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Policies and actions related to diversity, equity, and inclusion have been discussed recently in Brazil, but there is still limited information available for most academic and knowledge fields, including ecotoxicology. This study aimed to describe the profile of Brazilian ecotoxicologists and assess gender and geographical disparities, especially regarding productivity indicators. An ecological study was conducted using data of the researchers registered in the open-access database of the Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology, along with their respective curriculum data available on the Lattes Platform, which is the main registry portal for Brazilian researchers. The target population of our study was ecotoxicology researchers in academic educational institutions with a focus on human resource training. The data, collected in 2021, led to the inclusion of a total of 177 researchers in this study, with 62 men and 115 women, and 42.37% working in the southeastern region. Female researchers generally showed lower rates of scientific productivity when the analyzed metrics included research productivity scholarships, the number of articles published in scientific journals, and the number of articles published with international collaborations, compared to male researchers. Researchers from the southeastern and southern regions also had higher rates of productivity and human resource training compared to those from other regions of the country. The proportion of funding grants received was significantly higher among men, and this profile was also observed among researchers from the southern and southeastern regions, although with a smaller disparity. This means that there is an uneven distribution of funding grants from funding organizations, which favors men and urban centers. Our findings highlight gender and geographic disparities in the scientific production of ecotoxicologists working in Brazil and reinforce the existence of complex obstacles that need to be addressed and combated within scientific societies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1209-1216. © 2024 SETAC.

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BACKGROUND: This work reunites many women naturalists who registered knowledge about native flora in scientific expeditions around the globe between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Since male naturalists are more recognized in this period of time, we aimed to list female naturalists that published plant descriptions and observations, focusing on the work of Maria Sibylla Merian and to analyze her trajectory as an example to discuss the patterns of the suppression of women scientists. A second aim was to inventory the useful plants described in Maria Sibylla's Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium and find pharmacological evidence about the traditional uses described for those plants cited as medicinal and toxic. METHODS: A survey of female naturalists was carried out by searching information in Pubmed, Scielo, Google Scholar and Virtual Health Library. Once Maria Sibylla published her book Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium by her own, without male co-authors, and also this book is one of the only to have text and illustrations altogether and there are reports indicating information on useful plants in this work, she and her book were chosen as subject of this research. All the information was tabulated by dividing the plants into food, medicinal, toxic, aromatic or other uses. Finally, with the combinations of the scientific name of medicinal and toxic plants with information about their popular uses, a search was carried out in databases in order to indicate current pharmacological studies that reported evidences about the traditional uses described. RESULTS: We found 28 women naturalists who participated in scientific expeditions or trips, or in a curiosity cabinet, or who were collectors of Natural History between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. All these women illustrated botanical species and/or recorded their everyday or medicinal use or reported their observations in the form of a published work, letters or diaries. Also, the trajectory of Maria Sibylla Merian revealed that her scientific relevance has been neglected from the eighteenth century by mechanisms of suppression, most of the time by male depreciation, which can be seen as a pattern for suppression of women in science. However, Maria Sibyllas' contributions have been valued again in the twenty-first century. In Maria Sibylla's work, 54 plants were identified, 26 of them used for food, 4 of them aromatic, 8 medicinal, 4 toxic and 9 other uses. CONCLUSION: This study evidences that there are female naturalists whose work could be an important source for ethnopharmacological studies. Researching about women scientists, talking about them and highlighting the gender bias present in the scientific academy about the way the history of science is told is essential for the construction of a more diverse and richer scientific academy. The traditional use of 7 of 8 medicinal plants and 3 of 4 toxic plants reported was correlated with pharmacological studies, highlighting the importance of this historical record and its potential to direct strategic research in traditional medicine.

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This article honors Dr. Anne Haffajee's career, her highest research standards, scholarly integrity, and inspirational mentorship. Anne-as she liked to be called-was one of the most productive clinical scientists of her time. Gifted with the unique combination of knowledge in the fields of clinical research, oral ecology, data analysis, and computer programing, her work triggered unprecedented advances in the diagnosis, progression, and treatment of periodontitis. Anne's pivotal clinical trials elucidated the effects of non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapies. In addition to her scholarly achievements, Anne played an important role in mentoring young scientists, many of whom have developed independent leadership careers in periodontal research. She always found time to help her mentees, and ultimately became a warm-hearted friend to many of them, including myself. Anne was consistently devoted to contributing to the future of clinical investigation, and more specifically concerned about the lack of interest by (1) funding agencies in supporting such studies and by (2) the new generation of investigators in pursuing a career in the area. She passed away prematurely, in 2013, at the age of 65. Undoubtedly, her work and legacy assured the continuity of high-standard clinical studies in periodontics and the survival of a whole generation of clinical researchers.

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This literature review aims to name the influential female pioneers who broke the conservative barriers in place for their gender and set the standards for those who followed in their paths as either dentists or forensic odontologists, with the purpose of increasing the visibility of their identities, feats, and positions of authority, hence, diminishing the states of exclusion that may be still practiced towards the recognition of their contributions to dentistry. It is our expectation that contemporary female forensic dentists can, by accessing this reading, acknowledge and promote the female performance in the forensic field, from its beginning to the present time, and be reassured of the representation and the excellence of women in it. We anticipate that all these professionals' names will not be mentioned due to lack of information from sound resources or unawareness. We also hope to witness similar literature reviews in the future

Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo nomear as influentes pioneiras que romperam as barreiras conservadoras de gênero e estabeleceram os padrões para aquelas que seguiram seus caminhos como dentistas forenses ou odontolegistas, com o objetivo de aumentar a visibilidade de suas identidades, feitos e posições de autoridade, diminuindo, assim, os estados de exclusão que ainda podem ser praticados para o reconhecimento de suas contribuições para a Odontologia. É nossa expectativa que as odontolegistas contemporâneas possam, ao acessar essa leitura, reconhecer e promover a atuação feminina no campo forense, desde o seu início até os dias atuais e ter a certeza da representação e da excelência da mulher nela. É possível que outros nomes não foram mencionados por falta de informação segura ou desconhecimento. Também esperamos testemunhar revisões de literatura semelhantes no futuro

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The following letter, from a network of women zoologists, is a reply to the article of AlShebli et al. (2020), which suggests that female protégés reap more benefits when mentored by men and concludes that female mentors hinder the success of their female protégés and the quality of their impact. This contribution has two parts. First, we highlight the most relevant methodological flaws which, in our opinion, may have impacted the conclusions of AlShebli et al. (2020). Second, we discuss issues pertaining to women in science, bring a perspective of Women in Zoology and discuss how current diversity policies are positively changing our field.

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ABSTRACT The following letter, from a network of women zoologists, is a reply to the article of AlShebli et al. (2020), which suggests that female protégés reap more benefits when mentored by men and concludes that female mentors hinder the success of their female protégés and the quality of their impact. This contribution has two parts. First, we highlight the most relevant methodological flaws which, in our opinion, may have impacted the conclusions of AlShebli et al. (2020). Second, we discuss issues pertaining to women in science, bring a perspective of Women in Zoology and discuss how current diversity policies are positively changing our field.

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The following letter, from a network of women zoologists, is a reply to the article of AlShebli et al. (2020), which suggests that female protégés reap more benefits when mentored by men and concludes that female mentors hinder the success of their female protégés and the quality of their impact. This contribution has two parts. First, we highlight the most relevant methodological flaws which, in our opinion, may have impacted the conclusions of AlShebli et al. (2020). Second, we discuss issues pertaining to women in science, bring a perspective of Women in Zoology and discuss how current diversity policies are positively changing our field.(AU)

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Women have always played an important role in the development of toxicology all over the world. Specifically in Brazil, toxicology has had greater female representation than other countries, but women's participation at high hierarchical levels is low. Although more than 62% of the members of the Brazilian Society of Toxicology are women, only 7 out of the 22 presidents have been women throughout its 48 years of existence. This article aims to celebrate women in the field of toxicology in Brazil, based on interviews with five of these scientists who have changed the field of toxicology in Brazil as we know it today, each in their specific sub-areas. These women are: Dr. Ester de Camargo Fonseca Moraes, Dr. Silvia Berlanga de Moraes Barros, Dr. Alice Aparecida da Matta Chasin, Dr. Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro, and Dr. Tania Marcourakis. They are not only pioneers but they are also examples of admirable persistence in fighting the adversities presented to them. They broke the glass ceiling and opened doors for future generations of women in science. We hope that this article helps inspire women in their careers in toxicology.

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BACKGROUND: The article aims to analyze the representativeness of women in ethnobiological publications within the Brazilian context, as well as to relate the difficulties faced by women in their scientific careers in terms of gender bias. Biases found in publications are relevant themes to different areas of knowledge, considering the historical persistence of male privilege in these activities. We analyzed the role of women in ethnobiological scientific publications and sought to reflect on gender issues in academic practices and fieldwork. METHODS: We conducted a 28-year survey of academic publications in Brazil, through the Scopus and Web of Science databases, in order to infer the female representation in ethnobiological literature. We also sent 77 questionnaires to ethnobiologists associated with the Brazilian society of ethnobiology and ethnoecology or indicted by associates through snowball sampling. RESULTS: We observed that there are more articles where the senior author is male (p < 0.05). However, there are no differences in the number of publications led by men and women (p > 0.05), which shows a positive trend in terms of representation. Within subareas, ethnozoology had more male authors than other subareas of ethnobiology. Articles whose senior authors are men tend to be published in journals with a higher impact (p < 0.05). The interviews with Brazilian ethnobiologists showed that 53.2% of the interviewees reported feeling discriminated against in the academic environment because they were women. Moreover, 61.0% said they had disadvantages in collecting data because they were women. Additionally, most of the researchers reported having witnessed cases of sexism in the studied communities. CONCLUSION: In the current scenarios of female participation, it is possible to reflect and identify advances and challenges associated with gender bias in ethnobiological studies conducted by Brazilian, both in the emic and etic spheres of research and in our scientific practice. As researchers in the area, we deal directly with social problems in the studied communities, such as violence against women, sexism, and prejudice, as well as the many problems faced in the academic universe itself.

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Women underrepresentation in science has frequently been associated with women being less productive than men (i.e. the gender productivity gap), which may be explained by women having lower success rates, producing science of lower impact and/or suffering gender bias. By performing global meta-analyses, we show that there is a gender productivity gap mostly supported by a larger scientific production ascribed to men. However, women and men show similar success rates when the researchers' work is directly evaluated (i.e. publishing articles). Men's success rate is higher only in productivity proxies involving peer recognition (e.g. evaluation committees, academic positions). Men's articles showed a tendency to have higher global impact but only if studies include self-citations. We detected gender bias against women in research fields where women are underrepresented (i.e. those different from Psychology). Historical numerical unbalance, socio-psychological aspects and cultural factors may influence differences in success rate, science impact and gender bias. Thus, the maintenance of a women-unfriendly academic and non-academic environment may perpetuate the gender productivity gap. New policies to build a more egalitarian and heterogeneous scientific community and society are needed to close the gender gap in science.

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Resumo O livro de Jane Marcet Conversations on chemistry foi adaptado e publicado em português, em 1834, por António Teixeira Girão, por meio da tradução da adaptação de Anselme Payen, publicada em 1825. Nessa versão, Girão introduz grande número de notas e novo capítulo. Este artigo analisa o conteúdo científico e as circunstâncias da publicação da obra de Girão, no contexto das diversas formas em que Conversations foi adaptado em diferentes datas e países. Para isso, foi realizada uma compilação das edições acessíveis em bibliotecas públicas de todo o mundo. Na análise, são também abordadas problemáticas da autoria, tradução e adaptação, assim como questões de gênero, envolvidas na edição científica no século XIX.

Abstract Jane Marcet's Conversations on chemistry was adapted and published in Portuguese by António Teixeira Girão in 1834, based on a translation of Anselme Payen's adaptation, released in 1825. Girão added many notes and a new chapter to his version. The article analyzes the scientific content and circumstances surrounding publication of Girão's book within the context of the diverse approaches used in adapting Conversations at different moments in time and in different countries. The analysis draws from our compilation of editions accessible online at public libraries around the world. It also explores issues related to authorship, translation, adaptation, and gender in scientific publishing in the nineteenth century.

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Despite significant progress, there is still a gender gap in science all over the world, especially at senior levels. Some progressive countries are recognizing the need to address barriers to gender equality in order to retain their best scientists and innovators, and ensure research excellence and social and economic returns on the investment made by taxpayers each year on training women scientists. We investigated the gender distribution of: (i) the productivity scholarship (PS) holders of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq, N = 13,625), (ii) the members of the Brazilian Academy of Science (Academia Brasileira de Ciências, ABC, N = 899), and (iii) the amount of funding awarded for top quality research ("Universal" Call of CNPq, N = 3,836), between the years of 2013 and 2014. Our findings show evidence for gender imbalances in all the studied indicators of Brazilian science. We found that female scientists were more often represented among PS holders at the lower levels of the research ranking system (2). By contrast, male scientists were more often found at higher levels (1A and 1B) of PS holders, indicating the top scientific achievement, both in "Engineering, Exact Sciences, Earth Sciences", and "Life Sciences". This imbalance was not found in Humanities and Social Sciences. Only 14% of the ABC members were women. Humanities and Applied Social Sciences had a relatively low representation of women in the Academy (3.7%) compared to Engineering, Exact and Earth Sciences: 54.9% and Life Sciences: 41.4%. Finally, female scientists obtained significantly more funding at the lower level of the research ranking system (2), whereas male scientists obtained significantly more funding at the higher levels (1A and 1B). Our results show strong evidence of a gender imbalance in Brazilian science. We hope that our findings will be used to stimulate reforms that will result in greater equality in Brazilian science, and elsewhere.

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Neurosurgery is one of the most complex branches of medicine. In most countries, a trained physician requires a minimum of five years of additional preparation to become a neurosurgeon. Though in modern times women have entered almost every area of medicine, the field of neurosurgery continues to be clearly male-dominated. In 2009, for example, the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the most important institution in Mexico for the training of neurologists and neurosurgeons, had only one female physician registered to become a neurosurgeon, while in previous years the presence of women was almost null. Given this background, a study of the first woman neurosurgeon in Mexico and, in fact, all of Latin America, constitutes an attractive topic. This woman is María Cristina García-Sancho y Álvarez-Tostado, who began her brilliant career in the 1940's. García-Sancho y Álvarez-Tostado has a most dignified and pleasant demeanor, with expressive blue eyes and an appearance that belies her real age. Tall and thin, she possesses a natural beauty. Photographs show a very attractive woman. María Cristina García-Sancho y Álvarez-Tostado de Penichet (her married name) was born on May 22nd 1919 in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Her parents were Luis García-Sancho and Ana Álvarez-Tostado Robledo. While still a young girl, her family had to move to Mexico City in search of a better future because of the difficult economic situation that reined in Guadalajara after the Mexican Revolution. The young María Cristina studied high school at the Colegio Motolinía and was then admitted to the School of Medicine at the UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico), where she belonged to the 1941-1947 generation of students, one made up of 85 women and 850 men. A brilliant student, her interest in neurology began almost from her first day at medical school. It was there that she began to really appreciate the wondrous nature of the human body in general and, above all, of the brain, and came to see the understanding of that organ as a true challenge. She graduated in 1947 with a thesis entitled The Effects of Cephalic-Cranial Trauma (La secuela del traumatismo encéfalo cráneano). Her thesis adviser was Mariano Vázquez, and her brilliant defense won a honorable mention. She went on to study her Master's and Ph.D. degrees in neurosurgery from 1949 to 1951, under the direction of Alfonso Asenjo Gómez, a prestigious, internationally known neurosurgeon at the Institute of Neurosurgery and Cerebral Research in Santiago de Chile (Instituto de Neurocirugía e Investigaciones Cerebrales). At that time, this institute was an obligatory reference in everything related to neuroscience, especially clinical medicine and surgery. This Chilean physician was a magnificent teacher and their academic relationship developed later into a solid friendship that lasted until his death. During her training, García-Sancho took courses on neurology, neuropathology, neuro-otology, neuro-ofthalmology, and neuroradiology. At the conclusion of her studies, she had acquired the knowledge and experience needed to perform neurosurgery. Once again, the Chilean government offered a fellowship for her to continue her studies, this time in Europe. So, she spent three months in Germany with Wilhelm Tönnis and Joachim Zülch, and visited several neurosurgery clinics, including the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris with Jacques Le Beau and Jean Tavernier, and Madrid's Institute of Neurosurgery with Sixto Obrador Alcalde. In Portugal, she visited the clinic of Egas Moniz, the inventor of angiography, at the Department of Neurology from the Coimbra University. In all, she was in Europe for over a year. After that period overseas, she returned to Mexico, where she first joined the staff of the La Raza Hospital for a few months. However, she was soon named to the position of Head of Neurosurgery Services at the National Institute of Oncology, where she attended from 1952 more than 63 000 patients and performed operations for pain control such as peripheral blocks, rhizotomies, cordotomies, topectomies and medial, radiotherapeutic and physical treatments. The maturing and consolidation of the Neurosurgery Service under her guidance soon led to publications, congresses, teaching, and the supervision of aspiring neurosurgeons, including such important figures as Mario Echegaray Naveda, Manuel Mandujano, Estela Mandujano, José Carlos Palacios Márquez, María Teresa Ramírez Ugalde, Ramón Cerón Uribe, C. Freigó, Manuel Montoya, Miguel Ángel Hernández Absalón, José Gutiérrez Cabrera, Amelia Cabrera, and Alfonso Peña Torres, the latter four at the Institute of Neurosurgery in Santiago. The experience she acquired in several surgical techniques designed to relieve pain and, more fundamentally, her interest in this topic, led García-Sancho to improve the cordotomy procedure while working in the United States with Irving Cooper, a distinguished neurosurgeon whose main interest was functional neurosurgery. Cordotomy is a procedure used in cases of intolerable pain that resist all other kinds of treatment. It involves sectioning the anterolateral cord of the medulla. Perfecting this technique was just one of García-Sancho's achievements and contributions to Mexican neurosurgery. In fact, the technique is known as «the García-Sancho One-step Bilateral Cordotomy¼, and she used it in more than 1600 cases at the National Institute of Oncology and at the Women's Hospital in cases of cancer. Earlier, the cordotomy was a two-step procedure, but the variant that García-Sancho introduced consisted in cutting the sensitive roots of the medulla in just one intervention: after identifying the anterior roots, a cut is made on the posterior part in the posteroanterior direction in the space between the exit of the posterior root and the emergence of the anterior root in the medulla. García-Sancho's studies of pain and her extensive experience in that field led her to write the book Pain: Diagnosis and Treatment (Dolor, diagnóstico y tratamiento; 1974), which she dedicated to her husband and daughter, and in which she explains such topics as the anatomical channels of pain, its origin, and pain in oncologic processes. In addition to this book, she has published articles in national and international journals, some of them in Neurocirugía, a journal founded by Asenjo. Though García-Sancho is known mainly for her contributions to the understanding and surgical treatment of pain, she is also well-versed and skilled in the use of arteriography, a technique she learned in Portugal at the service of its discoverer, Moniz. García-Sancho also successfully combined her professional career with family life. In April 1954, she married Manuel Penichet, an industrialist, and they had a daughter, María Cristina Penichet García-Sancho, now a practicing psychotherapist. Today, García-Sancho, a widow since 1999, also enjoys the love and achievements of her granddaughter, a lawyer, and grandson, a business administrator. Also worth mentioning is that she studied a second career: Law at the Women's University of Mexico, where she graduated in 1989 with a thesis entitled Current Laws on the Problem of Insemination and in Vitro Fertilization (Las leyes actuales frente al problema de la inseminación y fertilización in vitro). She is also a member -in some cases a founder- of several national and international scientific societies. García-Sancho was not only Mexico's first female neurosurgeon, but also the first in Latin America. She stood out in an especially complex branch of medicine, one dominated by men. Moreover, she perfected a technique that renowned neurologists like Martín, Spiller, Froeser, Asenjo and Le Beau had been performing since 1912. Though her gender made it difficult for her to aspire to certain positions, her other professional activities gave her the intellectual satisfaction and maturity that are so evident in her demeanor.

La neurocirugía es una de las subdisciplinas más complejas de la medicina y pocas mujeres han incursionado en ella. Así pues, resulta muy atrayente estudiar a la primera neurocirujana mexicana y también de Latinoamérica, cuya labor brilló a partir de los años cuarenta del siglo XX. María Cristina García-Sancho y Álvarez-Tostado de Penichet, nació el 22 de mayo de 1919 en Guadalajara, Jalisco. Sus padres fueron los señores Luis García-Sancho y Ana Álvarez-Tostado Robledo. Por motivos económicos su familia emigró a la Ciudad de México en busca de un futuro mejor. María Cristina realizó los estudios preparatorios en el Colegio Motolinía y posteriormente ingresó a la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM. Pertenece a la generación 1941-1947, que estaba formada por 85 mujeres y 850 hombres. Brillante estudiante, su interés por la neurología se inició desde su ingreso a la Escuela de Medicina. Entonces percibió lo maravilloso que es el cuerpo humano, pero sobre todo el cerebro, cuyo conocimiento consideraba un reto. En 1947 obtuvo el título con la tesis «La secuela del traumatismo encéfalo cráneano¼, dirigida por el doctor Mariano Vázquez y por cuya destacada defensa ganó mención honorífica. La doctora García-Sancho realizó la maestría y el doctorado en neurocirugía de 1949 a 1951, bajo la dirección del doctor Alfonso Asenjo Gómez, prestigioso neurocirujano de fama internacional, en el Instituto de Neurocirugía e Investigaciones Cerebrales en Santiago de Chile. En esa época, el Instituto era referencia obligada en lo relativo a las neurociencias, sobre todo en la clínica y la cirugía. El Gobierno de Chile la volvió a becar para continuar su preparación en Europa. En Alemania permanece durante tres meses con los doctores Wilhelm Tönnis y Joachim Zülch. En el Hôtel-Dieu de París estudió con Jacques le Beau y Jean Tavernier; en España con Sixto Obrador Alcalde, en el Instituto de Neurocirugía en Madrid, y en Portugal, en el servicio de Egas Moniz, donde aprendió la técnica de la arteriografía. En total permaneció un año más en Europa. A su regreso a México se incorporó por unos meses al Hospital «La Raza¼, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, y posteriormente ingresó como jefa del Servicio de Neurocirugía, en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, donde desde 1952 atendió más de 63 000 consultas y realizó múltiples y variadas operaciones para controlar el dolor. Su interés en el tema la llevó a mejorar la cordotomía en Estados Unidos, con Irving Cooper, distinguido neurocirujano. La cordotomía es la sección o corte del cordón anterolateral de la médula en casos de dolor intolerable y resistente a cualquier tratamiento. Su aportación a la neurocirugía mexicana es el perfeccionamiento que hizo a esta maniobra, la que se conoce como «Cordotomía bilateral en un solo tiempo, técnica García-Sancho¼. La autora empleó esta técnica en más de 1600 casos de cáncer en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología y en el Hospital de la Mujer. El estudio y el dominio que tiene sobre el dolor dieron pie a que escribiera: «Dolor, diagnóstico y tratamiento¼ (1974). En abril de 1954 se casó con el industrial Manuel Penichet y tuvieron una hija, María Cristina Penichet García-Sancho, quien ejerce como psicoterapeuta. Es digno de enfatizar que estudió una segunda carrera, la de Derecho, en la Universidad Femenina de México, titulándose en 1989 con la tesis: «Las leyes actuales frente al problema de la inseminación y fertilización in vitro¼. La doctora María Cristina García-Sancho no sólo fue la primera neurocirujana en México, sino también en Latinoamérica. Sobresalió en una rama de la medicina particularmente compleja, de predominio masculino, y además perfeccionó una técnica que brillantes neurocirujanos practicaban desde 1912. La doctora es de trato muy fino y agradable, de expresivos ojos azules, representa una edad menor de la que realmente tiene. Alta y delgada, guarda una belleza natural. Las fotografías muestran una mujer sumamente atractiva. Su condición de género le dificultó acceder a ciertas posiciones, pero en otras actividades de su ejercicio profesional encontró la satisfacción intelectual y la madurez que son evidentes en su trato.