RESUMO

La reciente estandarización en Chile de la Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia para Adultos (WAIS), en su cuarta versión, obliga a investigar el impacto que condiciones culturales y ambientales pueden tener sobre el rendimiento intelectual de las personas. El presente estudio comparó el desempeño de jóvenes provenientes de sectores rurales y urbanos de la región del Biobío, segmentados según nivel educativo de los padres como variable de aproximación al nivel socioeconómico. Los resultados muestran un efecto de interacción entre el nivel socioeconómico y el lugar de residencia. Comprensión verbal y memoria de trabajo son los constructos que reciben un mayor impacto del nivel socioeconómico. Se espera que futuros estudios contribuyan a la investigación de habilidades cognitivas en sectores rurales y socialmente deprivados de Chile.

The recent standardization of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in its fourth version in Chile forces to test the impact that cultural and environmental conditions can have on people's intellectual performance. The present study compared the performance of young people from rural and urban areas of the Biobío region, segmented by parental education level as proxy variable to socioeconomic status. Results showed an interaction effect between socioeconomic status and place of residence. Verbal Comprehension and Working Memory are the constructs that received a higher impact of the socioeconomic status. Future studies are expected to contribute to research on cognitive abilities in rural and socially deprived sectors in Chile.

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A Síndrome de Williams (SW) é uma doença de etiologia genética, causada por microdeleções na região do cromossomo 7q11.23. Pacientes com SW podem apresentar QI verbal significativamente superior ao executivo, o que explicaria o déficit recorrente nas habilidades visoespaciais e a preservação de aspectos das habilidades verbais. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil cognitivo de uma série de casos de pacientes com SW, utilizando a Escala Wechsler de Inteligência. A amostra foi composta por dez pacientes. Os resultados apontam para um padrão de desempenho semelhante entre os participantes na escala verbal, porém o QI de execução teve maior correlação com o QI total. Foi observada uma discrepância entre habilidades verbais e não verbais em 40% dos participantes.(AU)

Williams Syndrome (WS) is a disease of genetic etiology caused by micro-deletions at the 7q11.23 region. WS's patients may present verbal IQ significantly higher than the performance one, which could explain the recurrent deficit in visuospatial abilities and the preservation of some verbal skills. The study aimed at analyzing the cognitive profile of a case series including WS patients, using Wechsler's Intelligence Scale. The sample was composed of ten patients. The results showed a similar pattern of performance among participants in the verbal scale; however, the performance IQ was more associated with total IQ. We observed a discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal abilities in 40% of the participants.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A Síndrome de Williams (SW) é uma doença de etiologia genética, causada por microdeleções na região do cromossomo 7q11.23. Pacientes com SW podem apresentar QI verbal significativamente superior ao executivo, o que explicaria o déficit recorrente nas habilidades visoespaciais e a preservação de aspectos das habilidades verbais. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil cognitivo de uma série de casos de pacientes com SW, utilizando a Escala Wechsler de Inteligência. A amostra foi composta por dez pacientes. Os resultados apontam para um padrão de desempenho semelhante entre os participantes na escala verbal, porém o QI de execução teve maior correlação com o QI total. Foi observada uma discrepância entre habilidades verbais e não verbais em 40% dos participantes.

Williams Syndrome (WS) is a disease of genetic etiology caused by micro-deletions at the 7q11.23 region. WS's patients may present verbal IQ significantly higher than the performance one, which could explain the recurrent deficit in visuospatial abilities and the preservation of some verbal skills. The study aimed at analyzing the cognitive profile of a case series including WS patients, using Wechsler's Intelligence Scale. The sample was composed of ten patients. The results showed a similar pattern of performance among participants in the verbal scale; however, the performance IQ was more associated with total IQ. We observed a discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal abilities in 40% of the participants.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids have long-term effects on cognitive and psychological functioning. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective cohort study, 58 adolescents and young adults (36 males) who had been exposed to 2-9 weekly courses of betamethasone in utero were assessed with neuropsychological tests and behavior self-reports. Unexposed subjects (n = 44, 25 males) matched for age, sex, and gestational age at birth served as a comparison group. In addition, individuals exposed in utero to a single course (n = 25, 14 males) were included for dose-response analysis. Group differences were investigated using multilevel linear modeling. RESULTS: Mean scores obtained in 2 measures of attention and speed were significantly lower in subjects exposed to 2 or more antenatal corticosteroids courses (Symbol Search, P = .009; Digit Span Forward, P = .02), but these were not dose-dependent. Exposure to repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids was not associated with general deficits in higher cognitive functions, self-reported attention, adaptability, or overall psychological function. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study indicates that repeat exposure to antenatal corticosteroids may have an impact on aspects of executive functioning, it does not provide support for the prevailing concern that such fetal exposure will have a major adverse impact on cognitive functions and psychological health later in life.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect on adult cognitive function of being born small for gestational age (SGA), and to evaluate whether cognitive function is related to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-nine SGA subjects (birth weight <10th percentile) and 81 controls (birth weight ≥10th percentile) born at term underwent cognitive assessment with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition at age 19-20 years. Repeated ultrasound measures of fetal growth were available for weeks 25, 33, and 37 in a subgroup of 29 SGA subjects and 75 control subjects, and these were data used to dichotomize the 29 SGA subjects into those with IUGR and those without IUGR. IUGR was defined as growth deviating more than -2 SD from the mean value of the control group. The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy was considered as well. Group differences were analyzed using a general linear model, controlling for sex and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: The SGA group had lower full IQ scores than the control group (mean difference, -6.3; 95% CI, -2.8 to -9.7; P = .001), including lower scores on 6 of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition subtests. In the SGA subgroup with repeated ultrasound measures, 6 of 29 subjects (21%) had IUGR, and these subjects also had a lower IQ compared with controls (mean difference, -14.0; 95% CI: -4.8 to -23.3; P = .003). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was related to lower IQ in the control group but not in the SGA group, independent of IUGR or non-IUGR status. CONCLUSION: IQ scores were lower in young adults born SGA compared with controls. Our analysis suggest that this outcome is related to IUGR.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de estimar o Quociente de Inteligência (QI) de adultos por meio de duas estratégias que utilizam uma forma curta constituída pelos subtestes Vocabulário e Cubos da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para Adultos (WAIS-III). Participaram do estudo 77 homens e mulheres, com idade média de 39,1 anos (dp=13,4). Foi aplicada a WAIS-III e questionários para cumprir os critérios de inclusão dos participantes sem prejuízos neurológicos e psiquiátricos. Para avaliar a concordância entre as duas estratégias de estimar o QI, utilizou-se o método estatístico proposto por Bland e Altman. Como resultado, encontrou-se que as estimativas de QI geradas pelas duas estratégias apresentam concordância com a medida do QI realizada pela aplicação da escala completa apenas em alguns dos casos avaliados. Sugere-se cautela na utilização dessas estratégias para estimar o QI de adultos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of estimating the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in adults based on two strategies that use Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). Seventy-seven men and women participated of the study, with mean age of 39.1 (sd=13.4). WAIS-III subtests were administered and questionnaires were used to verify inclusion criteria for participants without neurological or psychiatric impairments. A statistical method proposed by Bland and Altman was used to evaluate the agreement between both strategies to estimate IQ. Results suggest that IQ estimates derived from both strategies only agree with the IQ derived from the full battery in a few cases of the sample. Considering these findings, caution is suggested when using these strategies to estimate adults' IQ.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de estimar o Quociente de Inteligência (QI) de adultos por meio de duas estratégias que utilizam uma forma curta constituída pelos subtestes Vocabulário e Cubos da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para Adultos (WAIS-III). Participaram do estudo 77 homens e mulheres, com idade média de 39,1 anos (dp=13,4). Foi aplicada a WAIS-III e questionários para cumprir os critérios de inclusão dos participantes sem prejuízos neurológicos e psiquiátricos. Para avaliar a concordância entre as duas estratégias de estimar o QI, utilizou-se o método estatístico proposto por Bland e Altman. Como resultado, encontrou-se que as estimativas de QI geradas pelas duas estratégias apresentam concordância com a medida do QI realizada pela aplicação da escala completa apenas em alguns dos casos avaliados. Sugere-se cautela na utilização dessas estratégias para estimar o QI de adultos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of estimating the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in adults based on two strategies that use Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). Seventy-seven men and women participated of the study, with mean age of 39.1 (sd=13.4). WAIS-III subtests were administered and questionnaires were used to verify inclusion criteria for participants without neurological or psychiatric impairments. A statistical method proposed by Bland and Altman was used to evaluate the agreement between both strategies to estimate IQ. Results suggest that IQ estimates derived from both strategies only agree with the IQ derived from the full battery in a few cases of the sample. Considering these findings, caution is suggested when using these strategies to estimate adults' IQ.(AU)

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Buscando mejorar la calidad de vida en un grupo de jóvenes y adultos con discapacidad, se decide crear un taller comunitario compuesto por 15 miembros, en el cual se aplican técnicas de enfoque multidisciplinario, que han garantizado la plena reinserción social de los miembros que componen este colectivo. Para este artículo se realiza un corte longitudinal a lo largo de 3 años que muestra la evolución satisfactoria de este grupo a partir de la aplicación de las diferentes terapias establecidas.

In order to improve the quality of life of several disabled persons, a community group was created with 15 members, in which several multidisciplinary techniques were applied to guarantee the full social reinsertion of the participants. This article describes results of the work done during 8 years, showing the satisfactory evolution of the group due to the application of the different established therapies.