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Depictions of and references to apes (tailless hominoids) are very limited in early historical written accounts. The first known published representations of ape-like primates appear in Medieval European books during the first century following the invention of printing. Considering the current knowledge of ape iconography, this article examines an unusual image of a couple of ape-like creatures rendered in a European manuscript and explores the possible links of this challenging illustration with historical accounts and contexts during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. The studied manuscript is known as "BL Sloane MS 4016" and is a medieval herbal manuscript (Tratactus de Herbis) of Lombardian origin dated c. 1440. The illustration in question, which also appears in similar manuscripts, represents two primates. However, these representations differ significantly from those in the other manuscripts. The individuals have physical features that suggest attribution to chimpanzees. The location and the date of the manuscript in relation to the extended merchant and travel network between Europe and Africa during the late Medieval times and earlier Renaissance most likely indicate that free-living or traded chimpanzees or their images may have been the visual source for the illustration. The examination of early depictions and descriptions of apes helps us to understand how we, humans, have represented our own closest zoological relatives. In doing so, this study also provides a review of early ape iconography and historical accounts about African primates during the so-called Age of Discoveries.

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Deforestation affects local and regional hydroclimate through changes in heating and moistening of the atmosphere. In the tropics, deforestation leads to warming, but its impact on rainfall is more complex, as it depends on spatial scale and synoptic forcing. Most studies have focused on Amazonia, highlighting that forest edges locally enhance convective rainfall, whereas rainfall decreases over drier, more extensive, deforested regions. Here, we examine Southern West Africa (SWA), an example of "late-stage" deforestation, ongoing since 1900 within a 300-km coastal belt. From three decades of satellite data, we demonstrate that the upward trend in convective activity is strongly modulated by deforestation patterns. The frequency of afternoon storms is enhanced over and downstream of deforested patches on length scales from 16 to 196 km, with greater increases for larger patches. The results are consistent with the triggering of storms by mesoscale circulations due to landscape heterogeneity. Near the coast, where sea breeze convection dominates the diurnal cycle, storm frequency has doubled in deforested areas, attributable to enhanced land-sea thermal contrast. These areas include fast-growing cities such as Freetown and Monrovia, where enhanced storm frequency coincides with high vulnerability to flash flooding. The proximity of the ocean likely explains why ongoing deforestation across SWA continues to increase storminess, as it favors the impact of mesoscale dynamics over moisture availability. The coastal location of deforestation in SWA is typical of many tropical deforestation hotspots, and the processes highlighted here are likely to be of wider global relevance.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The West African region has been lagging in terms of the availability of, and accessibility to, safe blood. According to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Global Status Report on Blood Safety and Availability, none of the West African countries met the WHO benchmark of 10 blood units per 1000 inhabitants. This study is aimed at discussing the blood transfusion status of West African countries in the pre-COVID-19 period and analyze the capacity to respond to the COVID-19 blood crisis, as well as to outline the panacea. Methods Secondary data were extracted from published reports, journal articles and web pages, reviewed and analyzed. Result All the West African countries have recorded confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. The confirmed cases have reached 55,697, with 1069 deaths and a fatality rate of 1.9%, as of June 17, 2020. The assessed countries lagged in most of the WHO benchmarks for effective blood transfusion services. Conclusion Blood transfusion services in the West African region lacked the basic benchmark practice and policy, are not coordinated and may find it hard to tackle the blood transfusion crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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INTRODUCTION: The West African region has been lagging in terms of the availability of, and accessibility to, safe blood. According to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Global Status Report on Blood Safety and Availability, none of the West African countries met the WHO benchmark of 10 blood units per 1000 inhabitants. This study is aimed at discussing the blood transfusion status of West African countries in the pre-COVID-19 period and analyze the capacity to respond to the COVID-19 blood crisis, as well as to outline the panacea. METHODS: Secondary data were extracted from published reports, journal articles and web pages, reviewed and analyzed. RESULT: All the West African countries have recorded confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. The confirmed cases have reached 55,697, with 1069 deaths and a fatality rate of 1.9%, as of June 17, 2020. The assessed countries lagged in most of the WHO benchmarks for effective blood transfusion services. CONCLUSION: Blood transfusion services in the West African region lacked the basic benchmark practice and policy, are not coordinated and may find it hard to tackle the blood transfusion crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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During 2015-2016, Cape Verde, an island nation off the coast of West Africa, experienced a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak involving 7,580 suspected Zika cases and 18 microcephaly cases. Analysis of the complete genomes of 3 ZIKV isolates from the outbreak indicated the strain was of the Asian (not African) lineage. The Cape Verde ZIKV sequences formed a distinct monophylogenetic group and possessed 1-2 (T659A, I756V) unique amino acid changes in the envelope protein. Phylogeographic and serologic evidence support earlier introduction of this lineage into Cape Verde, possibly from northeast Brazil, between June 2014 and August 2015, suggesting cryptic circulation of the virus before the initial wave of cases were detected in October 2015. These findings underscore the utility of genomic-scale epidemiology for outbreak investigations.

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OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether Petrus Donders (died 1887), a Dutch priest who for 27 years cared for people with leprosy in the leprosarium Batavia, Suriname, had evidence of Mycobacterium (M.) leprae infection. A positive finding of M. leprae ancient (a)DNA would contribute to the origin of leprosy in Suriname. MATERIALS: Skeletal remains of Father Petrus Donders; two additional skeletons excavated from the Batavia cemetery were used as controls. METHODS: Archival research, paleopathological evaluation and aDNA-based testing of skeletal remains. RESULTS: Neither archives nor inspection of Donders skeletal remains revealed evidence of leprosy, and aDNA-based testing for M. leprae was negative. We detected M. leprae aDNA by RLEP PCR in one control skeleton, which also displayed pathological lesions compatible with leprosy. The M. leprae aDNA was genotyped by Sanger sequencing as SNP type 4; the skeleton displayed mitochondrial haplogroup L3. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that Donders contracted leprosy despite years of intense leprosy contact, but we successfully isolated an archaeological M. leprae aDNA sample from a control skeleton from South America. SIGNIFICANCE: We successfully genotyped recovered aDNA to a M. leprae strain that likely originated in West Africa. The detected human mitochondrial haplogroup L3 is also associated with this geographical region. This suggests that slave trade contributed to leprosy in Suriname. LIMITATIONS: A limited number of skeletons was examined. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Broader review of skeletal collections is advised to expand on diversity of the M. leprae aDNA database.

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Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are Deltaretroviruses that infect millions of individuals worldwide via the same transmission routes as HIV. With the aim of exposing the possible re-emergence of HTLV in West Africa since discovery, a systematic review was carried out, focusing on the distribution of the virus types and significance of frequent indeterminate reports, while highlighting the need for mandatory routine blood screening. Capturing relevant data from discovery till date, sources searched were Google Scholar, CrossRef, NCBI (PubMed), MEDLINE, Research Gate, Mendeley, abstracts of Conferences and Proceedings, organization websites and reference lists of selected papers. A total of 2626 references were initially retrieved using search terms: Worldwide prevalence of HTLV, HTLV in Africa, HTLV in West Africa, HTLV subtypes, HTLV 3 and 4 in Africa, HTLV of African origin, HTLV seroindeterminate results, Spread of HTLV. These references were rigorously trimmed down to 76. Although evidence shows that HTLV is still endemic in the region, West Africa lacks recent epidemiological prevalence data. Thorough investigations are needed to ascertain the true cause of indeterminate Western Blot results. It is imperative that routine screening for HTLVs be mandated in West African health care facilities.

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ABSTRACT Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are Deltaretroviruses that infect millions of individuals worldwide via the same transmission routes as HIV. With the aim of exposing the possible re-emergence of HTLV in West Africa since discovery, a systematic review was carried out, focusing on the distribution of the virus types and significance of frequent indeterminate reports, while highlighting the need for mandatory routine blood screening. Capturing relevant data from discovery till date, sources searched were Google Scholar, CrossRef, NCBI (PubMed), MEDLINE, Research Gate, Mendeley, abstracts of Conferences and Proceedings, organization websites and reference lists of selected papers. A total of 2626 references were initially retrieved using search terms: Worldwide prevalence of HTLV, HTLV in Africa, HTLV in West Africa, HTLV subtypes, HTLV 3 and 4 in Africa, HTLV of African origin, HTLV seroindeterminate results, Spread of HTLV. These references were rigorously trimmed down to 76. Although evidence shows that HTLV is still endemic in the region, West Africa lacks recent epidemiological prevalence data. Thorough investigations are needed to ascertain the true cause of indeterminate Western Blot results. It is imperative that routine screening for HTLVs be mandated in West African health care facilities.

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The present revision is based on the largest sample of Euryrhynchidae Holthuis, 1950 studied to date, with special reference to Euryrhynchus Miers, 1878. The revision confirms the validity of the 8 currently recognized species of Euryrhynchidae and describes 2 new species related to Euryrhynchus amazoniensis Tiefenbacher, 1978: E. taruman sp. nov. and E. tuyuka sp. nov. The species Euryrhynchus amazoniensis, E. burchelli Calman, 1907, E. pemoni Pereira, 1985 and E. wrzesniowskii Miers, 1878 are redescribed and illustrated based on specimens from the type series and additional material. Additional diagnostic characters are proposed to differentiate the species of Euryrhynchus, previously separated only by the armature of the second pereopod carpus and merus.

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In December 2013 the first case of Ebola appeared in Guinea. In September 2014 the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agency the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a call for medical collaboration in response to the medical crisis and social disaster caused by the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. Cuban authorities responded immediately to the call by offering specialized help for the epidemic, in collaboration with WHO. A group of 256 Cuban doctors, nurses and other health professionals provided direct care during the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Equatorial Guinea from October 2014 to April 2015. This paper explains the main features of the Cuban health system, describes the development of Cuba's international medical cooperation approach, and highlights the work done by Cuban health collaborators in addressing the damage caused by the Ebola epidemic. Information used includes reports and documents of the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, reports of WHO and PAHO, and articles published in scientific journals and newspaper articles. The response of the Cuban medical teams to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa is only one example of the Cuban efforts to strengthening health care provision in areas of need throughout the world.

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In recent decades a boom in cashew (Anacardium occidentale)cultivation has taken place in Guinea-Bissau, leading to the replacement of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture by a cash crop. As a result, the country is currently one of the worlds largest producers of raw cashew nuts and the cashew sector has acquired enormous importance in Guinea-Bissaus economy. Changes induced by the cashew boom at social and environmental levels are yet to be analyzed and understood. The present study provides an account of the process of cashew expansion in Guinea-Bissau, reviews the current situation and discusses its future prospects. The cashew tree was introduced into the country by the Portuguese in the XIXth century, but only effectively expanded in the mid-1980s. It is largely cultivated by small farmers around villages and also plays a role in land ownership, since land tenure practices are linked to the planting of trees. The effects of this cashew boom on habitat fragmentation, fire regimes and biodiversity are still to be assessed. On the other hand, the spread of pests and diseases is becoming a problem. Strong dependence on a single cash crop also renders the country vulnerable to market fluctuations, entailing risks to local producers and the national economy. In the medium term, losses of export earnings can occur, which may impact the living standards and food security of Bissau-Guineans both in urban and rural areas.(AU)

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In recent decades a boom in cashew (Anacardium occidentale)cultivation has taken place in Guinea-Bissau, leading to the replacement of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture by a cash crop. As a result, the country is currently one of the worlds largest producers of raw cashew nuts and the cashew sector has acquired enormous importance in Guinea-Bissaus economy. Changes induced by the cashew boom at social and environmental levels are yet to be analyzed and understood. The present study provides an account of the process of cashew expansion in Guinea-Bissau, reviews the current situation and discusses its future prospects. The cashew tree was introduced into the country by the Portuguese in the XIXth century, but only effectively expanded in the mid-1980s. It is largely cultivated by small farmers around villages and also plays a role in land ownership, since land tenure practices are linked to the planting of trees. The effects of this cashew boom on habitat fragmentation, fire regimes and biodiversity are still to be assessed. On the other hand, the spread of pests and diseases is becoming a problem. Strong dependence on a single cash crop also renders the country vulnerable to market fluctuations, entailing risks to local producers and the national economy. In the medium term, losses of export earnings can occur, which may impact the living standards and food security of Bissau-Guineans both in urban and rural areas.

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Resumen Desde el comienzo del brote en diciembre del 2013, y hasta el corte del 20 de septiembre de 2014, de un total de 6,185 casos probables de Ébola, se han registrado un total de 2,909 defunciones. Con una letalidad inferior al 50%, considerablemente menor a la reportada en brotes previos de la enfermedad, se cree que dichas estimaciones están sesgadas debido a la dificultad en la recolección y análisis de la información. El 23 de septiembre, la OMS presentó una revisión a dichas estimaciones, señalando una letalidad del 70%. El brote se registró originalmente en Liberia y Guinea, y posteriormente se han repostado casos en Nigeria, Sierra Leona y Senegal. Todos los casos confirmados por laboratorio han sido positivos al vírus del Ébola. La fuente inicial del brote se localizó en la aldea de Meliandou, prefectura de Guáckádou, Guinea. El caso índice fue un niño de 2 años, el cual falleció el 6 de diciembre de 2013. Su madre, hermana y abuela también fallecieron también por la enfermedad. La gente de la aldea infectada por estas víctimas iniciales transmitió el brote a aldeas aledañas. El brote se esparció inicialmente a Liberia y posteriormente a Sierra Leona. En los tres países continúa la circulación del virus. La llegada de algunos casos a Nigeria y Senegal obligó a dichos países a cerrar sus fronteras, y a poner en cuarentena a ciudadanos de los que se sospechara que estuvieran infectados. Hasta la fecha, ambos países no han presentado casos nuevos, por lo que se consideran en control. Asimismo, se han reportado casos importados de dichos países en Estados Unidos, Francia, Alemania, España, Suiza y el Reino Unido.

Abstract Since the onset of the outbreak im December 2013 and up to the September 20 cut-off, there have been 2,909 deaths in the 6,185 likely cases of Ebola. It is considered that the letality under 50%, considerably lower tan the one reported in previous outbreaks of the disease, is biased due to the dificulty to collect and analyze information. On September 23, WHO showed a review of such estimations, indicating 70% letality. The outbreak was originally reported in Liberia and Guinea. Further cases were reported in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. All the cases confirmed by laboratory have been EBOV positive. The initial source of the outbreak was found in the village called Meliandou in the in Guéckédou Prefecture, Guinea. The index case was a two-year-old boy, who die don December 6, 2013. His mother, sister and grandmother also died because of the disease. The people from this village transmitted the disease to people in nera-by villages. The outbreak initially spread to Liberia and then to Sierra Leone. Virus circulation continues in three countries. The transmision of some cases to Nigeria and Senegal led these countries to close their borders to the three formerly mentioned countries and quarantine suspicious individuals. So far, neither country has presented new cases; hence they are considered under control. Likewise, cases imported from those countries into the United States, France, Germany, spain, Switzerland, and the Uited Kingdom have been reported.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with sickle cell disease in the USA have been noted to have lower levels of vitamin D - measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) - compared to controls. Average serum 25(OH)D levels are also substantially lower in African Americans than whites, while population distributions of 25(OH)D among Jamaicans of African descent and West Africans are the same as among USA whites. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adult patients with sickle cell disease living in tropical regions had reduced 25(OH)D relative to the general population. METHODS: We analyzed serum 25(OH)D in stored samples collected from studies in Jamaica and West Africa of adult patients with sickle cell disease and adult population controls. RESULTS: In samples of 20 Jamaicans and 50 West Africans with sickle cell disease mean values of 25(OH)D were 37% and 39% lower than controls, respectively. Metabolic abnormalities in the absorption and conversion pathways are possible causes for the consistent relative deficiency of 25(OH)D in sickle cell disease. CONCLUSIONS: Low 25(OH)D levels in tropical Africa where the burden of sickle cell disease is highest, deserve further investigation, and a randomized trial is warranted to address efficacy of supplementation.

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Phytoplankton occurrence and dynamics in rivers are mainly shaped by hydrophysical conditions and nutrient availability. Phytoplankton main structuring factors have been poorly studied in West African rivers, and this study was undertaken to identify these conditions in two tropical rivers that vary in size and human impact. For this, environmental variables and phytoplankton monthly samples were collected from the middle reaches of Asu and Cross rivers during an 18 months survey from March 2005-July 2006. Phytoplankton biomass (F=11.87, p=0.003), Shannon-Weiner diversity and species richness (F=5.93, p=0.003) showed significant seasonality in Asu but not in Cross River. Data was analyzed with Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and showed environmental differences between the two rivers, nitrate in Asu River (5.1-15.5mg/L) was significantly higher than Cross River (0.03-1.7mg/L), while PO4 (0.2-0.9mg/L) was significantly lower in Asu River compared to Cross River (0.03-2.6mg/L) (p<0.05). Eutrophic factors (NO3) determined primarily phytoplankton dynamics in Asu River, especially during the dry season, whereas hydrophysical factors (depth, transparency and temperature) shaped phytoplankton in Cross River. Taxa indicative of an eutrophic condition, such as Euglena, Chlorella, Chlorococcus, Ceratium, Peridinium, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Closterium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum spp., were frequently encountered in the shallow impounded Asu River, while riverine species, such as Frustulia rhomboids, Gyrosigma sp., Opephora martyr and Surirella splendida dominated Cross River. A succession pattern was observed in the functional groups identified: Na/MP→TB→P (rainy→dry season) was observed in Asu River, whereas MP/D predominated in Cross River for both seasons. We concluded that, if nutrients predominate hydrophysical factors in shaping phytoplankton during dry season (half of the year) then, they are as important as hydrophysical factors structuring phytoplankton during rainy season (the other half).

La existencia del fitoplancton y la dinámica de los ríos están principalmente determinados por condiciones hidrofísica y disponibilidad de nutrientes. Los principales factores de estructuración del fitoplancton han sido poco estudiados en los ríos de Africa Occidental, y este estudio fue realizado para identificar estas condiciones en dos ríos tropicales que varían en tamaño e impacto humano. Para ello, variables ambientales y muestras ambientales mensuales de fitoplancton se obtuvieron de la parte media de los ríos Asu y Cross durante un estudio de 18 meses, de Marzo-2005 a Julio-2006. La biomasa del fitoplancton (F=11.87, p=0.003), el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weiner y la riqueza de especies (F=5.93, p=0.003), mostraron estacionalidad significativa en Asu pero no el río Cross. Los datos fueron analizados con el análisis de correspondencia canónica (CCA) y mostró diferencias ambientales entre los dos ríos, el nitrato en el río Asu (5.1-15.5mg/L) fue significativamente mayor que en el río Cross (0.03-1.7mg/L), mientras que PO4 (0.2-0.9mg/L) fue significativamente menor en el río Asu en comparación al río Cross (0.03-2.6mg/L) (p<0.05). Los factores eutróficos (NO3) determinaron principalmente la dinámica del fitplancton en el río Asu, especialmente durante la estación seca, mientras que los factores hidrofísicos (profunidad, transparencia y temperatura) conformaron el fitoplancton en el río Cross. Taxones indicadores de una condición eutrófica, como Euglena, Chlorella, Chlorococcus, Ceratium, Peridinium, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Closterium, Scenedesmus y Pediastrum spp fueron frecuentemente encontradas en las aguas poco profundas del río Asu, mientras que las especies fluviales, como Frustulia rhomboids, Gyrosigma sp., Opephora martyr y Surirella splendida dominaron el río Cross. Un patrón de sucesión se observó en los grupos funcionales, identificados: Na/MP→TB→P (Estacion lluviosa → estación seca), fue observado en el río Asu, mientras que MP/D predominó en el río Cross para ambas estaciones. Se concluyó que, si los nutrientes predominan los factores hidrofísicos en la conformación del fitoplancton durante la estación seca (la mitad del año), entonces, son tan importantes como los factores hidrofísicos estructurales del fitoplancton durante la temporada de lluvias (la otra mitad).

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Nowadays, the successful management of small scale fisheries requires the use of biometric data collected in the field, in order to transform them into suitable indicators. The present study describes the lengthweight relationships for 36 freshwater fish species from two tropical reservoirs Ayame I and Buyo, in Côte d’Ivoire. The main objective of the study was to provide a length weight key for a wide range of freshwater fish species from these tropical reservoirs exploited by the inland fisheries. The samplings were carried out at Buyo from July 1997 to August 1998, and from August 2004 to July 2005 in Ayame I. Fish specimens were collected from catches of artisanal fisheries using gill-nets, cast-nets, beach seines and bamboo traps. After landings, samples were identified, total weight for each specimen was recorded to the nearest gram and standard length was measured to the nearest millimetre. A total of 12 724 individuals belonging to 15 families and 24 genera were obtained in this study. The results indicated that the family with the highest number of species was Cichlidae with eight species. Six families were recorded with only one species per family. The value of the exponent b in the length weight relationships (W=aLb) ranged from 2.173 for Marcusenius furcidens to 3.472 for Polypterus endlicheri and the median of b was 2.756. The modal value of the exponent b equal to 2.70 indicates that most of the fish species in Ayame I and Buyo Reservoirs have negative allometric growth. The length weight parameters of the three species, Lates niloticus, Synodontis koensis and S. punctifer are described for the first time in these regions. The present length-weight key for 36 freshwater fish species could be used as a valuable tool for fishery managers, in order to improve the inland fisheries statistics largely based on hydropower reservoirs in Côte d’Ivoire.

Hoy en día, el manejo exitoso de pesquerías a pequeña escala requiere el uso de datos biométricos recolectados en campo, y así poder transformarlos en indicadores apli- cables. El presente estudio describe la relación longitud-peso para 36 especies de peces de agua dulce encontrados en dos embalses hidroeléctricos tropicales en Ayame I y Buyo, en Costa de Marfil. El principal objetivo del estudio es proveer una clave de longitud-peso para una amplia variedad de peces de agua dulce provenientes de estos dos embalses, los cuales son explotados por pesquerías locales. El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en Buyo durante los meses de Julio 1997 a Agosto 1998, y en Ayame I de Agosto 2004 a Julio 2005. Los especímenes fueron tomados de trampas colocadas por pesqueros artesanales, utilizando redes de enmalle, atarraya, red de cerco y trampas de bambú. Los especímenes fueron identificados, pesados hasta el gramo más cercano y la longitud fue medida hasta el milímetro más cercano. Un total de 12 724 individuos pertenecientes a 15 familias y 24 géneros fueron obtenidos en este estudio. Los resultados muestran que la familia con más número de especies fue Cichlidae con 8 especies. En seis familias se obtuvo únicamente una especie. El valor del exponente b en la relación longitud-peso (w=al b) estuvo dentro del rango de 2.173 para Marcusenius furcidens, de 3.472 en Polypterus endlicheri, y la media de b fue 2.756. El valor modal del exponente b igual a 2.70 indica que la mayoría de especies de peces en las reservas Ayame I y Buyo tienen crecimiento alométrico negativo. Los parámetros longitud- peso de tres especies, Lates niloticus, Synodontis koensis and S. punctifer son descritos por primera vez en estas localidades. La clave longitud-peso presentada para 36 especies de peces puede ser utilizada como una herramien- ta valiosa para administradores pesqueros, y así mejorar ampliamente las estadísticas de las pesquerías basadas en embalses hidroeléctricos en Costa de Marfil.

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OBJETIVO: estimar a idade de início da atividade sexual de adolescentes e sua associação com fatores sócio-demográficos. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, realizado entre janeiro e março de 2007, com amostra de 368 adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos de idade, sexualmente ativos, provenientes de oito escolas secundárias públicas da Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, escolhidas aleatoriamente. Na análise das variáveis, foi ajustado um modelo de regressão múltipla para variável ordinal com função de ligação probit, considerando-se nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: entre os 368 adolescentes, 31,5 por cento (116) eram meninas e 68,5 por cento (252) meninos. Houve maior freqüência de iniciação sexual protegida entre os jovens que se iniciaram sexualmente com idade mais avançada (16 e 17 anos). A iniciação feminina foi mais tardia do que a masculina e rapazes mais novos (13 anos) relataram o início da vida sexual a partir de dez anos de idade. Após análise múltipla, quatro fatores permaneceram significativamente associados à idade do início da vida sexual no sexo feminino: idade, morar em casa alugada, não estar namorando no período da entrevista e menarca. Para o masculino foram: idade, não estar namorando no período da entrevista e interação entre idade e não namorar. CONCLUSÕES: a maior freqüência de iniciação sexual protegida ocorre entre os jovens que se iniciaram sexualmente com idade mais avançada. Todavia, a influência de morar em casa própria ou cedida e de parceria afetivo-sexual no início da vida sexual revela que a necessidade de ações de prevenção sejam direcionadas para segmentos com piores condições sócio-econômicas e para adolescentes que não namoram.(AU)

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OBJETIVO: estimar a idade de início da atividade sexual de adolescentes e sua associação com fatores sócio-demográficos. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, realizado entre janeiro e março de 2007, com amostra de 368 adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos de idade, sexualmente ativos, provenientes de oito escolas secundárias públicas da Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, escolhidas aleatoriamente. Na análise das variáveis, foi ajustado um modelo de regressão múltipla para variável ordinal com função de ligação probit, considerando-se nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: entre os 368 adolescentes, 31,5 por cento (116) eram meninas e 68,5 por cento (252) meninos. Houve maior freqüência de iniciação sexual protegida entre os jovens que se iniciaram sexualmente com idade mais avançada (16 e 17 anos). A iniciação feminina foi mais tardia do que a masculina e rapazes mais novos (13 anos) relataram o início da vida sexual a partir de dez anos de idade. Após análise múltipla, quatro fatores permaneceram significativamente associados à idade do início da vida sexual no sexo feminino: idade, morar em casa alugada, não estar namorando no período da entrevista e menarca. Para o masculino foram: idade, não estar namorando no período da entrevista e interação entre idade e não namorar. CONCLUSÕES: a maior freqüência de iniciação sexual protegida ocorre entre os jovens que se iniciaram sexualmente com idade mais avançada. Todavia, a influência de morar em casa própria ou cedida e de parceria afetivo-sexual no início da vida sexual revela que a necessidade de ações de prevenção sejam direcionadas para segmentos com piores condições sócio-econômicas e para adolescentes que não namoram.

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Macrostemum alienum Ulmer, 1907, was collected in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria and is reported for the first time. The implication of this as regards the geographical distribution of this species is discussed.

Macrostemum alienum Ulmer, 1907, foi coletado e teve sua ocorrência registrada pela primeira vez em Ile-Ife, no sudoeste da Nigéria. As implicações deste registro para as discussões referentes à distribuição geográfica desta espécie são apresentadas.

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