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The purpose of this study was to examine the development pattern of Mangalarga-Marchador foals by determination of muscle development and deposition of adipose tissue associated with the evaluation of blood-based biomarkers. Thus, 72 Mangalarga Marchador foals (ages ranged from 1-12 mo) were randomly selected and divided into 12 age groups (n=6 per group), evaluated monthly. The thickness of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and rump fat (RF) were determined through an ultrasound performed on each foal's left side. Such parameters were used to calculate the percentage of body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Morphometric measurements were taken on the foal's right side using a tape measure and a hypsometer. Blood samples were collected for determinations of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and glucose. Morphometric measurements, the thickness of the LD and RF, weight, BF, FM, and FFM showed differences between age groups (P<0.001). Muscle development and fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue were greater between six and 12 months and average weight gain and FFM were proportionally greater between one and six months. We concluded that morphometric measurements increase steadily and linearly during the first 12 months of life, indicating that it is feasible to use the linear regression formula. Moreover, significant differences between age and biochemical biomarkers may be attributed to nutritional and digestive physiology adaptations during these periods.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar o padrão de desenvolvimento de potros Mangalarga Marchador através da determinação do desenvolvimento muscular e da deposição de tecido adiposo associado com avaliação de biomarcadores sanguíneos. Assim, 72 potros Mangalarga Marchador (idades entre 1 e 12 meses) foram selecionados ao acaso e divididos em 12 grupos etários (n=6/grupo), avaliados mensalmente. A espessura do Longissimus dorsi (LD) e da cobertura de gordura da garupa (RF) foi determinada através de ultrassonografia realizada do lado esquerdo de cada animal, tais parâmetros foram usados para calcular percentagem de gordura corporal (BF), massa de gordura (FM) e massa livre de gordura (FFM). Mensurações morfométricas foram obtidas do lado direito de cada potro, usando fita métrica e hipômetro. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas para determinações de proteínas totais, albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, uréia, creatinina e glicose. Medidas morfométricas, espessura de LD e RF, peso corporal, BF, FM e FFM mostraram diferenças entre os grupos etários (P<0,001). O desenvolvimento muscular e a deposição de gordura no tecido subcutâneo foram maiores entre 6 e 12 meses e a média de ganho de peso e de FFM foi proporcionalmente maior entre entre 1 e 6 meses . Foi possível concluir que as medidas morfométricas aumentam de forma constante e linear nos primeiros 12 meses de vida, indicando que é factível usar fórmulas de regressão linear. Ainda, diferenças significativas entre idade e biomarcadores bioquímicos podem ser atribuídos às adaptações nutricionais e digestivas durante esses períodos.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the inclusion of coat color on the genetic parameter estimation for linear measurements in Campolina horses. Two models (1 and 2) were applied. For model 1, coat color effect was not included as variable of the contemporary group formation; in model 2, it was included. Model 2 presented the best fitting with a Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) of -979,459.020 compared with -1,818,458.572 DIC from model 1. The average of heritability estimates ranged from low to high magnitude (0.15 to 0.53) for model 1 and from moderate to high magnitude for model 2 (0.21 to 0.47). The estimated values varied according to the analyses (models 1 and 2). The highest heritability was found for withers height (0.52), croup height (0.53), and back height (0.51). The genetic correlations ranged from values of moderate to high magnitude for models 1 (0.23 to 0.98) and 2 (0.29 to 0.99), respectively. The finding that genetic variance differed among models 1 and 2 may indicate that genotypes react differently to different coat colors, a fact implying the existence of interaction between these traits and the effect under study. The coat color influence might be explained as a pleiotropic effect of the genes that cause this phenotypic variation and also influence morphometric measures. The inclusion of the coat color effect better estimated the additive genetic variance of morphometric traits in horses. As a consequence, the genetic parameters were also more accurately estimated when it is included in the evaluation model.

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The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for the morphometric measurements of withers height (WH), thoracic circumference (TC) and cannon bone circumference (CBC) of Criollo horses, stratified for maternal and paternal effects. Statistical genetic design of factor crossings was used to evaluate the offspring of full siblings and half-siblings. Fifty stallions were selected (n = 50) who had been crossed with six mares each (n = 6), to provide 300 parental pairings in which two offspring were born per mare (n = 600). WH in females and TC in males were highly influenced by additive genetic effects, while the other morphometric measures were found to be closely related to the general effects of the environment. WH had the greatest additive genetic influence on female offspring (47.06%), while TC presented the greatest additive genetic influence on male offspring (58.73%). When comparing the parental influence on the morphometric characteristics evaluated, TC and CBC had greater additive genetic influence from maternal effects, regardless of offspring sex. However, the WH in female offspring showed greater maternal additive genetic contribution, while in males this characteristic presented greater paternal additive genetic influence. For WH in male offspring, narrow sense heritability ( h r 2 : 0.26) was more influenced by paternal effects, while for WH in females ( h r 2 : 0.47), TC in females ( h r 2 : 0.08) and males ( h r 2 : 0.59), and CBC in females ( h r 2 : 0.07) and males ( h r 2 : 0.05) the maternal effects were the most important. Therefore, the phenotypic expression of WH in males and females and TC in males is influenced by the additive genetic effect of the genes. On the other hand, the TC in female progenies and CBC in progenies of both sexes are closely related to the effects of the environment. The results obtained in this study could be useful in the selection process of Criollo horses.

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Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate the genetic variability and relationship between 15 morphometric traits in 91,483 Campolina horses, as well as to propose an index based on an aggregate genotype that promotes a particular selection objective. PCA was applied to the genetic (co)variance matrix among variables. After calculation of the principal components, the breeding values were estimated to obtain an index related to the component that explained most of the variation. The first principal component (PC1) accounted for 97.8% of the total additive genetic variance of the traits. PC1 contrasted animals in terms of body size (wither, back and croup heights, body length, and thoracic girth). PC1 traits showed higher heritabilities and positive and high genetic correlations. An index was obtained (HPC1) with the combination of the breeding values of different traits from PC1 which permitted the use of this index as an aggregate genotype to identify the best animals for selection. The second principal component (PC2) was much smaller and grouped traits related to head and neck morphometry, among others. These traits are commonly used for breed qualification, a fact explaining the small variation in this component. An evaluation of the effect of HPC1 on withers height in two-trait analysis was also made which provided positive genetic correlations of moderate to high magnitude (0.73-0.86), indicating that selection for this trait (important in Campolina horses) is accounted for in the index. The use of HCP1 could be considered as an important alternative to selection since it does not consider a single trait but rather a set of variables that capture body proportions.

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Objetivou-se avaliar nesse estudo o uso da biometria durante o crescimento de cordeiros da raça Poll Dorset, com o intuito de estimar o peso vivo. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros, sendo 20 machos e 12 fêmeas, nascidos entre julho e setembro de 2014 e 2015, sendo as coletas realizadas do nascimento aos 165 dias com intervalo de 15 dias entre as avaliações. O estudo gerou 1920 observações de pesos e medidas biométricas. A cada tomada de peso também foram realizadas medidas de perímetro torácico, com a utilização de fita métrica graduada em centímetros, comprimento de corpo, altura de cernelha e altura de garupa utilizando um hipômetro. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de correlação e a partir destes gerou-se gráficos de dispersão e estimaram-se equações de regressão, além de estimar o desenvolvimento ponderal. O perímetro torácico (0,88) foi a característica mais associada ao peso corporal in vivo. As equações de regressão reafirmaram a alta relação entre perímetro torácico e peso vivo, que foi de 94%. O desenvolvimento ponderal caracterizou animais com padrão racial homogêneo. Conclui-se que o perímetro torácico está altamente associado ao peso corporal e que equações de regressão geradas a partir de medidas biométricas servem para estimar o peso corporal de ovinos da raça Poll Dorset.(AU)

The objective of this work was evaluated the growth lambs Poll Dorset to estimate the live weight. Were used 32 lambs, 20 males and 12 females, born between July and September 2014 and 2015, and the assessment carried out from birth to 165 days with an interval of 15 days between assessments. The study generated 1920 observations of weights and biometric measurements. Each weight measurement were also performed thoracic measures with tape graduated in centimeters, body length and hip height using a hipometer. The data was submitted to correlation analysis and generated scatter plots and regression equations estimatingthe weight development. The thoracic measures (0.88) was the characteristic most associated with body weight in vivo. The regression equations reaffirmed the high relationship between thoracic measures and body weight, which was 94%. The weight development featured animals with homogeneous racial pattern. We conclude that the knowledge of the weight development reflects a racial standard and the thoracic measures is highly associated with body weight and regression equations generated from this measurements are used to estimate the body weight of the breed sheep Poll Dorset.(AU)

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This study was carried out to verify the effects of different hay: concentrate ratios on body, testicular and epididymal development and metabolic profile of hair sheep lambs. Twenty-nine Santa Ines lambs were used. Treatments consisted of diets with different hay: concentrate ratios (100:0-Control, 80:20-T1, 60:40-T2, 40:60-T3 and 20:80-T4). The characteristics evaluated were: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hearth girth (HG), body length (BL), height at withers (HW), height at rump (HR), rump width (RW), chest width (CW), scrotal perimeter (SP), testis length (TL) testis width (TW), testis thickness (TT), cauda epididymal length (CEL), cauda epididymal width (CAW), cauda epididymal thickness (CET), scrotal skin thickness (SST) and testicular volume (TV). Blood samples were collected to analyze glucose, urea, albumin, total cholesterol, total proteins, inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentrations. The body and testicular-epididymal measurements increased linearly with increases in the energy concentration in the diet. BW, BL, CW, RW, HG and BCS showed positive high correlations (r = 0.71 to 0.94) with all testis-epididymal measurements. The results of the metabolic profile study showed interactions between the addition of the concentrated feed and time of blood collection on total proteins, albumin, urea, cholesterol, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations. At the beginning of the trial, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were verified in T3 and T4. However, the indices returned to normal over time with the continuity in the diet supplied. Hypomagnesaemia was verified in all treatments. The plasmatic phosphorus concentration was sufficiently high at the end of all treatments, except control. In conclusion, the BL, HG, CW, RW as well as the BCS may be used to estimate the development of the testes and epididymis.[...](AU)

Este estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos de diferentes proporções de feno: concentrado sobre o desenvolvimento corporal, testicular e epididimário, bem como, sobre perfil metabólico de cordeiros deslanados. Foram utilizados vinte e nove cordeiros Santa Inês. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dietas com diferentes proporções de feno: concentrado (100: 0- Controle; 80: 20- T1, 60: 40- T2, 40: 60- T3 e 20: 80- T4). As características avaliadas foram: peso corporal (PC), escore de condição corporal (ECC), perímetro torácico (PT), comprimento do corpo (CC), altura na cernelha (AC), altura na garupa (AG), largura da garupa (LG), largura do peito (LP), perímetro escrotal (PS), comprimento do testículo (CT) largura dos testículos (LT), espessura de testículo (ET), comprimento da cauda do epidídimo (CCE), a largura da cauda do epidídimo (LCE), espessura da cauda do epidídimo (ECE), espessura da pele escrotal (EPE) e volume testicular (VT). Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise de glicose, ureia, albumina, colesterol total, proteínas totais, fosfato e magnésio. A biometria corporal, testicular e epididimárias aumentaram linearmente com o aumento da proporção de concentrado na dieta. PC, CC, LP, AC, PT e ECC mostraram correlação alta e positiva (r = 0,71-0,94), com todas as medidas testículo-epidídimárias. Os resultados do estudo mostraram interação entre o perfil metabólico, os tratamentos e o momento da coleta para as concentrações de proteínas totais, albumina, ureia, colesterol, fósforo e magnésio concentrado. No início do experimento foram verificadas hipoproteinemia e hipoalbuminemia em T3 e T4. No entanto, os índices voltaram ao normal com a continuidade do fornecimento da dieta. Hipomagnesemia foi verificada em todos os tratamentos. A concentração plasmática de fósforo foi significativamente alta no fim de todos os tratamentos, com exceção de controle.[...](AU)

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This study was carried out to verify the effects of different hay: concentrate ratios on body, testicular and epididymal development and metabolic profile of hair sheep lambs. Twenty-nine Santa Ines lambs were used. Treatments consisted of diets with different hay: concentrate ratios (100:0-Control, 80:20-T1, 60:40-T2, 40:60-T3 and 20:80-T4). The characteristics evaluated were: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hearth girth (HG), body length (BL), height at withers (HW), height at rump (HR), rump width (RW), chest width (CW), scrotal perimeter (SP), testis length (TL) testis width (TW), testis thickness (TT), cauda epididymal length (CEL), cauda epididymal width (CAW), cauda epididymal thickness (CET), scrotal skin thickness (SST) and testicular volume (TV). Blood samples were collected to analyze glucose, urea, albumin, total cholesterol, total proteins, inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentrations. The body and testicular-epididymal measurements increased linearly with increases in the energy concentration in the diet. BW, BL, CW, RW, HG and BCS showed positive high correlations (r = 0.71 to 0.94) with all testis-epididymal measurements. The results of the metabolic profile study showed interactions between the addition of the concentrated feed and time of blood collection on total proteins, albumin, urea, cholesterol, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations. At the beginning of the trial, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were verified in T3 and T4. However, the indices returned to normal over time with the continuity in the diet supplied. Hypomagnesaemia was verified in all treatments. The plasmatic phosphorus concentration was sufficiently high at the end of all treatments, except control. In conclusion, the BL, HG, CW, RW as well as the BCS may be used to estimate the development of the testes and epididymis.[...]

Este estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos de diferentes proporções de feno: concentrado sobre o desenvolvimento corporal, testicular e epididimário, bem como, sobre perfil metabólico de cordeiros deslanados. Foram utilizados vinte e nove cordeiros Santa Inês. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dietas com diferentes proporções de feno: concentrado (100: 0- Controle; 80: 20- T1, 60: 40- T2, 40: 60- T3 e 20: 80- T4). As características avaliadas foram: peso corporal (PC), escore de condição corporal (ECC), perímetro torácico (PT), comprimento do corpo (CC), altura na cernelha (AC), altura na garupa (AG), largura da garupa (LG), largura do peito (LP), perímetro escrotal (PS), comprimento do testículo (CT) largura dos testículos (LT), espessura de testículo (ET), comprimento da cauda do epidídimo (CCE), a largura da cauda do epidídimo (LCE), espessura da cauda do epidídimo (ECE), espessura da pele escrotal (EPE) e volume testicular (VT). Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise de glicose, ureia, albumina, colesterol total, proteínas totais, fosfato e magnésio. A biometria corporal, testicular e epididimárias aumentaram linearmente com o aumento da proporção de concentrado na dieta. PC, CC, LP, AC, PT e ECC mostraram correlação alta e positiva (r = 0,71-0,94), com todas as medidas testículo-epidídimárias. Os resultados do estudo mostraram interação entre o perfil metabólico, os tratamentos e o momento da coleta para as concentrações de proteínas totais, albumina, ureia, colesterol, fósforo e magnésio concentrado. No início do experimento foram verificadas hipoproteinemia e hipoalbuminemia em T3 e T4. No entanto, os índices voltaram ao normal com a continuidade do fornecimento da dieta. Hipomagnesemia foi verificada em todos os tratamentos. A concentração plasmática de fósforo foi significativamente alta no fim de todos os tratamentos, com exceção de controle.[...]

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