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Monensin sodium is one of the most common ionophores used in livestock feeding; however, ionophores are condemned by organized consumer groups. Bioactive compounds from plants found in the seasonally dry tropical forest have similar mechanisms of action as ionophores. The aim was to investigate the effects of replacing monensin sodium with phytogenic additives on the nutritional efficiency of beef cattle. Five 14-month-old Nellore bulls (average body weight 452.68 ± 42.60 kg) were used in the study. The experiment was designed as a 5 × 5 Latin Square (five treatments and five 22-day experimental periods). Within each period, 15 days were used for adaptation of animals to experimental conditions and 7 days for data collection. Bulls were fed a control diet (without additives), monensin (a diet containing monensin sodium 40% as a synthetic additive), and three diets containing phytogenic additives prepared from Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth) Brenan, Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret, or Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Nutritional efficiency was assessed through feed intake, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, and hematological parameters. Monensin and phytogenic additives did not influence (P > 0.05) feeding behavior or hematological parameters, but the nutrient intake was highest for bulls supplemented phytogenic additives (P < 0.05). Monensin supplementation did not influence (P > 0.05) feed intake. The phytogenic additives and monensin sodium increased (P < 0.05) the nutrient digestibility. Therefore, the phytogenic additives from P. juliflora, A. macrocarpa, and M. tenuiflora can be recommended to enhance the nutritional efficiency of confined Nellore cattle.

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Quinoa starch nanocrystals (QSNCs), obtained by acid hydrolysis, were used as a reinforcing filler in cassava starch films. The influence of QSNC concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%, w/w) on the film's physical and surface properties was investigated. QSNCs exhibited conical and parallelepiped shapes. An increase of the QSNC concentration, from 0 to 5%, improved the film's tensile strength from 6.5 to 16.5 MPa, but at 7.5%, it decreased to 11.85 MPa. Adequate exfoliation of QSNCs in the starch matrix also decreased the water vapor permeability (~17%) up to a 5% concentration. At 5.0% and 7.5% concentrations, the films increased in roughness, water contact angle, and opacity, whereas the brightness decreased. Furthermore, at these concentrations, the film's hydrophilic nature changed (water contact angle values of >65°). The SNC addition increased the film opacity without causing major changes in color. Other film properties, such as thickness, moisture content and solubility, were not affected by the QSNC concentration. The DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) results indicated that greater QSNC concentrations increased the second glass transition temperature (related to the biopolymer-rich phase) and the melting enthalpy. However, the film's thermal stability was not altered by the QSNC addition. These findings contribute to overcoming the starch-based films' limitations through the development of nanocomposite materials for future food packaging applications.

RESUMO

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. is a special tropical spice crop resource with broad development prospects. It is widely cultivated under a Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg. canopy to improve the comprehensive benefits to Hevea brasiliensis plantations in Hainan Provence, China. However, the effects of intercropping with Hevea brasiliensis on the component number and relative contents of volatile substances in different categories in the Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves are still unknown. Therefore, a Hevea brasiliensis and Pandanus amaryllifolius intercropping experiment was set up to clarify the differences between several cultivated patterns on volatile substances in the Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves, and the key regulatory factors of volatile substances. The results showed that the soil pH was significantly decreased, while soil bulk density, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus contents were significantly increased under the intercropping pattern. The component numbers of esters in volatile substances were increased by 6.20%, while the component numbers of ketones were decreased by 4.26% under the intercropping pattern. Compared with the Pandanus amaryllifolius monoculture, the relative contents of pyrroles, esters and furanones were significantly increased by 8.83%, 2.30% and 8.27%, respectively, while the relative contents of ketones, furans and hydrocarbons were decreased by 1.01%, 10.55% and 9.16% under the intercropping pattern, respectively. The relative contents of pyrroles, esters, furanones, ketones, furans and hydrocarbons were associated with changes in soil pH, soil available phosphorus content and air temperature. The results indicated that the reduction in soil pH and enhancement in soil-available phosphorus may be the main reasons for promoting the relative content of pyrroles and reducing the relative content of hydrocarbons under an intercropping pattern. Overall, Hevea brasiliensis intercropping with Pandanus amaryllifolius could not only improve soil properties, but also significantly increase the relative contents of the main volatile substances in Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves, which could provide a theoretical basis for the application and promotion of high-quality production patterns of Pandanus amaryllifolius.

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The Andean grains from the Peruvian Altiplano, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) have high protein content and an optimal balance of essential amino acids and minerals such as iron (19.8 mg/100 g y 17.6 mg/100 g, respectively). The objective of this research was to evaluate the antianemic activity of extruded flour from quinoa seeds variety Negra Collana and kanihua variety Ramis in anemic Holtzman strain rats. The results of the proximal analysis showed high protein content in quinoa at 22% and kanihua at 16.2%, and the acute toxicity test showed harmlessness up to the dose of 15000 mg/Kg in both flours confirmed with the anatomopathological observation of organs such as liver, stomach, lung, kidneys, and brain. In the evaluation of the antianemic activity, a basal average of 29.3 ± 0.2% of hematocrit was observed in the group of anemic rats treated with quinoa flour, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 53.8 ± 0.3% of hematocrit (p ≤ 0.05). A group of anemic rats treated with kanihua flour had a basal average of 29.5 ± 0.3%, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 51.7 ± 0.3% (p ≤ 0.05). A group of rats without anemia treated with quinoa and kanihua flour showed a basal average of 50.2 ± 0.2% and 49.3 ± 0.3%; in twelve weeks, it increased to 55.2 ± 0.2% and 54.8 ± 0.1%, respectively. It was concluded that oral administration of 360 mg/Kg every 24 h of quinoa flour and kanihua flour increased hematocrit levels by 24.5 ± 0.5% and 22.2 ± 0.3%; weight 65.8 ± 0.3 g and 59.2 ± 0.1 g; height 6.8 ± 0.1 cm and 5.7 ± 0.5 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). In rats without anemia increased hematocrit levels by 5.3 ± 0.0% and 5.5 ± 0.0%; weight 37.7 ± 0.1 g and 21.7 ± 0.05 g; height 4 ± 0.0 cm and 3.9 ± 0.0 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05).

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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a genetically diverse crop that has gained popularity in recent years due to its high nutritional content and ability to tolerate abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought. Varieties from the coastal lowland ecotype are of particular interest due to their insensitivity to photoperiod and their potential to be cultivated in higher latitudes. We performed a field experiment in the southern Atacama Desert in Chile to investigate the responses to reduced irrigation of nine previously selected coastal lowland self-pollinated (CLS) lines and the commercial cultivar Regalona. We found that several lines exhibited a yield and seed size superior to Regalona, also under reduced irrigation. Plant productivity data were analyzed together with morphological and physiological traits measured at the visible inflorescence stage to estimate the contribution of these traits to differences between the CLS lines and Regalona under full and reduced irrigation. We applied proximal sensing methods and found that thermal imaging provided a promising means to estimate variation in plant water use relating to yield, whereas hyperspectral imaging separated lines in a different way, potentially related to photosynthesis as well as water use.

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With regard to constant technological innovations in the bakery sector in order to increase bread nutritional value without affecting its technological and sensory characteristics, we applied pseudocereals/oilseeds to obtain an optimal formulation. A factorial design 33 was used and the independent factors were chia flour (levels: 0, 10, 20% flour basis), quinoa flour (levels: 0, 20, 40% flour basis), and amaranth flour (levels: 0, 20, 40% flour basis). Their effects and interactions were studied through the response surface methodology to optimise the bread formulation from a holistic viewpoint, which included the nutritional, technological and sensory characteristics. The optimum formulation with the highest quality was the blend made with 10, 4, and 20% of chia, quinoa, and amaranth, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in protein amount, ash, lipids, and crumb firmness compared to wheat bread. The calorie value of the control sample and the optimised formula were significantly similar, bearing in mind the high lipid amounts present in raw materials. Loaf-specific volume slightly decreased in comparison to control bread, as expected in formulations with gluten-free raw materials and a large amount of fibre. The optimised formula presented nutritionally/functionally higher indexes and similar overall acceptability to the control bread (p < 0.05).

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This work aimed at evaluating and comparing agronomic characteristics of 15 quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) genotypes cultivated in two altitudes and sowing densities. The experiment initiated by individual plant selection in Brasília, DF, followed by progeny evaluation in Colombia, at 1,100 m and 1,850 m altitude and population densities of 30 and 12 plants m-1, with row spacing of 0,50 m. Eleven progenies and four commercial cultivars were tested. The progenies were obtained by selecting individuals in BRS Syetetuba based on plant height, grain and dry matter yield, harvest index and 1,000 grain weight. The genotypes with the highest grain yield were BRQ 8 (2,283 kg ha-1), Aurora (2,121 kg ha-1) and BRQ 4 (2,043 kg ha-1). In general, the genotypes had early plant cycle, from emergence to physiological maturity of 100-110 days at high plant density for the two altitudes. It is concluded that exploring variability in progenies originated from natural crosses is effective in the adaptation of quinoa to tropical environments. Moreover, genotypes tested in the Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah) maintain the same response relation when evaluated in Colombia. (AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar características agronômicas e biométricas de 15 genótipos de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), cultivados em duas altitudes e densidades de semeadura. O experimento iniciou por seleção individual em Brasília, DF, seguido por avaliação agronômica em duas altitudes (1,100 m e 1,850 m), e duas densidades de semeadura (30 plantas m-1 e 12 plantas m-1) na Colômbia. O experimento foi constituído por 11 progênies e quatro cultivares comerciais em uso na Colômbia. Na seleção, consideraram-se altura de plantas, produção de grãos e massa seca, índice de colheita e peso de 1000 grãos. Os genótipos que se destacaram para rendimento foram BRQ 8 (2,283 kg ha-1), Aurora (2,121 kg ha-1) e BRQ 4 (2,043 kg ha-1). Em geral, os genótipos apresentaram precocidade, com ciclo (emergência-maturação) entre 100 e 110 dias, com densidade ótima de 30 plantas m-1 nas duas altitudes. Conclui-se que a exploração de variabilidade em progênies oriundas de cruzamentos naturais, mostra-se efetiva na adaptação de quinoa a ambientes tropicais. Ademais, genótipos selecionados no Cerrado mantêm as mesmas relações de resposta quando avaliados na Colômbia. (AU)

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death throughout the world. A major risk factor for CVD is platelet aggregation. Various plant extracts exhibit anti-aggregatory action in vitro. The dietary intake of traditional plant crops such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and lupin (Lupinus spp., Fabaceae family), highly recognized for their high nutritional value, is increasing worldwide. The aim of the study was to assay possible antiplatelet effects of quinoa and lupin bean extracts in vitro. The proximate chemical composition of quinoa grains and the three most widely known lupin cultivars: blue (L. angustifolius), yellow (L. luteus or mutabilis) and white (L. albus) grown in Chile were analyzed. The anti-aggregation activity of the ethanol extracts of the crops was assayed using flow cytometry in ADP-stimulated human platelets, and their inhibition of the maximal platelet aggregation was measured. All the lupin extracts exhibited a significant anti-aggregatory effect (p < 0.0001), while quinoa extracts did not exert this effect compared to control platelets. In conclusion, lupin beans extracts exhibited an anti-aggregatory effect on activated human platelets.

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INTRODUCTION: The usual quality control for Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. barks requires highly specific analytical standards and methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which impacts the costs of the analytical process and the final products. OBJECTIVE: To obtain an analytical reference standard of mitraphylline by isolation from U. tomentosa barks and develop a spectrophotometric method for determination of total alkaloids in samples of U. tomentosa. METHODOLOGY: An alkaloid-enriched extract was obtained by acid-base partition and mitraphylline was selectively precipitated using an 80:20 v/v toluene/hexane solution. The compound was characterised by HPLC-UV/DAD (diode-array detector), mass spectrometry, UV-visible, infrared (IR) and 1 H- and 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sample preparation for the spectrophotometric method consisted of an extraction with boiling methanol (3 × 10 mL, 15 min), followed by a strong cation exchange solid phase extraction (SCX-SPE) clean-up. RESULTS: Mitraphylline with a purity of 98% was isolated in 0.05% m/m yield. All characterisation results were in agreement with previous published data. The spectrophotometric method showed linear range between 0.40 and 20 µg/mL; limits of detection and quantification of 0.15 and 0.49 µg/mg, respectively; dispersion of results lower than 5% for repeatability and intermediate precision; statistically proven accuracy by comparison with reference values obtained by Soxhlet and an HPLC-UV/DAD method; and robustness in relation to sample mass extracted and extraction time. CONCLUSION: The methods developed to obtain mitraphylline analytical standard from U. tomentosa barks and to determine total alkaloids by spectrophotometry provided a cheaper and faster quality control alternative for U. tomentosa samples.

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BACKGROUND: There is renewed interest in quinoa as a potential source of vegetable oils; however, there is no information about how environmental conditions affect its fatty acid composition, a critical indicator of its oil quality. The fatty acid concentrations of four cultivars adapted to temperate environments were compared at three sowing dates to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions during the seed-filling period on the variation in oil quality. RESULTS: The interaction between cultivar and sowing date was the main source of variation explaining the changes in the lipid content and fatty acid concentrations in quinoa. Most of the variation in the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids was attributed to the temperature and solar radiation during the seed-filling period; cultivar-specific responses to photo-thermal conditions were observed among the sea-level quinoa cultivars evaluated. CONCLUSION: The lipid content and concentration of fatty acids in quinoa are affected by sowing date. This effect is exerted through changes in temperature and solar radiation conditions. This managing practice can therefore be used to achieve quinoa oil with different qualities. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Mastitis is responsible for both damage to animal health and economic losses to the industry. To identify effective treatments for this disease, products extracted from a variety of plants with antimicrobial potential have gained attention. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial potential ofthe ethanolic extract of two plant species from the Caatinga biome against bacteria isolated from small ruminants with subclinical mastitis. The leaves of Mimosa tenuiflora and Commiphora leptophloeos were dried and processed to obtain crude ethanolic extracts and their phenolic composition was evaluated. In total, 33 Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the bacterial collection of the Laboratory of Food Quality Control of IF SERTÃO-PE were used for evaluation of biofilm production. Furthermore, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) method against the two ethanolic extracts. The toxic potential was measured through a toxicity test with Artemia salina. The quantification of the phenolic compounds revealed that the ethanolic extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos possessed higher amounts of myricetin (43.2 and 294.9 mg in 10 g, respectively) in relation to the other compounds. A 39.4% positivity rate was observed in the nuc gene investigation. The biofilm production analysis revealed that 96.9% of the isolates produced biofilm, evidencing the evolution the microorganisms regarding the development of resistance mechanisms. The MBC results showed an inhibition range between 195.30 and 3125.00 µg mL-¹ and between 781.20 and 6250.00 µg mL-¹ for the extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos, respectively. The M. tenuiflora extract showed the highest activity, suppressing 100% of the bacterial isolates (n=26), whereas the extract of C. leptophloeos showed an inhibition percentage of 69.23%. The crude ethanolic extract (EEB) [...].(AU)

A mastite é responsável por danos à saúde animal e prejuízos financeiros ao produtor. Na busca por alternativas eficazes no controle da mastite, destacam-se os produtos naturais extraídos de diversas plantas que possuem ação antibacteriana. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro do extrato etanólico de duas espécies do bioma caatinga frente a bactérias isoladas de casos de mastite subclínica em pequenos ruminantes. As folhas de jurema preta e umburana de cambão foram secas e processadas para obtenção dos extratos etanólicos bruto para o estudo da composição fenólica. Foram utilizados 33 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. provenientes da bacterioteca do Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos do IF SERTÃO-PE. Com os isolados de Staphylococcus spp. realizou-se a análise de quantificação da produção de biofilme. Além disso, empregou-se o teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana, utilizando-se a técnica da concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) frente aos dois extratos etanólicos. Para conhecer o potencial tóxico, utilizou-se o teste de toxicidade com Artemia salina. A análise de quantificação dos compostos fenólicos demonstrou que os extratos etanólicos de jurema preta e umburana de cambão apresentaram a miricetina em quantidades bastante elevadas, 43,2 e 294,9 mg em 10 g respectivamente, em relação aos demais compostos detectados. Na pesquisa do gene nuc, observou-se uma positividade de 39,4%.A análise da produção de biofilme revelou que 96,9% dos isolados apresentaram a capacidade de produção do biofilme, evidenciando a evolução destes micro-organismos quanto ao desenvolvimento de mecanismos de resistência. Os resultados referentes à concentração bactericida mínima indicaram uma faixa de inibição entre 195,30 [...].(AU)

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Mastitis is responsible for both damage to animal health and economic losses to the industry. To identify effective treatments for this disease, products extracted from a variety of plants with antimicrobial potential have gained attention. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial potential ofthe ethanolic extract of two plant species from the Caatinga biome against bacteria isolated from small ruminants with subclinical mastitis. The leaves of Mimosa tenuiflora and Commiphora leptophloeos were dried and processed to obtain crude ethanolic extracts and their phenolic composition was evaluated. In total, 33 Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the bacterial collection of the Laboratory of Food Quality Control of IF SERTÃO-PE were used for evaluation of biofilm production. Furthermore, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) method against the two ethanolic extracts. The toxic potential was measured through a toxicity test with Artemia salina. The quantification of the phenolic compounds revealed that the ethanolic extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos possessed higher amounts of myricetin (43.2 and 294.9 mg in 10 g, respectively) in relation to the other compounds. A 39.4% positivity rate was observed in the nuc gene investigation. The biofilm production analysis revealed that 96.9% of the isolates produced biofilm, evidencing the evolution the microorganisms regarding the development of resistance mechanisms. The MBC results showed an inhibition range between 195.30 and 3125.00 µg mL-¹ and between 781.20 and 6250.00 µg mL-¹ for the extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos, respectively. The M. tenuiflora extract showed the highest activity, suppressing 100% of the bacterial isolates (n=26), whereas the extract of C. leptophloeos showed an inhibition percentage of 69.23%. The crude ethanolic extract (EEB) [...].

A mastite é responsável por danos à saúde animal e prejuízos financeiros ao produtor. Na busca por alternativas eficazes no controle da mastite, destacam-se os produtos naturais extraídos de diversas plantas que possuem ação antibacteriana. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro do extrato etanólico de duas espécies do bioma caatinga frente a bactérias isoladas de casos de mastite subclínica em pequenos ruminantes. As folhas de jurema preta e umburana de cambão foram secas e processadas para obtenção dos extratos etanólicos bruto para o estudo da composição fenólica. Foram utilizados 33 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. provenientes da bacterioteca do Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos do IF SERTÃO-PE. Com os isolados de Staphylococcus spp. realizou-se a análise de quantificação da produção de biofilme. Além disso, empregou-se o teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana, utilizando-se a técnica da concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) frente aos dois extratos etanólicos. Para conhecer o potencial tóxico, utilizou-se o teste de toxicidade com Artemia salina. A análise de quantificação dos compostos fenólicos demonstrou que os extratos etanólicos de jurema preta e umburana de cambão apresentaram a miricetina em quantidades bastante elevadas, 43,2 e 294,9 mg em 10 g respectivamente, em relação aos demais compostos detectados. Na pesquisa do gene nuc, observou-se uma positividade de 39,4%.A análise da produção de biofilme revelou que 96,9% dos isolados apresentaram a capacidade de produção do biofilme, evidenciando a evolução destes micro-organismos quanto ao desenvolvimento de mecanismos de resistência. Os resultados referentes à concentração bactericida mínima indicaram uma faixa de inibição entre 195,30 [...].

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Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing in recent years and is most frequently found in pathogenic microorganisms resistant or multiresistant to drugs. The secondary metabolites of plants have been evaluated as alternatives for control and treatment of these microorganisms. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity from Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq) Willd fruit. Hydroalcoholic extract (CCHA), was subjected to a bipartition with ethyl acetate giving two fractions an aqueous (Aq-F) and an organic (EtOAc-F). The isolation of bioactive fraction (EtOAc-F) allowed obtain two important compounds, methyl gallate (1) and gallic acid (2). These compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The CCHA, both fractions and the isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro to determine their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Gallic acid (2) showed the lowest MIC on S. typhi, (0.156 mg/mL), L. monocytogenes and S. aureus (1.25 mg/mL), while methyl gallate (1) had the best inhibitory effect against E. coli and P. aeruginosa (1.25 mg/mL). On the other hand, methyl gallate (1) showed the best MBC on P. aeruginosa (2.50 mg/mL), and gallic acid (2) had the lowest MBC on P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes. In conclusion, methyl gallate (1) and gallic acid (2) are the compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria fruit.

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With the purpose of valuing the species Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa), as well as encouraging the consumption of its grains, this study aimed at providing a detailed evaluation of the nutritional value and chemical composition of several quinoa grains of different colour varieties (black, red and white) from different origins. The results demonstrated an excellent composition, namely in the presence of many compounds of interest, such as organic acids, tocopherols and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as a very favourable nutritional profile, with carbohydrates and proteins being the prominent macronutrients. Regarding the different varieties, statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in studied parameters, with the exception of proteins, carbohydrates, oxalic acid, γ-tocopherol and total tocopherols content. Thus, this pseudocereal takes a position of nutritional excellence, compared to others cereals more commonly consumed, thereby representing a promising ingredient for many uses in the food industry.

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A quinoa é uma cultura de origem andina. Atualmente apresenta grande demanda pelo mercado consumidor devido a qualidade nutricional de seus grãos. Assim, a importância do conhecimento do potencial fisiológico de sementes de quinoa ganha destaque. Uma metodologia inovadora, sendo considerado um teste rápido para avaliação do nível de vigor é o teste do etanol, desta forma, objetivou-se estudar a relação entre a produção de etanol e o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de quinoa. Foram utilizados quatro lotes de sementes, com distintos níveis de vigor e três diferentes massas de sementes (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0g). Posteriormente, as sementes foram imersas em água por um período de 24 horas a uma temperatura constante de 40C, após este período, foi efetuada a quantificação de emissão de etanol. O teste foi eficiente para diferir os níveis de vigor dos lotes, sendo que em um 1,0g é obtido a mesma distinção que a oferecida por métodos tradicionais (emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência) com menor tempo de resposta.(AU)

Quinoa is a crop originated in the Andean region. Currently, consumer demand rises due to the nutritional quality of it grains. Thus, to know the importance of physiological potential of quinoa seeds is highlighted. The ethanol test is an innovative methodology it is considered a quick test to evaluate seed vigor level. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of quinoa seeds by the ethanol test. We used four quinoa seeds lots with different vigor levels and three weight of seeds (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g). Seeds were kept underwater for 24 hours at a temperature of 40°C. After this period, the quantification of ethanol produced by quinoa seeds was performed. It was observed that the ethanol test is effective to differ the seed lots vigor levels. Similar results achieved by traditional methods (seedling emergence, emergence speed index) are found using 1.0g of quinoa seeds in a fast response.(AU)

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RESUMO

A quinoa é uma cultura de origem andina. Atualmente apresenta grande demanda pelo mercado consumidor devido a qualidade nutricional de seus grãos. Assim, a importância do conhecimento do potencial fisiológico de sementes de quinoa ganha destaque. Uma metodologia inovadora, sendo considerado um teste rápido para avaliação do nível de vigor é o teste do etanol, desta forma, objetivou-se estudar a relação entre a produção de etanol e o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de quinoa. Foram utilizados quatro lotes de sementes, com distintos níveis de vigor e três diferentes massas de sementes (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0g). Posteriormente, as sementes foram imersas em água por um período de 24 horas a uma temperatura constante de 40C, após este período, foi efetuada a quantificação de emissão de etanol. O teste foi eficiente para diferir os níveis de vigor dos lotes, sendo que em um 1,0g é obtido a mesma distinção que a oferecida por métodos tradicionais (emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência) com menor tempo de resposta.

Quinoa is a crop originated in the Andean region. Currently, consumer demand rises due to the nutritional quality of it grains. Thus, to know the importance of physiological potential of quinoa seeds is highlighted. The ethanol test is an innovative methodology it is considered a quick test to evaluate seed vigor level. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of quinoa seeds by the ethanol test. We used four quinoa seeds lots with different vigor levels and three weight of seeds (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g). Seeds were kept underwater for 24 hours at a temperature of 40°C. After this period, the quantification of ethanol produced by quinoa seeds was performed. It was observed that the ethanol test is effective to differ the seed lots vigor levels. Similar results achieved by traditional methods (seedling emergence, emergence speed index) are found using 1.0g of quinoa seeds in a fast response.

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The Andes is considered the longest continental mountain range in the world. It covers 7000km long and about 200-700km wide and an average height of about 4000m. Very unique plant species are endemic of this area including fruits (e.g., lucuma, cherimoya, sweet pepino, sauco), roots and tubers (potatoes, sweet potatoes, yacón, chicuru, mashua, olluco, etc.), and seeds (quinoa, amaranth, tarwi, etc.). These crops have been used for centuries by the native population and relatively recently have gained the world attention due to the wide range of nutrients and/or phytochemicals they possess. In this chapter, main Andean fruits, seeds, and roots and tubers have been selected and detailed nutritional and functional information is provided. In addition, traditional and current uses are provided and their bioactive potential is reported based on published scientific literature.

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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), being a fast economic turnaround crop with high nutritional values and which is commercially desired, has been attracting the interest of producers, but information on production costs and profitability in national markets is still lacking, preventing the expansion of the cultivation. The aim of this study was to estimate the costs of production and profitability of four varieties of quinoa in the coffee triangle region for the agribusiness market in order to give technical support in decision-making. The study was conducted in the Tesorito Farm, owned by Universidad de Caldas, located in the municipality of Manizales (Colombia). The four varieties of quinoa selected were: golden quinoa from Bolivia, yellow quinoa crop Marangani, white sweet quinoa from Soracá and sweet Aurora quinoa from Nariño. The experimental design was completely randomized (BCA) with four replications. The yield (t ha-1), estimated production costs were evaluated and the economic indicator cost benefit (RB/C) were calculated, and a sensitivity analysis was carried out. Based on the analysis model adopted, it can be inferred that the yellow quinoa crop Marangani, the white sweet quinoa from Soracá and the golden quinoa from Bolivia had a high cost-benefit relationship with 1.99, 1.59 and 2.34 respectively; thus, the cultivation of quinoa is a profitable activity, being considered a good alternative for the region.

La quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) al ser un cultivo de rápido retorno económico, con altos valores nutritivos y apetecido comercialmente, viene despertando el interés de los productores, pero todavía falta información sobre los costos de producción y su rentabilidad en los mercados nacionales, impidiendo una expansión del cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los costos de producción y rentabilidad de cuatro variedades de quinua en la región del eje cafetero, para el mercado agroindustrial, con el fin de dar un respaldo técnico en la toma de decisiones. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Granja Tesorito, propiedad de la Universidad de Caldas, ubicada en el municipio de Manizales (Colombia). Las cuatro variedades fueron: Dorada de Bolivia, Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca dulce Soracá y Aurora dulce Nariño. El diseño experimental fue en bloques completos al azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones. Fue evaluado el rendimiento (t ha-1), estimados los costos de producción y calculados los indicadores económicos: relación beneficio costo (RB/C) y un análisis de sensibilidad. Por el modelo de análisis adoptado se puede inferir que las variedades Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca dulce Soracá y Dorada de Bolivia presentaron una alta relación beneficio costo con 1,99, 1,59 y 2,34 respectivamente; así, el cultivo de quinua es una actividad rentable, siendo considerada una buena alternativa para cultivo en la región.

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BACKGROUND: Capsicum peppers are known as a source of capsaicinoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidants. Brazilian Capsicum peppers are important spices used in foods worldwide. However, little information is available on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of these peppers. RESULTS: Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were investigated in extracts of three Brazilian peppers: Capsicum frutescens, C. chinense and C. baccatum var. pendulum, in two different harvest years and at two ripening stages. The bioactive compound content was dependent on harvest year, and changes in the concentration profiles were found for capsaicin. Mature fruits of C. chinense harvested in the first year had the highest capsaicin concentration (2.04 mg g-1 fresh pepper), and mature fruits of C. frutescens harvested in the same first year had the highest dihydrocapsaicin content (0.95 mg g-1 fresh pepper). Mature fruits of C. frutescens harvested in the first year showed the major total phenolic compound content (2.46 mg g-1 fresh pepper). The total phenolic compound content was directly related to antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that phenolic compounds significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the investigated peppers. Also, these data add valued novel information that enhances current knowledge of Brazilian pepper fruits. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

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