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BACKGROUND: The dramatic reconfigurations of work-family roles and social boundaries resulting from the social restrictions imposed during the Covid-19 pandemic led working mums to look for online sites as spaces of emotional support and regulation where they could vent their emotions, share their concerns and griefs, and seek advice. They also became interactional spaces where mums' relevant identities were reassessed and enacted as they aimed to balance work-family roles and improve their wellbeing. The paper explores how working mums discursively negotiated their multiple identities in an online support forum during times of global struggle, how these identity constructions reflect the domains of Work-Family Conflict (WFC) and how working mums perceived these identities are related to their mental health. METHODS: 127 posts of Chilean working mums published in a public online support forum for working mums collected during the first half of 2020 were analysed in three phases. The first one involved a thematic analysis to identify themes and subthemes related to working mums' identity construction in the data. The second phase involved conducting a narrative analysis of working mums' microstorias in order to identify a master narrative crafted by these working mums, and contesting and conforming ideologies of motherhood, among others. Finally, the third phase involved a fine-grained discourse analysis of the most representative extracts illustrating working mums' identity negotiation. RESULTS: The sociolinguistic analysis showed that working mums' discourses displayed three themes of self-reflection, namely, diminishing self-care, reassessing their self, and enhancing self through self-care. Identity-related sub-themes for each main theme are discussed and discursively analysed. Two main points are emphasised: (1) the identity that was most salient in working mums' discourse was their personal identity (rather than work-family roles and identities), and (2) microstorias allowed working mums to challenge the hegemonic power of dominant discourses around their identities and their work-family roles. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that a sociolinguistic approach to the exploration of working mums' identity negotiation is useful to highlight the ways in which mums contest binary assumptions of work-family roles and the need to reconsider working mums' life domains so that they reflect working mums' actual identity needs and lived experiences. Future lines of research are outlined.

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Resumen El presente trabajo determina la relación entre bienestar subjetivo y equilibrio trabajo-familia en la cultura trabajo-familia en trabajadores ligados al poder judicial en Chile. A 143 trabajadores se les administró el Cuestionario de Cultura Trabajo-Famila (Thompson et al., 1999), la Escala de Equilibrio Trabajo-Famila (Moreno et al., 2009) y Bienestar Subjetivo (Diener et al., 1999). Se observa que la cultura trabajo-familia es explicada en un 44.7% por el bienestar subjetivo y específicamente con la Interfase Negativa del Equilibrio Trabajo-Familia. Se concluye con las implicancias en la gestión organizacional para aplicar estrategias organizacionales que incorporen las dimensiones de bienestar y políticas de conciliación, que consideren un entorno saludable para los trabajadores del poder judicial.

Abstract This study determines the relationship between subjective well-being and work-fa- mily balance in work-family culture in workers linked to the judiciary in Chile. 143 wor- kers were administered the Work-Family Culture Questionnaire (Thompson et al., 1999), the Work-Family Balance Scale (Moreno et al., 2009) and Subjective Well-being (Diener et al., 1984). We found that 44.7% of the Work-Family Culture is explained by subjecti- ve well-being and specifically with the Negative Interface of the Work-Family Balance. It concludes with the implications of promoting initiatives to foster organizational strategies that incorporate the dimensions of well-being and conciliation policies that build a healthy environment for workers in the judiciary.

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A adesão ao modelo tradicional de família nunca foi uniforme. Estudos sobre famílias negras nos EUA e no Caribe, por exemplo, mostram que as mulheres negras são menos propensas do que as brancas a oficializarem o casamento, são menos dependentes dos seus cônjuges e, do ponto de vista das atitudes, homens e mulheres afro-americanos tendem a ser mais tolerantes com mães que trabalham e mais igualitários em relação aos papéis de gênero. As diferenças são atribuídas aos constrangimentos socioeconômicos experimentados historicamente e às saídas construídas para lidar com eles. E no Brasil? O artigo aplica modelos de regressão linear múltipla para analisar os dados do survey Gênero, Família e Trabalho a partir das percepções em relação aos papéis de gênero, às práticas de divisão do trabalho doméstico entre os membros do casal e ao conflito na articulação trabalho reprodutivo (casa) e trabalho remunerado (trabalho) segundo gênero e raça. Os resultados apontam que, em relação às percepções sobre os papéis de gênero, as mulheres brancas são as mais igualitárias. Essa adesão cresce com a escolaridade e diminui com maior número de filhos e presença de cônjuge. Já os homens negros são os menos igualitários e essa assimetria é reduzida pela idade e maior número de filhos. Na divisão do trabalho, os homens negros são os mais igualitários e a adesão à igualdade aumenta com a escolaridade e com percepções mais igualitárias de papéis de gênero, enquanto as mulheres negras reportam relações menos simétricas, mas a simetria cresce com a escolaridade. Quanto ao conflito casa-trabalho, as mulheres negras declaram mais cansaço do que as brancas, mas este se reduz com a escolaridade e a presença de cônjuge.

Adherence to the traditional family model has never been uniform. Studies of black families in the US show that black women are less likely than white women to officiate marriage, less dependent on their spouses, and regarding their attitude, African American men and women tend to be more tolerant of mothers who work and are more egalitarian in relation to gender roles. Differences are attributed to the socioeconomic constraints experienced historically and to the solutions built to deal with them. But what about Brazil? The article analyzes data from the Gender and Family survey regarding perceptions in relation to i) gender roles, ii) practices of division of domestic work among members of the couple and iii) conflict in the articulation between paid and unpaid work according to gender and race. Results show that white women have more equality and this adherence increases with schooling and decreases with a greater number of children and the presence of a spouse. Moreover, black men are the least egalitarian and this asymmetry is reduced by age and a greater number of children. Regarding division of labor, black men are the most egalitarian and adherence to equality increases with schooling and with more egalitarian perceptions of gender roles; whereas black women report less symmetrical relationships, but symmetry grows with schooling. In relation to the home-work conflict, black women declare more tiredness, but this decreases with schooling and the presence of a spouse.

La adhesión al modelo familiar tradicional nunca ha sido uniforme. Los estudios sobre familias negras en los Estados Unidos muestran que las mujeres negras son menos propensas que las mujeres blancas a casarse, son menos dependientes de sus cónyuges y, desde el punto de vista de la actitud, los hombres y las mujeres afroamericanas tienden a ser más tolerantes con las madres. quienes trabajan y son más igualitarios en relación con los roles de género. Las diferencias se atribuyen a las limitaciones socioeconómicas experimentadas históricamente y a las soluciones creadas para enfrentarlas. ¿Y en Brasil? El artículo analiza los datos de la Encuesta de Género y Familia a partir de las percepciones en relación con 1) los roles de género, 2) las prácticas de división del trabajo doméstico entre los miembros de la pareja y 3) el conflicto en la articulación entre el trabajo remunerado y no remunerado según el género y raza. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres blancas son las más iguales y esta adherencia crece con la escolaridad y se reduce con un mayor número de hijos y la presencia de un cónyuge, y que los hombres negros son los menos igualitarios y que esta asimetría se reduce por la edad y un mayor número de niños. En la división del trabajo, los hombres negros son los más igualitarios y la adhesión a la igualdad aumenta con la escolarización y con percepciones más igualitarias de los roles de género, y las mujeres negras reportan relaciones menos simétricas, y esa simetría crece con la escolarización. En relación con el conflicto del trabajo en el domicilio, las mujeres negras declaran más cansancio, pero esto se reduce con la escolarización y la presencia de un cónyuge.

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Neste estudo, abordamos os desafios da conciliação trabalho-família em três mulheres com diferentes jornadas de trabalho (parcial, integral e extensa) na função pública. Para isso, utilizou-se um guia para a avaliação das mudanças, dificuldades, estratégias e ajustes realizados desde o nascimento das crianças. Foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizando-se análise de conteúdo para interpretação dos dados. As participantes eram casadas, na faixa etária dos 30 anos, com filhos em idade pré-escolar e residiam no interior paulista. As jornadas variavam entre 25 a 55 horas por semana. A partir da análise das entrevistas, foram construídas seis categorias: qualidade de vida, casamento e filhos, trabalho, ajustes e estratégias, suportes sociais e jornada de trabalho. A gestão do tempo na conciliação trabalho-família pode ser estressante e cansativa, especialmente para aquelas que são recém-mães. No entanto, novas adaptações e os apoios familiar e organizacional contribuem para que o desempenho dos papéis profissionais e familiares seja satisfatório.

In this study, we address the challenges of work-family reconciliation in three women with different working hours (partial, full and extensive) in the civil service. For this, we used a guide for the assessment of changes, difficulties, strategies and adjustments made since the birth of children. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using content analysis for data interpretation. The participants were married, aged 30 years, with preschool children and resided in São Paulo. Journeys ranged from 25 to 55 hours per week. From the analysis of the interviews, six categories were built: quality of life, marriage and children, work, adjustments and strategies, social support and working hours. Time management in work-family reconciliation can be stressful and tiring, especially for new mothers. However, new adaptations and family and organizational support contribute to the satisfactory performance of professional and family roles.

RESUMO

Se analiza si existen diferencias significativas en la Percepción de Equidad de Género y Equilibrio Trabajo-Familia en trabajadores pertenecientes a empresas públicas y privadas. A 300 trabajadores de empresas públicas y privadas, se les aplicaron los instrumentos, Equilibrio Trabajo-Familia (Moreno, Sanz, Rodríguez & Geurts, 2009) y Percepción de Equidad de Género (Gómez & Jiménez, 2015). Se observa que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los trabajadores pertenecientes a empresas públicas y privadas en los niveles de Percepción de Equidad de Género y Equilibrio Trabajo-Familia, donde los trabajadores de empresas privadas tienen una mayor Percepción de Equidad de Género. Asimismo, presentan una mayor percepción de Equilibrio Trabajo-Familia. Se presentan correlaciones significativas y positivas entre Percepción de Equidad de Género y Equilibrio Trabajo-Familia. Se concluye que las empresas presentan diferencias en sus accionar en pro de establecer las buenas prácticas de conciliación que repercuten en la percepción de equidad.

Se analisa a existência de diferenças significativas na percepção de equidade de gênero e equilíbrio entre trabalho e família em trabalhadores de empresas públicas e privadas. Para 300 trabalhadores de empresas públicas e privadas, foram aplicados os instrumentos de Equilíbrio Trabalho-Família (Moreno, Sanz, Rodríguez & Geurts, 2009) e Percepção da Equidade de Gênero (Gómez & Jiménez, 2015). Observa-se que existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre trabalhadores de empresas públicas e privadas nos níveis de Percepção da Equidade de Gênero e Equilíbrio Trabalho-Família, na qual trabalhadores de empresas privadas apresentam maior Percepção de Equidade de Gênero, assim como, apresentam uma maior percepção do Equilíbrio Trabalho-Família. São apresentadas correlações significativas e positivas entre a Percepção da Equidade de Gênero e o Equilíbrio entre Trabalho e Família. Conclui-se que as empresas apresentam diferenças em suas ações em pro de estabelecer boas práticas de conciliação que impactam a percepção da equidade.

It is analyzed whether there are significant differences in the Perception of Gender Equity and Work-Family Balance in workers belonging to public and private companies. The instruments Work-Family Balance (Moreno, Sanz, Rodríguez & Geurts, 2009) and Gender Equity Perception (Gómez & Jiménez, 2015) were applied to 300 workers from public and private companies. It is observed that there are statistically significant differences between workers belonging to public and private companies in the levels of Gender Equity Perception and Work-Family Balance, where workers in private companies have a higher Gender Equity Perception. Likewise, they have a higher perception of Work-Family Balance. There are significant and positive correlations between the perception of gender equity and work-family balance. It is concluded that the companies present differences in their actions in favor of establishing good reconciliation practices that have an impact on the perception of equity.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There are few correlational studies comparing family-work reconciliation between groups of women. OBJECTIVE: We intend to correlate and compare the use of time, purchasing power, and job satisfaction between two groups of working women, women with children and women without children. METHODS: This is a correlational and comparative study. The following instruments were used: Activities Diary; Brazilian Criteria for Economic Classification; and the short version of the Quality of Working Life Questionnaire. A total of 171 women participated in the study: one group was composed of 78 women with children and the other group was composed of 93 women without children. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Wilcoxon test, Student's t-test and the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. RESULTS: Women with children spent more hours/day on hygiene, taking care of elderly individuals, practicing their religion, and studying (p = 0.001), but they presented no statistical differences in job satisfaction from those women without children (p = 0.2362). Women with children belonged to a higher economic classification and had greater purchasing power than women without children. CONCLUSIONS: Having children is a variable that influences time use, purchasing power, and job satisfaction among women and the presence of children is a factor that may increase the purchasing power of a woman.

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Resumen El objetivo general del estudio consistió en identificar la relación entre las variables Equilibrio trabajo-familia, Satisfacción laboral y Apoyo familiar en una muestra de noventa y nueve docentes, pertenecientes a establecimientos municipales de educación básica, a quienes se les administró el cuestionario de Interacción Trabajo-Familia SWING, el Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF) y el Cuestionario de Satisfacción Laboral S20/23. Se concluye que para mejorar la relación y el equilibrio en la interfaz trabajo-familia es indispensable contar con políticas organizacionales amigables hacia la familia, sobre todo en las prestaciones que la organización despliega para apoyar a sus trabajadores. No obstante contar con el apoyo familiar, como un lugar de recuperación y de comprensión, es fundamental para dar respuesta a las demandas de estos dos ámbitos.

Abstract It analyzed the relationship between the variables Balancing Work Family, Job Satisfaction and Family Support in a sample of 99 teachers belonging to municipal schools of Basic Education, who were administered the questionnaire Work-Family Interaction SWING, Family Support Inventory (IPSF) and Job Satisfaction Questionnaire S20 / 23. And between Job Satisfaction and Family Support (r = 0.292; p <0.01), a significant relationship between variables Work Family Balance and Job Satisfaction (p <0.01 r = 0.466) was observed. No significant relationship between Balancing Work and Family Support Family (p> 0.01 r = 0.181) was observed. In addition, a linear regression model, which yielded results in job satisfaction with their dimensions, explaining 30.6% variability Work Family Balance and 14.2% variability Family Support was performed.

RESUMO

Se examina el concepto de equilibrio trabajo-familia, desde un punto de vista conceptual, y su impacto para la gestión de las organizaciones en Chile, sobre todo en materia de equidad de género. Se analiza críticamente su alcance, dado el escenario actual de cambios psicosociales, como la incorporación de las mujeres al mercado laboral, en particular, y algunas fluctuaciones en la realidad laboral de los trabajadores, en general. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de identificar los factores organizacionales que impulsan el cambio -así como los principales obstaculizadores-, particularmente hacia una cultura organizacional que incorpore en su gestión la preocupación por integrar la vida familiar y laboral. Se concluye la necesidad de articular políticas públicas, fomentar estrategias personales e implementar los cambios organizacionales para responder efectivamente a los desafíos.

The concept of work-family balance and its impact on the management of organizations, especially on gender equality, is examined from a conceptual point of view, given the current stage of psychosocial changes, including the incorporation of women into the labor market and the labor situation of workers in general. We emphasize the need to identify organizational factors driving change and leading obstacles, particularly considering an organizational culture that incorporates the concern to integrate work and family life at all levels. We conclude with the need to articulate public policy, promote personal strategies and implement organizational changes to respond effectively to the challenges and promote change.

RESUMO

En el artículo se analizan las diferencias entre equilibrio trabajo-familia, corresponsabilidad y autoeficacia parental en trabajadores de una empresa chilena. A 224 trabajadores les fueron aplicados tres instrumentos: el cuestionario de interacción trabajo-familia, el cuestionario de participación en el trabajo familiar y la escala de autoeficacia parental. Se observa que no existe diferencia en el nivel de equilibrio trabajo-familia entre hombres y mujeres (t [222] = -0,83, p > 0,05). En corresponsabilidad se evidencian diferencias estadísticamente significativas (t [220,28] = -7,27, p < 0,05), indicando que las mujeres realizan más tareas en el hogar, a pesar de su jornada laboral. En relación con la autoeficacia parental existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres (t [215] = -8,76, p <0,05), indicando que las mujeres se perciben a sí mismas como mejores madres.

This article analyzes the differences between work-family balance, joint responsability and parental self-efficacy in employees of a Chilean company. 224 professional workers were administered three instruments: the work-family interaction questionnaire, the participation in family work questionnaire and the parental self-efficacy scale. It is observed that there is no difference in the level of work-family balance between men and women (t [222] = -0.83, p > 0,05). On joint responsibility, there are evident statistically differences (t [220,28] = -7,27, p < 0,05), indicating that women do more housework, despite their working day. Regarding parental self-efficacy, there are differences between men and women (t [215] = -8,76 p < 0,05), indicating that women perceive themselves as better mothers.

RESUMO

A maioria dos estudos sobre o tema da conciliação entre a vida profissional e familiar tem assumido uma perspectiva negativa e de conflito, focando as dificuldades nesta conciliação. Mais recentemente, as vantagens e aspectos positivos desta gestão têm sido analisadas. Neste artigo, sistematiza-se o principal mecanismo da análise da interface trabalho e família: o mecanismo psicológico de spillover. Discutem-se as diferentes dimensões de spillover (negativa e positiva), as direções de influência e tipologias de variáveis associadas. Considera-se que uma abordagem multidimensional permitirá uma análise completa da relação trabalho e família, sustentando medidas de apoio à conciliação que tenham em vista não só a diminuição das relações negativas, mas também a promoção das relações positivas entre as duas esferas.(AU)

Traditionally, research on the work-family interface has focused on the negative and conflicting aspects of this balance. Nevertheless, more recently, the advantages and benefits of multiple role occupation have been addressed. This paper analyses the main psychological mechanism of the work-family interface: the spillover effect. Spillover dimensions (positive and negative), directions, as well as variables associated to each type of spillover are discussed. We argue that a multidimensional approach to this issue will allow for a more complete understanding of the work-family relationship, which in turn will enable the creation of family-friendly measures directed at reducing negative interferences between work and family as well as directed at enhancing positive linkages.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A maioria dos estudos sobre o tema da conciliação entre a vida profissional e familiar tem assumido uma perspectiva negativa e de conflito, focando as dificuldades nesta conciliação. Mais recentemente, as vantagens e aspectos positivos desta gestão têm sido analisadas. Neste artigo, sistematiza-se o principal mecanismo da análise da interface trabalho e família: o mecanismo psicológico de spillover. Discutem-se as diferentes dimensões de spillover (negativa e positiva), as direções de influência e tipologias de variáveis associadas. Considera-se que uma abordagem multidimensional permitirá uma análise completa da relação trabalho e família, sustentando medidas de apoio à conciliação que tenham em vista não só a diminuição das relações negativas, mas também a promoção das relações positivas entre as duas esferas.

Traditionally, research on the work-family interface has focused on the negative and conflicting aspects of this balance. Nevertheless, more recently, the advantages and benefits of multiple role occupation have been addressed. This paper analyses the main psychological mechanism of the work-family interface: the spillover effect. Spillover dimensions (positive and negative), directions, as well as variables associated to each type of spillover are discussed. We argue that a multidimensional approach to this issue will allow for a more complete understanding of the work-family relationship, which in turn will enable the creation of family-friendly measures directed at reducing negative interferences between work and family as well as directed at enhancing positive linkages.

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No campo de pesquisa focado no desenvolvimento adulto, surgiu um interesse em estudar as diferentes trajetórias de pessoas que estão estabelecendo suas vidas profissionais e formando uma família própria, uma vez que grande parte dos casais mais novos enfrenta demandas que podem causar níveis consideráveis de estresse. Este artigo inicia com uma discussão sobre fatores socioculturais que ainda produzem diferenças entre homens e mulheres nessas duas esferas e evidenciam mudanças recentes nos seus envolvimentos no mercado de trabalho e na vida familiar, para embasar uma discussão de modelos teóricos sobre os impactos dessas demandas, quando somadas. Em seguida, apresenta-se um modelo novo de equilíbrio entre trabalho e família, baseado nos conceitos do processo de enfrentamento de estresse, para guiar novas pesquisas nessa área. Finaliza-se com a apresentação de algumas estratégias sendo usadas no ambiente de trabalho, focadas na organização e quantidade de tempo que o trabalhador passa em atividades profissionais, como forma de contribuir para a produção de pesquisas sobre as condições que permitem o bom aproveitamento desses arranjos, junto com outros esforços que talvez melhorem o equilíbrio entre trabalho e família.(AU)

In the field of research focused on adult development, efforts have been directed to the study of the different trajectories that people follow in establishing their professional and family lives, as a result of the fact that the majority of younger couples face demands that provoke significant levels of stress. In this paper, we first discuss social cultural factors that continue to result in differences between men and women in these two spheres, as well as recent changes in their involvement in the workforce and in family life. This is followed by a discussion of theoretical models about the impacts of dealing with concurrent demands in these two areas. Next, a new model of work and family balance is presented, based on concepts that underlie theories that describe the coping process, as a means of guiding further research in this area. In conclusion, some of the strategies that can be used in the workplace to combat work-family tensions are outlined, with the intention of encouraging research on the conditions that can contribute to making beneficial use of these arrangements, along with other efforts that may improve work-family balance.(AU)

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RESUMO

No campo de pesquisa focado no desenvolvimento adulto, surgiu um interesse em estudar as diferentes trajetórias de pessoas que estão estabelecendo suas vidas profissionais e formando uma família própria, uma vez que grande parte dos casais mais novos enfrenta demandas que podem causar níveis consideráveis de estresse. Este artigo inicia com uma discussão sobre fatores socioculturais que ainda produzem diferenças entre homens e mulheres nessas duas esferas e evidenciam mudanças recentes nos seus envolvimentos no mercado de trabalho e na vida familiar, para embasar uma discussão de modelos teóricos sobre os impactos dessas demandas, quando somadas. Em seguida, apresenta-se um modelo novo de equilíbrio entre trabalho e família, baseado nos conceitos do processo de enfrentamento de estresse, para guiar novas pesquisas nessa área. Finaliza-se com a apresentação de algumas estratégias sendo usadas no ambiente de trabalho, focadas na organização e quantidade de tempo que o trabalhador passa em atividades profissionais, como forma de contribuir para a produção de pesquisas sobre as condições que permitem o bom aproveitamento desses arranjos, junto com outros esforços que talvez melhorem o equilíbrio entre trabalho e família.

In the field of research focused on adult development, efforts have been directed to the study of the different trajectories that people follow in establishing their professional and family lives, as a result of the fact that the majority of younger couples face demands that provoke significant levels of stress. In this paper, we first discuss social cultural factors that continue to result in differences between men and women in these two spheres, as well as recent changes in their involvement in the workforce and in family life. This is followed by a discussion of theoretical models about the impacts of dealing with concurrent demands in these two areas. Next, a new model of work and family balance is presented, based on concepts that underlie theories that describe the coping process, as a means of guiding further research in this area. In conclusion, some of the strategies that can be used in the workplace to combat work-family tensions are outlined, with the intention of encouraging research on the conditions that can contribute to making beneficial use of these arrangements, along with other efforts that may improve work-family balance.

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