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Resumen Introducción En el presente artículo se describen las diferentes clasificaciones de terceros molares retenidos y se recomienda una nueva clasificación que permite predecir la dificultad para la remoción respectiva. Objetivo Lo anterior tiene la finalidad servir de guía para que los estudiantes o profesionales en Odontología utilicen como clasificador el grado de dificultad de terceras molares, el cual se constituiría en un instrumento de medición del tiempo necesario para remover la pieza dental, los pasos necesarios para dicha remoción y la morbilidad relacionada.

Abstract Introduction Different literaly classifications of impacted wisdom teeth will be shown in adddition to a new categorization wich predicts their removal difficulty. Aim The goal of the above statement is to be used as a guide for students and/or collegues to classify the degree of difficulty as a tool to measure the needed time to extract the tooth and the necessary steps to remove it and the related morbility.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the association between the degree of wisdom and the level of leisure-time physical activity (PA) of students from a federal public school in southern Brazil. Observational cross-sectional study with 462 young people of both sexes between 15 and 18 years old. Data collection was performed using a self-administered questionnaire on the REDCap platform. The independent variable was the "level of leisure PA" (inactive, insufficiently active, and physically active) and the outcome was the "degree of wisdom" evaluated through a validated questionnaire (SD-WISE7). There was a linear trend towards an increase in the wisdom score according to the level of PA. This trend and significant association continued in the adjusted analysis, with active students averaging 1.84 points more in the wisdom score compared to inactive students. In conclusion, the wisest young people are also the most physically active young people. In view of the potential beneficial effects, current studies may consider wisdom as a possible mediator of PA with health outcomes.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o grau de sabedoria e o nível de atividade física de lazer (AF) de alunos de uma escola pública federal do sul do Brasil. Estudo observacional de corte transversal com 462 jovens de ambos os sexos entre 15 e 18 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário autoaplicável na plataforma REDCap. A variável independente foi o "nível de AF de lazer" (inativo, insuficientemente ativo e ativo fisicamente) e o desfecho foi a "grau de sabedoria" avaliados por meio de questionários validados. Observou-se tendência linear de aumento do escore de sabedoria conforme o nível de AF. Essa tendência e associação significativa se manteve na análise ajustada, com os ativos tendo em média 1.84 pontos a mais no escore de sabedoria em comparação aos inativos. Em conclusão, os jovens mais sábios também são os jovens mais ativos fisicamente. Tendo em vista os potenciais efeitos benéficos, os estudos atuais podem considerar a sabedoria como um possível mediador da AF com desfechos em saúde.

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When we talk about 'power', we're often referring to subjugation by external forces, to potentially abusive situations, to violence and to the objectification of humanity. In short, we often talk about power when we feel powerless, so we end up focusing on its destructive aspects. We experience a plethora of different powers: economic power, political power, religious power, the power of nature, parental power, the power of a boss or master. It's always an asymmetric relation; someone holds the reins of power, and the others must submit. Our psyche, whether on a collective or individual level, seeks to express itself and to be acknowledged. We fight to become, to realize our potential, to get ever closer to our individuation process. Power dynamics however, go beyond such collective (and frequently sombre) arrangements: power is also an essentially creative force. In this paper I want to discuss power as something intrinsic to all creation. Through the symbolic analysis of myths and legends, I argue for the need to integrate the deep feminine in the exercise of power in order to release and express its full potential. I also discuss the need for power, love and wisdom to work together as complementary forces.

Quand nous parlons de « pouvoir ¼ nous faisons souvent référence à la subjugation par des forces extérieures, à des situations potentiellement abusives, à la violence et à la chosification de l'homme. En bref, nous parlons souvent de pouvoir quand nous nous sentons impuissants, et ainsi nous finissons par mettre l'accent sur ses aspects destructeurs. Nous faisons l'expérience d'une pléthore de différents pouvoirs: le pouvoir économique, le pouvoir politique, le pouvoir religieux, le pouvoir de la nature, le pouvoir parental, le pouvoir d'un patron ou d'un maître. Il s'agit toujours d'une relation asymétrique: quelqu'un tient les rênes du pouvoir et les autres doivent se soumettre. Notre psyché, que ce soit au niveau collectif ou individuel, cherche à s'exprimer et à être reconnue. Nous nous battons pour notre devenir, pour réaliser notre potentiel, pour nous rapprocher le plus possible de notre processus d'individuation. Les dynamiques de pouvoir vont cependant au-delà de tels arrangements collectifs (et souvent sombres): le pouvoir est aussi une force essentiellement créatrice. Dans cet article je veux envisager le pouvoir comme quelque chose d'intrinsèque à toute création. A travers l'analyse symbolique de mythes et de légendes, je plaide en faveur du besoin d'intégrer le féminin profond dans l'exercice du pouvoir afin de débloquer et d'exprimer son plein potentiel. J'examine également la nécessité que pouvoir, amour et sagesse travaillent ensemble en tant que forces complémentaires.

Cuando hablamos sobre el 'poder', a menudo nos referimos al ser sometido por fuerzas externas, a situaciones potencialmente abusivas, a la violencia y a la objetivación del ser humano. En síntesis, a menudo hablamos sobre el poder, cuando nos sentimos impotentes, y entonces nos focalizamos en sus aspectos destructivos. Experimentamos una plétora de poderes diversos: poder económico, poder político, poder religioso, poder de la naturaleza, poder parental, el poder de un jefe o maestro. Es siempre una relación asimétrica, uno sostiene el reino del poder, y los otros deben someterse. Nuestra psique, ya sea en un nivel individual o colectivo, busca expresarse a sí misma para ser reconocida. Luchamos para devenir, para realizar nuestro potencial, para acercarnos aún más a nuestro proceso de individuación. Las dinámicas de poder van, sin embargo, más allá de estos acuerdos colectivos (y frecuentemente sombríos): el poder es también una fuerza esencialmente creativa. En este trabajo quiero abordar el poder como algo intrínseco a toda la creación. A través del análisis simbólico de mitos y leyendas, sostengo la necesidad de integrar lo femenino profundo en el ejercicio del poder, para que su completo potencial pueda ser liberado y expresado. También argumento sobre la necesidad de que el poder, el amor y la sabiduría, como fuerzas complementarias, trabajen juntas.

Quando falamos de "poder", muitas vezes nos referimos à subjugação por forças externas, a situações potencialmente abusivas, à violência e à objetivação do homem. Em suma, muitas vezes falamos sobre poder quando nos sentimos impotentes, então acabamos nos concentrando em seus aspectos destrutivos. Experimentamos uma infinidade de poderes diferentes: poder econômico, poder político, poder religioso, poder da natureza, poder parental, poder de um chefe ou mestre. É sempre uma relação assimétrica; alguém detém as rédeas do poder, e os outros devem se submeter. Nossa psique, seja em nível coletivo ou individual, procura se expressar e ser reconhecida. Lutamos para nos tornarmos, para realizar nosso potencial, para nos aproximarmos cada vez mais do nosso processo de individuação. A dinâmica de poder vai, no entanto, além de tais arranjos coletivos (e frequentemente sombrios): o poder também é uma força essencialmente criativa. Neste artigo, quero discutir o poder como algo intrínseco a toda a criação. Através da análise simbólica de mitos e lendas, defendo a necessidade de integrar o feminino profundo ao exercício do poder, a fim de liberar e expressar todo o seu potencial. Também discuto a necessidade de poder, amor e sabedoria trabalhando juntos como forças complementares.

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The cephalometric diagnosis of third molars, as the molar group that heads the list of dental retentions, has been very variable and controversial from the clinical to the most modern radiographic methods. A literature review was carried out from January 2017 to March 2020; consulting articles, theses and texts available in databases; enlisting a total of 33 bibliographical references from which 27 were selected. The selection criteria were the direct relation with the subject, updating level in the last 5 years, as well as their methodological quality. The objective was aimed at describing the theoretical approaches to cephalometric diagnosis of third molar eruption. The review showed that there is a wide variety of studies on cephalometric diagnosis of third molar eruption with different limitations, each one contributing with their own approach to the subject, with isolated aspects on the etiology of the abnormal eruption in foreign contexts, offering measures that do not adjust to the Cuban population, representing 72.2 % in the last 5 years, including texts, not so updated, but which were of essential consultation due to the importance of their contents. It was concluded that the theoretical approaches presented by the literature on cephalometric diagnosis of third molar eruption are distinguished by the use of different foreign methods in diverse populations; highlighting a Cuban method applicable to the local and national context.

El diagnóstico cefalométrico de los terceros molares, como grupo molar que encabeza la lista de retenciones dentales, ha sido muy variable y controvertido desde la parte clínica hasta los métodos radiográficos más modernos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica desde enero de 2017 hasta marzo de 2020; y se consultaron artículos, tesis y textos disponibles en bases de datos. Se copiló un total de 33 referencias bibliográficas y de ellas se seleccionaron 27. Los criterios de selección fueron la relación directa con el tema, nivel de actualización en los últimos 5 años, así como su calidad metodológica. El objetivo fue describir las aproximaciones teóricas al diagnóstico cefalométrico de la erupción de terceros molares. La revisión demostró que existe una gran variedad de estudios sobre el diagnóstico cefalométrico de la erupción de terceros molares con diferentes limitaciones, que aportan su propio enfoque al tema, con aspectos aislados sobre la etiología de la erupción anormal en contextos extranjeros, y de este modo ofrecen medidas que no se ajustan a la población cubana, con un 72,2 % en los últimos 5 años, incluyendo textos, no tan actualizados, pero que fueron de imprescindible consulta por la importancia de sus contenidos. Se concluyó que los enfoques teóricos que presenta la literatura sobre el diagnóstico cefalométrico de la erupción de los terceros molares se distinguen por la utilización de diferentes métodos foráneos en diversas poblaciones; y se destaca un método cubano aplicable al contexto local y nacional.

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Dental follicles are involved in odontogenesis, periodontogenesis, and tooth eruption. Dental follicles are unique structures, considering that their remnants can persist within the jawbones after odontogenesis throughout life if the tooth does not erupt. Pathological changes may occur in these tissues as individuals age. The changes range from benign to life threatening. Thus, the assessment of age-related changes in dental follicles associated with unerupted teeth is of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize the physiological roles and changes in dental follicles in odontogenesis, tooth eruption, and aging, in addition to the pathological changes associated with these structures. We encourage investigators to consider this peculiar tissue as a unique model and explore its potential to clarify its importance from the viewpoints of developmental biology, tissue physiology, and pathology.

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Introducción: La intervención temprana en el brote anormal de los terceros molares podría reducir la proporción de pacientes con las molestias asociadas y la aparición de alteraciones producto a la retención dentaria. Objetivo: Validar el modelo cefalométrico predictivo para el brote de los terceros molares desarrollado González Espangler. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en adolescentes del Instituto Preuniversitario "Rafael María de Mendive" de Santiago de Cuba durante el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2017 y marzo del 2020. Fueron empleadas dos muestras aleatorias de 21 estudiantes de 15-18 años y 29 profesionales de las ciencias de la salud. Se estudiaron variables como el sexo, color de la piel, localización, etapa de formación, espacio óseo posterior, angulación, diámetro mesiodistal, factores predictivos y tipo de brote de los terceros molares. Resultados: Predominó el tipo de brote anormal: 19,0 por ciento para la localización 1.8; 17,9 por ciento para la 2.8; 21,4 por ciento en la 3.8 y 20,2 por ciento en la posición 4.8. No existieron diferencias significativas entre las medidas promedios del espacio óseo posterior, angulación y diámetro mesiodistal con el estudio de referencia. La validación de modelo por criterio de expertos obtuvo una calificación global de concordancia entre ellos del 100 por ciento. Conclusiones: El modelo cefalométrico predictivo validado es viable en el proceso de predicción del brote de los terceros molares en la población(AU)

Introduction: Early intervention in the abnormal eruption of third molars could reduce the number of patients with associated discomfort and the appearance of alterations caused by dental retention. Objective: Validate the cephalometric prediction model for third molar eruption developed by González Espangler. Methods: A cross-sectional longitudinal descriptive study was conducted of adolescents from Rafael María de Mendive Senior High School in Santiago de Cuba from January 2017 to March 2020. The two random samples examined consisted of 21 students aged 15-18 years and 29 health sciences professionals. The variables considered were sex, skin color, location, training stage, posterior bony space, angulation, mesiodistal diameter, predictive factors and type of third molar eruption. Results: Abnormal eruption prevailed: 19.0 percent in location 1.8; 17.9 percent in 2.8; 21.4 percent in 3.8 and 20.2 percent in 4.8. Significant differences were not observed between average values for posterior bony space, angulation and mesiodistal diameter, and the study reference. Validation of the model by expert criteria obtained a global agreement score of 100 percent. Conclusions: The cephalometric prediction model validated in the study is viable for the prediction of third molar eruptions in the population(AU)

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In search of ethical conceptual frameworks that are applicable to the practical reality of companies, ethical leadership has recently gained ground in Business Ethics scholarship as a broad umbrella under which to fit both normative and descriptive approaches to management. This article delves into Carlos Llano's seminal studies in the field, and his rediscovery of the "practical idea" as a dynamic principle for integrating the practice of management and ethical leadership in light of a realistic personalism. Llano was one of the first authors to study the firm from a humanistic, people-centered perspective as a "community or people," and his view of practical wisdom is an effort to integrate this intellectual virtue with human will by offering a personalist open dynamism that is at the center of all relationships at work, allowing those involved to grow therein. Hence, his notion of the practical idea is his most original contribution to the promotion of managerial action as a catalyst for person-centered leadership.

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This systematic review aimed to review the literature on the coronectomy technique and evaluate the incidence of success and complications as a surgical approach for inferior third molars. Online databases were searched for data on the frequency of inferior alveolar nerve damage, lingual nerve damage, root migration, pain, infection, dry socket, and extraction of the remaining root, and data on the necessity of reintervention were also extracted. Randomized clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, and prospective and retrospective studies with or without the control group were intercepted. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CDR 42020135485). Sixteen papers analyzed 2176 coronectomies in total, and only five of them were judged as appropriate according to methodological quality assessment. The incidence of inferior alveolar nerve injury was documented in 0.59% of the procedures, lingual nerve injury in 0.22%, infection 3.95%, dry socket 1.12%, extraction of the root 5.28%, and reintervention 1.13%. The pain was the most reported, in 22.04% of the population. This study provides an overview of the clinical success and complications of coronectomy, and their prevalence. A coronectomy may be considered a low-risk procedure and an option for treatment to avoid potential damage to nervous structures. However, patients should still undergo a full screening and evaluation of postsurgical procedures.

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os modos de desvelamento são aspectos modais do ser humano. São suas facetas, enquanto ser-aí, na abertura de sua estrutura fundamental, ser-em-o-mundo, iluminando a clareira do Aí, em que si-mesmo, mim-mesmo, entes intramundanos e entes outros comparecem ou vêm de encontro em modos-de-ser distintos. A ênfase no "humano" em detrimento do ser reduz a expressão ser humano ao escândalo de um ente humano. Ao mesmo tempo, inverte a hierarquia lógica dos modos de desvelamento, privilegiando quase exclusivamente a techne e a episteme, o que Heidegger denunciou como o imperialismo do "pensamento calculativo" sem lugar para o "pensamento meditativo".

the modes of unveiling are modal aspects of the human being. They are faces, as Dasein, in the openness of its fundamental structure, being-in-the-world, illuminating the clearing of the There, in which oneself, myself, beings within-the-world and other beings come across in distinct modes-of-being. The emphasis in the "human" with the loss of being reduces the expression human being to the scandal of a human entity. At the same time, inverts the logical hierarchy of the modes of unveiling, giving an almost exclusive privilege to techne and episteme, what Heidegger denounced as the imperialism of the "calculative thought" without any place for the "meditative thought".

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Objective: Wisdom teeth were the most common teeth affected among the rest of the teeth, these teeth need accurate evaluation and diagnosis, surgical removal of impacted wisdom needs time for incision, bone removal and suture, so the use of any instrument helps to reduce this time is essential. The objectives of this study were to estimate the time needed for the suture of oral flaps post-surgical removal of the lower wisdom teeth by using Negus knot pusher and compare it with the time used for stitching in conventional manual holding single stitching. Material and Methods: Data had been collected from thirty patients through history, clinical examination and radiographic assessment, followed by classical surgical removal performed on the same principles for all patients, at the suture level patients divided arbitrarily into two groups, control group 15 patients and 15 patients Negus pusher group, using Negus knot pusher, which is usually used to hold the stitch and stop bleeding post tonsillectomy operations by ligation, time elapsed for suturing with knot tying is calculated for both groups. Results: Among the 30 patients incorporated in the clinical study, control group mean was (1 minutes and 11 seconds and 70 milliseconds) while for the pusher group was (1 minutes and 32 seconds and 57 milliseconds), the comparison by means of T-test was not significant with the (0.424) value. Conclusion: the Negus pusher instrument can be used for the knotting stiches post wisdom teeth removal as an auxiliary tool and the time can be shortened by the use of a modified handling technique and more satisfaction for patients. (AU)

Objetivo: Os terceiros molares são os dentes mais afetados entre o resto dos dentes e necessitam de avaliação e diagnóstico precisos. A exodontia desses elementos impactados requer tempo para incisão, remoção óssea e sutura, portanto, é essencial o uso de instrumentos que ajudem a reduzir o tempo de procedimento. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram estimar o tempo necessário para a sutura de retalhos orais após a exodontia de terceiros molares inferiores utilizando o instrumental Empurrador de nó Negus (Negus Knot pusher) e compará-lo com o tempo necessário para a realização de sutura única convencional. Material e Métodos: Os dados foram coletados de 30 pacientes através da história, exame clínico e avaliação radiográfica, seguidos pela remoção cirúrgica clássica realizada através do mesmo princípio para todos os pacientes. Considerando o nível da sutura, os pacientes foram divididos arbitrariamente em dois grupos, grupo controle (n=15) e grupo Empurrador de nó Negus (n=15), o qual é geralmente utilizado para segurar o ponto e estancar o sangramento após cirurgia de tonsilectomia por ligadura. O tempo decorrido para sutura foi calculado para ambos os grupos. Resultados: Entre os 30 pacientes incluídos no estudo, a média do grupo controle foi de 1 minuto e 11 segundos e 70 milissegundos, enquanto para o grupo Empurrador de nó Negus foi de 1 minuto e 32 segundos e 57 milissegundos. A comparação intergrupo por meio do teste T não foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,424). Conclusão: O instrumental Empurrador de nó Negus pode ser usado para sutura após a extração de terceiros molares como ferramenta auxiliar e o tempo pode ser reduzido pelo uso de uma técnica de manuseio modificada. Ademais, pode estar associado a maior satisfação dos pacientes. (AU)

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Resumen Las investigaciones sobre moral y justicia en psicología han tomado diferentes caminos conceptuales. Los psicólogos han atendido a situaciones cotidianas de intercambio entre personas para establecer cómo la justicia tiene que ver con el respeto al semejante y con la evitación de daño (Giraldo & Benítez, 2011). Estas aproximaciones adolecen de una serie de imprecisiones conceptuales. Procurando esclarecer los sentidos del concepto de justicia se exploran debates en disciplinas emparentadas. El artículo rescata las discusiones en filosofía moral y política que entienden la justicia en relación con espacios públicos y con las obligaciones que se demandan al Estado, como una manera de precisar nuevos caminos investigativos para la psicología moral. La justicia y las nociones de igualdad tienen un sentido propio cuando se refieren a espacios públicos y a consideraciones de derechos humanos. De manera relacionada se ofrece una perspectiva del desarrollo según las teorías del ciclo vital que postulan la sabiduría como el nivel más desarrollado de juicio moral.

Abstract Research on morality and justice in psychology has followed different conceptual paths. Psychologists have dealt with everyday situations of interaction among persons in order to establish that justice has to do with respect for fellow humans and avoidance of damage (Giraldo & Benítez, 2011). These approaches feature a series of conceptual inaccuracies. In an effort to clarify the meanings of the concept of justice, the article explores debates from related disciplines. It turns to discussions in moral and political philosophy that understand justice in relation to public spaces and obligations demanded from the State, as a way to open up new research paths for moral psychology. Justice and the notions of equality acquire a specific meaning when referred to public spaces and to considerations of human rights. In relation with this, it also provides a perspective of development according to life cycle theories, which establish wisdom as the most developed level of moral judgment.

Resumo Pesquisas sobre moral e justiça na psicologia tomaram caminhos conceituais diferentes. Os psicólogos têm atendido a situações cotidianas de intercâmbio entre pessoas para estabelecer como a justiça está relacionada ao respeito pelos semelhantes e à prevenção de danos (Giraldo & Benítez, 2011). Essas abordagens sofrem de uma série de precisões conceituais. Com o intuito de esclarecer os sentidos do conceito de justiça, os debates são explorados em disciplinas relacionadas. O artigo resgata as discussões em filosofia moral e política que entendem a justiça em relação aos espaços públicos e com as obrigações que são exigidas do Estado, como forma de especificar novos caminhos de estudo para a psicologia moral. A justiça e as noções de igualdade têm um sentido próprio quando se referem a espaços públicos e considerações de direitos humanos. De um modo relacionado, uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento é oferecida de acordo com as teorias do ciclo de vida, que postulam a sabedoria como o nível mais desenvolvido de julgamento moral.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to prospectively observe gustatory and neurosensory alterations following surgical removal of mandibular third molars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective clinical study was conducted with patients who required mandibular third molar extraction, recruited from the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Federal University of Ceará (Brazil). Age, sex, and radiographic signs were recorded. The outcome variables were the presence or absence of gustatory and neurosensory alterations. The patients were observed preoperatively and at 7, 30, 90, and 180 days postoperatively by using gustatory and neurosensory tests. RESULTS: The response to sweet (p = 0.509) and sour (p = 0.078) stimulus did not alter significantly over time. The salty threshold significantly increased from the preoperative to 7- and 30-day postoperative periods, returning to baseline values at 90 days postoperatively (p = 0.038). The bitter threshold increased significantly from the preoperative to 7-day postoperative period, returning to baseline values at 30 days after surgery (p < 0.001). Regarding neurosensory evaluation, there was an altered response to stimulus at 7 days postoperatively in specific studied areas, returning to baseline values 30 days after surgery (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study shows that mandibular third molar removal was associated with slight sensory disturbances related to mechanical, tactile, and gustatory perception. Regarding the recovery period, all patients returned to normal function without intervention, over a period ranging from 30 to 90 days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study highlighted the importance of a sensory evaluation following removal of third molars, notably regarding mechanical perception and gustatory threshold assessment.

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La actual hegemonía anglosajona en las definiciones sobre ocupación evidencia escaso conocimiento y visibilización de los saberes que emergen en el quehacer de la Terapia Ocupacional (TO)local para lo que esta investigación busca comprender los saberes sobre ocupación desde la praxis de los Terapeutas Ocupacionales (TTOO) en la Región de La Araucanía. La metodología es constructivista, cualitativa, descriptiva, con diseño de teoría fundamentado. Participan tres informantes claves, se utiliza entrevista semiestructurada con guión temático; el análisis es descriptivo, axial y selectivo, basado en codificación, comparación constante y triangulación entre informantes. Los resultados indican que los saberes están formados por un núcleo de contenidos esenciales que es asumido y compartido entre TTOO y emerge la palabra "hacer" como código común; que las características del contexto local influyen en estas comprensiones y contribuyen a ampliar los interpretaciones de ocupación; que los saberes se expresan y configuran en la praxis de TO (procesos TO, dar conocer/validar y docencia) y en las acciones y argumentos en los que subyace lo comprensión de ocupación de los TTOO. Se concluye que los saberes sobre ocupación están implícitos y naturalizados en el quehacer cotidiano de TO, en los comprensiones que nutren y determinan su praxis, configurando saberes situados que promueven una praxis pertinente y tension o el predominio de perspectivas globales. Sin embargo, se vislumbra un abismo epistemológico entre el discurso hegemónico anglosajón academicista con atractivas propuestas teóricas y pretensiones de definiciones universales, además de saberes locales que emergen anclados en contextos particulares de la praxis de TO en Chile.

The current hegemony of English-speaking in definitions about occupation, demonstrate low knowledge and visibility of wisdom in local Occupationa Therapy (OT) work, reason why this research aims to understand the wisdom about occupation from Occupotional Therapists praxis in Araucanía Region, Chile. The methodology is constructivist, qualitative, descriptive, with a supported theory design. Three key informants participate, a semi­ structured interview is used with thematic script; the analysis is descriptive, axial and selective, based on codification, constant comparison and triangulation among informants. The results describe that wisdom is formed by a core of essential contents, accepted and shared among TOs where the word "hacer" (do or make in English) emerges as a common code; the characteristics of local context injluence these comprehensions and contribute to widen occupation interpretations; wisdom is expressed and shoped on OT praxis (OT processes, teach/validate and teaching) ond also in octions and arguments where underlies the OTs understanding of occupation. lt is concluded that occupation wisdom is implicit and naturalized in Chilean daily OTs work and in the understanding that nourishes and determines their praxis, they shape situated knowledge that promotes and appropriate praxis, and stresses the predominance of global views. However, it ispossible to glimpse an epistemological abyss between the English-speaking hegemonic academic discourse -with attractive theoretical proposals and aspirotions for universal deftnitions- and the situated knowledge that emerges anchored in specific contexts of OTpraxis in Chile.

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Dental trauma is a common injury observed at dental practices that normally occurs in young patients. It especially affects the anterior teeth, although trauma to the posterior teeth can also be observed frequently when caused by high-impact trauma and masticatory forces. Horizontal root fracture in the posterior teeth is even more rare and involves a more specific type of trauma. This article reports the case of a second molar root fracture that happened during the removal of an impacted wisdom tooth. The patient had no discomfort associated with the event, and the tooth had no change in sensibility or mobility during follow-up. Seven months after the fracture, there was complete radicular healing even though no treatment was given.

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Partindo do compromisso da Gerontologia Social de tentar explicar as diferenças interindividuais que se amplificam com o aumento da idade, e no sentido de melhorar a compreensão e intervenção gerontológica, o presente estudo assumiu como objetivo avaliar as qualidades psicométricas da Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS; Ardelt, 2003), enquanto medida de avaliação das características associadas à sabedoria. Os resultados sugerem uma nova solução fatorial, a 3D-WS-19, que se apresenta como um instrumento de medida válido, fiável e adequado à população adulta portuguesa.

Based on the commitment of the Social Gerontology to try to explain the interindividual differences that amplify with the increase of age and to improve the gerontological understanding and intervention, the present study assumed the goal of evaluate the psychometric qualities of the Three Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D- WS; Ardelt, 2003) as a measure of evaluation of the characteristics associated with wisdom. The results suggest a new factorial solution, the 3D-WS-19, which presents itself as a valid, reliable and suitable instrument for the Portuguese adult population.

A partir de el compromiso de la Gerontología Social de intentar explicar las diferencias interindividuales que se amplifican con el aumento de la edad y para mejorar la comprensión y la intervención gerontológica, este estudio se llevó a evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Three Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS; Ardelt, 2003) como una medida de la evaluación de las características asociadas con la sabiduría. Los resultados sugieren una nueva solución factorial, el 3D-WS-19, que se presenta como un instrumento de medición válido, fiable y adecuado a la población adulta portuguesa.

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El objetivo de la investigación es el diseño de una escala breve en español para la evaluación de la sabiduría en adultos mayores. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo tres estudios. En el primero, una muestra de 505 adultos mayores de 50 años completó un cuestionario de 45 ítems en relación con la sabiduría seleccionados por jueces expertos. Un análisis de componentes principales ofreció una solución de 20 ítems agrupados en tres componentes, que explicaba el 42% de la varianza con una consistencia interna satisfactoria (a = 0.85). Posteriormente se puso a prueba la validez estructural de la escala mediante un AFC aplicado a los datos aportados por una muestra de 290 adultos mayores de 50 años. La solución con tres dimensiones independientes era la que mostraba una mejor bondad de ajuste. Por último, en un tercer estudio con 409 adultos mayores de 50 años se obtuvieron datos respecto a la validez concurrente y estabilidad temporal de las puntuaciones de la escala. Se encontró una relación moderadamente alta con otras escalas similares (r=0.45), una relación baja con una escala de deseabilidad social (r = 0.26) y una correlación test-retest satisfactoria (r=0.75). Se comentan las implicaciones teóricas y posibles usos de escala, así como sus limitaciones.

The article is aimed at designing a brief scale in Spanish to assess wisdom among older people. To do that, three studies were carried out. In the first one, a sample made up of 505 people of 50 year-old and older completed a questionnaire that included 45 wisdom-related items selected by experts. The application of a principal component analysis yielded a 20-item solution grouped into three components, which accounted for 42% of the variance, and with a satisfactory internal consistency (a = 0.85). In a second study the structural validity of the scale was tested by means of a CFA applied to data gathered in a 290 people sample. Thee three independent dimension solution was the one that fitted best. Finally, in a third study involving 409 people 50 years and older, the concurrent validity and the stability of scale scores were tested. They were moderately related with scores of a conceptually related scale (r=0.45). Their relationship with a scale of social desirability was low (r = 0.26), while the test-retest correlation was satisfactory (r=0.75). Theoretical implications, possible uses and limitations of the scale were discussed.

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Resumo Da Antiguidade clássica à Idade Média, a sabedoria associava-se à velhice e havia várias possibilidades de sabedoria. A partir da modernidade, os laços que uniam conhecimento, sabedoria e velhice foram se perdendo com o tempo, à medida que o capitalismo avançava. Atualmente, os idosos já não associados à sabedoria e alguns indicadores sociais sugerem que, embora vivam mais tempo, a população idosa vive pior. Ilustramos esta ideia utilizando alguns dados sobre suicídio idoso na atualidade.

Abstract From classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, the wisdom it is associated with old age and there were several possibilities for wisdom. From the modernity, the ties between knowledge, wisdom and old age have been lost over time, as capitalism advanced. Currently, the elderly no longer associated with wisdom, and some social indicators suggest that, although they live longer, the elderly live worse. We illustrate this idea using some data on elderly suicide today.

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La lesión del nervio alveolar inferior (NAI) al extraer los terceros molares mandibulares esa menudo causada por la íntima relación entre el nervio y las raíces dentarias. La técnica de coronectomía ola retención intencionada de raíz, podría mitigar este problema. Treinta pacientes fueron sometidos a coronectomia en 30 terceros molares mandibulares con seguimiento de al menos 6 meses. Todos los pacientes fueron radiografiados antes de la intervención, inmediatamente después de la operación, y después de 6meses. La técnica se realizó con protección del nervio lingual como parte del procedimiento quirúrgico. Todas las raíces quedaron al menos 3 mm por debajo de las tablas óseas bucal y lingual. No hubo ningún caso de daño del NAI. Hubo un caso de afectación transitoria del nervio lingual, probablemente por el uso del retractor lingual. Un paciente requirió la retirada posterior de las raíces de los terceros molares, debido a la falta cicatrización, y otro paciente requirió la retirada posterior de una raíz a causa de migración posterior ala superficie. La migración de las raíces se observó en aproximadamente el 30 % de los pacientes durante un período de 6 meses. La coronectomia parece ser una técnica viable en aquellos casos en que la extracción completa del diente podría poner al NAI en un riesgo considerable de daño. La técnica parece estar asociada con una baja incidencia de complicaciones, pero la migración posterior de las raíces puede ser un problema en el largo plazo.

The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury to remove the third molars is often caused by the intimate relationship between the nerve and the roots of the teeth. Coronectomy technique or intentional root retention, may minimize this problem. Thirty patients underwent coronectomy in 30 third molars with follow up of at least 6 months. Coronectomy technique deliberately protected the lingual nerve as part of the surgical procedure. All roots were at least 3 mm below the buccal and lingual bony walls. All patients were radiographed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and after 6 months. There were no cases of IAN damage involved in this study of 30 patients who underwent 30 coronectomies. There was one case of transient lingual nerve involvement, probably by the use of lingual retractor. One patient required subsequent removal of the roots of both lower third molars, due to lack of healing, and one patient required subsequent removal of a root cause of migration back to the surface. migration of the roots was observed in approximately 30 percent of patients during a period of six months. Coronectomy seems to be a viable technique in those cases where the removal of all tooth could put the IAN at considerable risk of damage. The technique appears to be associated with a low incidence of complications, but the subsequent migration of the roots can be a problem in the long term.

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La presente es una reseña crítica del libro colectivo Experticia, sabiduría y desarrollo moral, elaborado por equipos de investigación dirigidos por el profesor Jaime Yáñez, de la Universidad Nacional Colombia. En el libro se plantean debates actualizados, amplios y detallados que son presentados como tensiones genealógicas, características de la dimensión moral del desarrollo. Entre estas resaltan, la tensión entre la autonomía, el cuidado y la compasión; y la tensión entre la pretendida universalidad del conocimiento científico acerca del desarrollo moral, y la experticia particular de cada ser humano, propia de la sabiduría.

This is a critical outline of the book Experticia, sabiduria y desarrollo moral, prepared by a research team led by professor Jaime Yañez, from Universidad Nacional (Colombia). In this book, updated, comprehensive, and detailed discussions are presented as genealogical tensions, which are characteristic of the moral dimension of development. These genealogical tensions highlight the tension between autonomy, care, and compassion, and the tension between the supposed universality of scientific knowledge related to moral development and each individual's own wisdom and particular expertise.

RESUMO

El objetivo de este capítulo es articular los conceptos de sabiduría y erotismo con el fin de considerar los recursos positivos de los adultos mayores en relación a la sexualidad a lo largo del curso vital. Conocer los modos en que se redimensionan los goces eróticos en una etapa vital donde se pueden hallar limitaciones físicas y culturales puede resultar de gran valor tanto a nivel individual como social. La sabiduría del erotismo busca indicar como se conforma un recurso cognitivo, reflexivo y emocional para tratar las variables circunstancias biológicas y culturales sobre la sexualidad. De esta manera se posibilitaría la formación de goces supletorios que fortalecerían la integridad personal. A modo de conclusión hallamos que en el envejecimiento, frente a ciertos cambios que limitan o imposibilitan la genitalidad, se despliegan tres modos alternativos que: - multiplican las áreas disponibles de goce como en el fantaseo, la ponderación de otros espacios de disfrute y variadas formas de acceso al mismo; - aumentan la importancia que toma la figura de un erotismo amoroso con la pareja, y - posibilitan encontrar formas alternativas de disfrute de la belleza. Este capítulo se basa en fuentes teóricas y datos empíricos surgidos de investigaciones cualitativas.

The aim of this chapter is to articulate the concepts of wisdom and eroticism in order to consider the positive resources of the elderly in relation to sexuality throughout life. Knowing the ways in which the erotic pleasures are reconsidered at a vital stage where physical and cultural constraints can be found, may be of great value to both individual and social levels. Wisdom in eroticism seeks for the source of eroticism as a cognitive, reflective and emotional resource to treat its biological and cultural variables in sexuality. Therefore, alternative ways of obtaining pleasure can be found to strengthen personal integrity. In conclusion, the elderly, when facing certain changes that limit or prevent the sexual act, display the following three alternatives: - They multiply the areas available for enjoyment such as fantasizing, and finding ways of enjoying each other; - They increase the importance of amorous exchange in the couple; and - They find alternative ways to enjoy beauty. This chapter is based on theoretical sources and empirical evidence obtained through qualitative research.

O objetivo deste artigo é articular os conceitos de sabedoria e erotismo, a fim de considerar os recursos positivos do idoso em relação à sexualidade ao longo da vida. Conhecer as formas, em que os prazeres eróticos redimensionam numa fase vital, em que se podem encontrar restrições físicas e culturais, pode ser de grande valor tanto em nível individual como social. A sabedoria do erotismo busca configurar-se como um recurso cognitivo, reflexivo e emocional que está em conformidade para tratar variadas circunstâncias biológicas e culturais sobre a sexualidade. Dessa forma, formas alternativas de prazeres que reforçariam a integridade pessoal. Em conclusão, os idosos, quando enfrentam determinadas alterações que limitam ou impedem o ato sexual, apresentam as três seguintes alternativas: - eles multiplicam as áreas disponíveis de diversão, tais como fantasiar e encontrar modos de apreciar uns aos outros; - aumentar a importância da troca amorosa de casal, e - encontrar possíveis formas alternativas para desfrutar da beleza. Este capítulo é baseado em fontes teóricas e dados empíricos obtidos por meio da pesquisa qualitativa.

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