fed or not a diet containing 6% fructooligosaccharides and inulin from a yacon based product. Methods: Cecum weight, pH, and organic acids, cecal content microbiota, total cholesterol, and fractions were analyzed. Results: The group fed the diet supplemented with fructooligosaccharides and inulin during the study period experienced beneficial modulation of their intestinal microbiota stemming from fructooligosaccharide/inulin fermentation and increased lactate profile (p<0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Conclusion: This suggests that regular yacon intake can potentially modulate the intestinal microbiota and organic acid profile, and reduce dyslipidemia.
Assuntos
Animais , Cobaias , Dislipidemias/dietoterapia , Oligossacarídeos , Ovariectomia , Ratos Wistar , Ácidos Graxos , Prebióticos , Microbioma GastrointestinalRESUMO
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), a perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the Andean regions of South America, is an abundant source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). This comprehensive review of the literature addressed the role of yacon supplementation in promoting health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. According to several preclinical and clinical trials, FOS intake favors the growth of health-promoting bacteria while reducing pathogenic bacteria populations. Moreover, the endproducts of FOS fermentation by the intestinal microbiota, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), act as substrates or signaling molecules in the regulation of the immune response, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. As a result, glycemic levels, body weight and colon cancer risk can be reduced. Based on these findings, most studies reviewed concluded that due to their functional properties, yacon roots may be effectively used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Asteraceae/química , Doença Crônica/prevenção & controle , Disbiose/prevenção & controle , Alimento Funcional , Oligossacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Tubérculos/química , Prebióticos , Animais , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Disbiose/imunologia , Disbiose/microbiologia , Disbiose/fisiopatologia , Fermentação , Manipulação de Alimentos , Alimento Funcional/efeitos adversos , Alimento Funcional/análise , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Humanos , Oligossacarídeos/análise , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Prebióticos/efeitos adversos , Prebióticos/análise , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of hydroethanolic extract of yacon on the hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in neonatal rats. METHODS: Wistar rats aged two days old received an intraperitoneal injection of STZ (160 mg/kg); after seven weeks, glycosuria was determined and animals with glucose levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the study. Groups of diabetic and non-diabetic rats were treated orally with yacon extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg/d for 14 d. Tests were made for phytochemical characterization, glucose tolerance and toxicity. RESULTS: The results showed that treatment with the extract reduced the glucose levels of fed diabetic rats and did not change the glucose levels of fasting diabetic and normal rats. Additionally, also it was observed that treatment with the extract reduced blood glucose levels of diabetic rats during the oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests. There was no change in body weight, liver enzymes or mortality with yacon extract treatment. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that yacon extract reduces hyperglycemia, possibly by improving insulin sensibility through its phytochemicals constituents (phenolic compounds).
RESUMO
This study aimed to assess the effects of a yacon-based product (YBP) on constipation in adults, including the elderly. Forty-eight individuals were recruited and divided into equal intervention groups named the test and control groups. The YBP (test) and the control (maltodextrin) were dissolved in commercial orange juice. The volunteers for the YBP/test group consumed, on a daily basis, orange juice containing 10 g fructooligosaccharide (FOS)/inulin per day. The control group consumed, on a daily basis, orange juice containing 25 g of maltodextrin. The study had a span of 30 days. We evaluated the participants' frequency of evacuation, consistency of the feces, constipation score, abdominal symptoms (flatulence, pain, and abdominal strain), and effects upon the microbiota, pH, lactate, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of the feces. The study showed an increased number of evacuations after the consumption of the YBP as well as an improvement in the consistency of the feces and a reduction in the constipation score. After 30 days of intervention, the group that consumed the YBP showed higher counts of Bifidobacterium, lower Clostridium and enterobacteria counts, and lower fecal pH. In relation to SCFAs, no significant change was found after the intervention. However, the lactate concentration was higher in the test group when compared to the post-treatment control group. The YBP was effective in improving constipation symptoms; not only was its functional characteristic in reducing constipation symptoms evident but it also demonstrated usefulness as a potential therapy.