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Abstract Objectives: To explain the high mortality of septic shock in children with cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort from 2016 to 2020, of children aged 0 to 18 years, and septic shock. Results: The authors included 139 patients. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was the most frequent diagnosis (16.5%), and Gram-negative bacteria were the most frequent blood culture isolates (22.3%). There were 57 deaths in ICU (41%), 10 in the first 24 hours of shock (early death). A LASSO model with variables: neutropenia (coefficient 0.215), respiratory (0.81), hematological (1.41), and neurological (0.72) dysfunctions, age (-0.002) and solid tumor recurrence (0.34) generated AUC = 0.79 for the early death outcome. Survivors had significant differences in the PRISM-IV score (mean ± SD 10.9 ± 6.2 in the survivors, 14.1 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p = 0.004), and in the mean number of organ dysfunctions (3.2 ± 1.1 in the survivors, 3.8 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p < 0.001). A positive fluid balance in the first 24 hours of sepsis between 2% and 6% of body weight showed a reduction effect on the probability of death in ICU (hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.24-0.92, p = 0.027). The recurrence of any cancer was a predictor of in-hospital death, regardless of severity. Conclusions: Recurrence of any cancer is an important risk of sepsis-related death. A positive fluid balance between 20 and 60 mL/kg or 2% and 6% of body weight in the first 24 hours after the onset of sepsis is related to lower mortality.

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OBJECTIVES: To explain the high mortality of septic shock in children with cancer. METHODS: A retrospective cohort from 2016 to 2020, of children aged 0 to 18 years, and septic shock. RESULTS: The authors included 139 patients. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was the most frequent diagnosis (16.5%), and Gram-negative bacteria were the most frequent blood culture isolates (22.3%). There were 57 deaths in ICU (41%), 10 in the first 24 hours of shock (early death). A LASSO model with variables: neutropenia (coefficient 0.215), respiratory (0.81), hematological (1.41), and neurological (0.72) dysfunctions, age (-0.002) and solid tumor recurrence (0.34) generated AUC = 0.79 for the early death outcome. Survivors had significant differences in the PRISM-IV score (mean ± SD 10.9 ± 6.2 in the survivors, 14.1 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p = 0.004), and in the mean number of organ dysfunctions (3.2 ± 1.1 in the survivors, 3.8 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p < 0.001). A positive fluid balance in the first 24 hours of sepsis between 2% and 6% of body weight showed a reduction effect on the probability of death in ICU (hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.24-0.92, p = 0.027). The recurrence of any cancer was a predictor of in-hospital death, regardless of severity. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of any cancer is an important risk of sepsis-related death. A positive fluid balance between 20 and 60 mL/kg or 2% and 6% of body weight in the first 24 hours after the onset of sepsis is related to lower mortality.

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Introducción: La administración de fluidos constituye uno de los pilares de tratamiento en pacientes que ingresan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, en quienes la reanimación inadecuada y la sobrecarga de volumen empeoran el pronóstico. Objetivo: Caracterizar el estado de la administración de fluidos a pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila y su relación con la mortalidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico y prospectivo de 147 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila durante el primer semestre de 2020, para lo cual se evaluaron 598 pruebas de fluidos, algunas variables hemodinámicas y el balance de líquidos en las primeras 72 horas del ingreso. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 48,3 años, predominaron las mujeres (55,8 %), la puntuación de APACHE II al ingreso resultó ser de 14,2 puntos y fallecieron 22,4 % de los afectados. Para administrar fluidos prevaleció el criterio clínico (57,2%); mientras que la presión venosa central, la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial media y la diuresis fueron similares en vivos y fallecidos. El balance acumulado de fluidos fue significativamente superior en el grupo de pacientes fallecidos (1984,70 mL vs 260mL). Conclusiones: Los cambios en los parámetros vitales después de administrar fluidos no fueron útiles para evaluar la respuesta al volumen. El balance acumulado de fluidos se relacionó de forma significativa con la mortalidad.

Introduction: Fluids administration constitutes one of the treatment pillars in patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit in which the inadequate reanimation and overload of volume worsen the prognosis. Objective: To characterize the state of fluid administration to patients admitted to the Intensive Cares Units of Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Hospital in Ciego de Ávila and its relationship with mortality. Methods: An analytic and prospective descriptive study of 147 patients admitted to the Intensive Cares Units of Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Hospital was carried out in Ciego de Ávila during the first semester of 2020, for which 598 tests of fluids, some hemodynamic variables and the balance of liquids were evaluated in the first 72 hours of admission. Results: The average age was 48.3 years, there was a prevalence of women (55.8 %), the punctuation of APACHE II at admission was 14.2 points and 22.4 % of those affected died. To administer fluids the clinical approach prevailed (57.2 %); while the central venous pressure, heart frequency, the mean arterial pressure and diuresis were similar in alive and dead patients. The accumulated balance of fluids was significantly higher in the group of dead patients (1984.70 mL vs 260 mL). Conclusions: The changes in the vital parameters after administering fluids were not useful to evaluate the response to the volume. The accumulated balance of fluids was related to mortality in a significant way.

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Persistent congestion following an episode of acute heart failure is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Monitoring diuretic therapy is essential to guide effective decongestion before patient discharge. Unfortunately, there are no markers which can predict on their own, the exact point in which euvolemia is achieved. Cardiothoracic and extra thoracic ultrasound are other tools to consider when evaluating hemodynamic and interstitial components of congestion. However, the question of which and how many parameters must be used for this purpose, is still unanswered.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se há associação entre o balanço hídrico nas 48 horas após a extubação e a falha da extubação. Métodos: Este é um estudo de coorte prospectiva que incluiu os pacientes admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital terciário no sul do Brasil entre março e dezembro de 2019. Incluíram-se os pacientes que necessitaram de ventilação mecânica por pelo menos 24 horas e foram extubados durante o período do estudo. O desfecho primário foi falha da extubação, considerada como necessidade de reintubar dentro das primeiras 72 horas após a extubação. O desfecho secundário foi um desfecho combinado de falha da extubação ou necessidade de ventilação não invasiva terapêutica. Resultados: Foram incluídos 101 pacientes. Observou-se falha da extubação em 29 (28,7%) deles. Na análise univariada, pacientes com balanço hídrico negativo acima de 1L no período de 48 horas após a extubação tiveram menor taxa de falha da extubação (12,0%), em comparação a pacientes com balanço hídrico negativo nas 48 horas após a extubação menor que 1L (34,2%; p = 0,033). A duração da ventilação mecânica e o balanço hídrico negativo nas 48 horas após a extubação inferior a 1L se associaram com falha da extubação na análise multivariada quando corrigido pelo Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3. Quando avaliou-se o desfecho combinado, apenas o balanço hídrico nas 48 horas pós-extubação inferior a 1L manteve associação, quando corrigido pelo Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 e duração da ventilação mecânica. Conclusão: O balanço hídrico nas 48 horas após a extubação se associa com falha da extubação. São necessários mais estudos para avaliar se evitar um balanço hídrico positivo nesse período poderia melhorar os desfechos do desmame.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether there is an association between 48-hour postextubation fluid balance and extubation failure. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study that included patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil from March 2019 to December 2019. Patients who required mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours and who were extubated during the study period were included. The primary outcome was extubation failure, considered as the need for reintubation in the first 72 hours after extubation. The secondary outcome was a combined outcome with extubation failure or the need for therapeutic noninvasive ventilation. Results: A total of 101 patients were included. Extubation failure was observed in 29 (28.7%) patients. In univariate analysis, patients with a negative 48-hour postextubation fluid balance higher than one liter had a lower rate of extubation failure (12.0%) than patients with a negative 48-hour postextubation fluid balance lower than 1L (34.2%; p = 0.033). Mechanical ventilation duration and negative 48-hour postextubation fluid balance lower than one liter were associated with extubation failure when corrected for Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 in multivariate analysis. When we evaluated the combined outcome, only negative 48-hour postextubation lower than 1L maintained an association when corrected for for Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 and mechanical ventilation duration. Conclusion: The 48-hour postextubation fluid balance is associated with extubation failure. Further studies are necessary to assess whether avoiding positive fluid balance in this period might improve weaning outcomes.

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Objetivo: Discorrer e analisar o preenchimento dos impressos de balanço hídrico de pacientes internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva pela equipe de enfermagem. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado de fevereiro a dezembro de 2016. Amostra aleatória simples, composta de 220 impressos de balanço hídrico, aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Protocolo nº. 2.494.058. Análise por meio do SPSS Statistics 22.0 (IBM), utilizando-se estatística descritiva, cálculo de distribuição de frequência, medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Resultados: 92,7% dos balanços hídricos foram concluídos. Deste total, 54,5% apresentaram erros de cálculos; 37,30%, uso de caneta imprópria; 53,20%, letra ilegível; 84,1%, rasuras; 78,6% erros de registro de dados; 50,50%, anotações inadequadas em colunas. Há 40,7% de chances de um balanço hídrico correto se não houver falhas nos registros e o mesmo for concluído. Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de capacitação da equipe de enfermagem e de revisão do protocolo assistencial.(AU)

Objective: To discuss and analyze the filling out of fluid balance forms for patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit by the nursing team. Method: A cross-sectional study, conducted from February to December 2016. A simple random sample, composed of 220 water balance forms, approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Protocol No. 2.494.058. Analysis using SPSS Statistics 22.0 (IBM), using descriptive statistics, calculation of frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: A total of 92.7% of the hydric balances were completed. Of this total, 54.5% presented calculation errors; 37.30%, use of improper pen; 53.20%, illegible handwriting; 84.1%, erasures; 78.6% data registration errors; 50.50%, inadequate annotations in columns. There is a 40.7% chance of a correct water balance if there are no flaws in the records and it is completed. Conclusion: The results show the need for training of the nursing team and revision of the care protocol(AU)

Objetivo: Describir y analizar el balance hídrico realizado por el personal de enfermería en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método: Estudio transversal, celebrada de febrero a diciembre de 2016. Muestra aleatoria simple, compuesta por 220 balances hídricos, aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, Protocolo nº. 2.494.058. Análisis a través del SPSS Statistics 22.0 (IBM), utilizando estadística descriptiva, cálculo de distribución de frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: 92,7% de los balances hídricos. De este total, el 54,5% tuvo errores de cálculo; 37,30%, utilizando un bolígrafo inadecuado; 53,20%, caligrafía ilegible; 84,1%, tachaduras; 78,6% de errores de entrada de datos; 50,50%, anotaciones de columna inapropiadas. Hay un 40,7% de probabilidad de un correcto balance hídrico si no hay errores en los registros y se completa el mismo. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran la necesidad de capacitar al personal de enfermería y revisar el protocolo de atención.(AU)

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Abstract Fluid volume and hemodynamic management in hemodialysis patients is an essential component of dialysis adequacy. Restoring salt and water homeostasis in hemodialysis patients has been a permanent quest by nephrologists summarized by the 'dry weight' probing approach. Although this clinical approach has been associated with benefits on cardiovascular outcome, it is now challenged by recent studies showing that intensity or aggressiveness to remove fluid during intermittent dialysis is associated with cardiovascular stress and potential organ damage. A more precise approach is required to improve cardiovascular outcome in this high-risk population. Fluid status assessment and monitoring rely on four components: clinical assessment, non-invasive instrumental tools (e.g., US, bioimpedance, blood volume monitoring), cardiac biomarkers (e.g. natriuretic peptides), and algorithm and sodium modeling to estimate mass transfer. Optimal management of fluid and sodium imbalance in dialysis patients consist in adjusting salt and fluid removal by dialysis (ultrafiltration, dialysate sodium) and by restricting salt intake and fluid gain between dialysis sessions. Modern technology using biosensors and feedback control tools embarked on dialysis machine, with sophisticated analytics will provide direct handling of sodium and water in a more precise and personalized way. It is envisaged in the near future that these tools will support physician decision making with high potential of improving cardiovascular outcome.

Resumo O volume de fluidos e o controle hemodinâmico em pacientes em hemodiálise é um componente essencial da adequação da diálise. A restauração da homeostase do sal e da água em pacientes em hemodiálise tem sido uma busca constante por parte dos nefrologistas, no que condiz à abordagem do "peso seco. Embora essa abordagem clínica tenha sido associada a benefícios no desfecho cardiovascular, recentemente tem sido questionada por estudos que mostram que a intensidade ou agressividade para remover fluidos durante a diálise intermitente está associada a estresse cardiovascular e dano potencial a órgãos.para remover fluidos durante a diálise intermitente está associada a estresse cardiovascular e dano potencial a órgãos. Uma abordagem mais precisa é necessária para melhorar o desfecho cardiovascular nessa população de alto risco. A avaliação e monitorização do estado hídrico baseiam-se em quatro componentes: avaliação clínica, ferramentas instrumentais não invasivas (por exemplo, US, bioimpedância, monitorização do volume sanguíneo), biomarcadores cardíacos (e.g. peptídeos natriuréticos), algoritmos e modelagem de sódio para estimar a transferência de massa. O manejo otimizado do desequilíbrio hídrico e de sódio em pacientes dialíticos consiste em ajustar a remoção de sal e líquido por diálise (ultrafiltração, dialisato de sódio), e restringir a ingestão de sal e o ganho de líquido entre as sessões de diálise. Tecnologia moderna que utiliza biosensores e ferramentas de controle de feedback, hoje parte da máquina de diálise, com análises sofisticadas, proporcionam o manejo direto sobre o sódio e a água de uma maneira mais precisa e personalizada. Prevê-se no futuro próximo que essas ferramentas poderão auxiliar na tomada de decisão do médico, com alto potencial para melhorar o resultado cardiovascular.

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Arterial hypertension (AHT) currently affects approximately 40% of adults worldwide, and its pathological mechanisms are mainly related to renal, vascular, and endocrine systems. Steroid hormones as aldosterone and cortisol are highly relevant to human endocrine physiology, and also to endocrine hypertension. Pathophysiological conditions, such as primary aldosteronism, affect approximately 10% of patients diagnosed with AHT and are secondary to a high production of aldosterone, increasing the risk also for cardiovascular damage and heart diseases. Excess of aldosterone or cortisol increases the activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in epithelial and non-epithelial cells. Current research in this field highlights the potential regulatory mechanisms of the MR pathway, including pre-receptor regulation of the MR (action of 11BHSD2), MR activating proteins, and the downstream genes/proteins sensitive to MR (e.g., epithelial sodium channel, NCC, NKCC2). Mineralocorticoid AHT is present in 15-20% of hypertensive subjects, but the mechanisms associated to this condition have been poorly described, due mainly to the absence of reliable biomarkers. In this way, steroids, peptides, and lately urinary exosomes are thought to be potential reporters of biological processes. This review highlight exosomes and their cargo as potential biomarkers of metabolic changes associated to mineralocorticoid AHT. Recent reports have shown the presence of RNA, microRNAs, and proteins in urinary exosomes, which could be used as biomarkers in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. However, more studies are needed in order to benefit from exosomes and the exosomal cargo as a diagnostic tool in mineralocorticoid AHT.

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Objetivo: realçar aspectos da circulação extracorpórea relacionado ao desiquilíbrio hidroeletrolítico. Métodos: trata-se de um ensaio teórico-reflexivo, embasado em um levantamento dos artigos científicos disponíveis na Scielo, Lilacs e Medline entre os anos de 2004 e 2014 enfocando a temática da circulação extracorpórea. Resultados: as alterações hidroeletrolíticas, podem significar riscos iminentes ao paciente cardíaco cirurgicamente assistido, de modo que ao ser submetido ao procedimento, o indivíduo deve estar com suas funções sistêmicas equilibradas ou, do contrário, ao se identificar as respectivas alterações, os órgãos artificiais devem realizar a adequação das falhas e estabilizar o que estiver inadequado à preservação da vida humana. Porém um dos desafios é dispor de uma equipe e recursos suficientes para essa assistência e suporte diante de intercorrências. Conclusão: verifica-se que os pacientes submetidos a CEC ficam sujeitos a sofrer com efeitos colaterais que levam a um efetivo desequilíbrio hidroeletrolítico, sendo essencial que haja um monitoramento contínuo de seu estado, no período intra e pós operatório.

Objective: highlight aspects of extracorporeal circulation related to hydroelectrolytic imbalance. Method: this is a theoretical-reflexive essay, based on a survey of the scientific articles available in Scielo, Lilacs and Medline between the years 2004 and 2014 focusing on the subject of extracorporeal circulation. Results: hydroelectrolytic alterations can pose imminent risks to the surgically assisted cardiac patient, so that when subjected to the procedure, the individual must have his or her balanced systemic functions or, in the opposite, in identifying the respective alterations, the artificial organs must perform the Adequacy of failures and stabilize what is unsuitable for the preservation of human life. However, one of the challenges is to have sufficient staff and resources for this assistance and support in the event of an incident. Conclusion: it is verified that patients undergoing CPB are subject to suffer from side effects that lead to an effective hydroelectrolytic imbalance, and it is essential that there be a continuous monitoring of their state, intra and postoperative period.

Objetivo: resaltar los aspectos de la circulación extracorpórea relacionados con el desequilibrio de líquidos y electrolitos. Método: este es un ensayo teórico y reflexivo, basado en una encuesta de artículos científicos disponibles en Scielo, Lilacs y Medline entre los años 2004 y 2014 se centra en el tema de la circulación extracorpórea. Resultados: los cambios electrolíticos podría significar riesgos inminentes para la paciente cardíaco asistido quirúrgicamente, por lo que al someterse al procedimiento, el individuo debe estar con sus funciones de sistema equilibrado o de otro modo, para identificar cualquier modificación de los órganos artificiales debe llevar a cabo adecuación de los fracasos y estabilizar los que no son adecuadas para la preservación de la vida humana. Pero uno de los retos es tener un equipo y los recursos suficientes para tal asistencia y apoyo antes de complicaciones. Conclusión: se ha encontrado que los pacientes sometidos a la CEC están sujetos a sufrir de efectos secundarios que conducen a un desequilibrio electrolítico eficaz, es esencial que haya un seguimiento continuo de su estado, en el período intra y postoperatorio.

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En esta nueva edición de la Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica analizamos cuatro estudios que consideramos importantes para la práctica clínica. El estudio SOME, en el cual Carrier y colaboradores evaluaron la eficacia de la tamización para el cáncer oculto en pacientes con primer episodio no provocado de tromboembolia venosa. El estudio de Freedman y colaboradores muestra que el uso de jugo de manzanas y líquidos elegidos libremente no es inferior a las soluciones hidroelectrolíticas en la terapia de rehidratación oral en pacientes pediátricos con gastroenteritis aguda de bajo riesgo. Gágyor y colaboradores investigaron sobre el uso de ibuprofeno comparado con el de fosfomicina en el tratamiento sintomático de las infecciones urinarias no complicadas. Finalmente, el metaanálisis de Martindale y colaboradores consolida una información valiosa respecto a las pruebas que se deben hacer en el diagnóstico de falla cardíaca aguda.

In this new edition of Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica, four studies that we consider important for clinical practice are analyzed. The SOME study, in which Carrier et al., evaluated the efficacy of a screening strategy for occult cancer in patients with a first unprovoked venous thromboembolism. The study by Freedman et al., shows that the use of apple juice is not inferior to oral electrolyte maintenance solution in children with mild gastroenteritis. Gágyor et al., investigated about the use of ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for treating symptoms of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Finally, the meta-analysis of Martindale et al., provided valuable information about the tests that should be done in the diagnosis of acute heart failure.

Nesta nova edição da Ronda Clínica e Epidemiológica analisamos quatro estudos que consideramos importantes para a prática clínica. O estudo SOME, no qual Carrier e colaboradores avaliaram a eficácia da tamisação para o câncer oculto em pacientes com primeiro episódio não provocado de tromboembolia venosa. O estudo de Freedman e colaboradores mostra que o uso de suco de maçãs e líquidos elegidos livremente não é inferior às soluções hidroeletrolíticas na terapia de reidratação oral em pacientes pediátricos com gastroenterite aguda de baixo risco. Gágyor e colaboradores investigaram sobre o uso de Ibuprofeno comparado com o de Fosfomicina no tratamento sintomático das infeções urinárias não complicadas. Finalmente, a meta-análise de Martindale e colaboradores consolida uma informação valiosa com respeito às provas que se deve fazer no diagnóstico de falha cardíaca aguda.

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Fluids are considered the cornerstone of therapy for many shock states, particularly states that are associated with relative or absolute hypovolemia. Fluids are also commonly used for many other purposes, such as renal protection from endogenous and exogenous substances, for the safe dilution of medications and as "maintenance" fluids. However, a large amount of evidence from the last decade has shown that fluids can have deleterious effects on several organ functions, both from excessive amounts of fluids and from their non-physiological electrolyte composition. Additionally, fluid prescription is more common in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome whose kidneys may have impaired mechanisms of electrolyte and free water excretion. These processes have been studied as separate entities (hypernatremia, hyperchloremic acidosis and progressive fluid accumulation) leading to worse outcomes in many clinical scenarios, including but not limited to acute kidney injury, worsening respiratory function, higher mortality and higher hospital and intensive care unit length-of-stays. In this review, we synthesize this evidence and describe this phenomenon as fluid and electrolyte overload with potentially deleterious effects. Finally, we propose a strategy to safely use fluids and thereafter wean patients from fluids, along with other caveats to be considered when dealing with fluids in the intensive care unit.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o balanço hídrico acumulado durante o período do choque e determinar o que ocorre com ele nos 7 dias que se seguem à reversão do choque. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo e observacional, realizado em pacientes com choque séptico. Foram incluídos pacientes com pressão arterial média ≥ 65mmHg e lactato < 2,0mEq/L desmamados há menos de 12 horas do uso de vasopressores, sendo esse dia considerado o Dia 1. O balanço hídrico diário foi registrado por 7 dias após recuperação do choque. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, segundo a mediana da coorte para o balanço hídrico acumulado durante o período do choque: Grupo 1 ≤ 4,4L (n = 20) e Grupo 2 > 4,4L (n = 20). Resultados: Inscrevemos, neste estudo, um total de 40 pacientes. No Dia 1 do estudo, o balanço hídrico acumulado era de 1,1 [0,6 - 3,4] L no Grupo 1 e 9,0 [6,7 - 13,8] L no Grupo 2. No Dia 7 do estudo, o balanço hídrico acumulado era de 8,0 [4,5 - 12,4] L no Grupo 1 e 14,7 [12,7 - 20,6] L no Grupo 2 (p < 0,001 para ambos). A seguir, após a recuperação do choque, o balanço hídrico continuou a aumentar em ambos os grupos. Em comparação ao Grupo 1, o Grupo 2 teve um tempo mais longo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e no hospital. Conclusão: São frequentemente observados balanços hídricos positivos em pacientes com choque séptico, o que pode estar relacionado a desfechos piores. Durante o período do choque, mesmo que o balanço hídrico fosse previamente positivo, este se torna ainda mais positivo. Após a recuperação do choque, o balanço hídrico continua a aumentar. Esse grupo com um balanço hídrico mais positivo permaneceu por mais tempo na unidade de terapia intensiva e no hospital. .

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the cumulative fluid balance during the period of shock and determine what happens to fluid balance in the 7 days following recovery from shock. Methods: A prospective and observational study in septic shock patients. Patients with a mean arterial pressure ≥ 65mmHg and lactate < 2.0mEq/L were included < 12 hours after weaning from vasopressor, and this day was considered day 1. The daily fluid balance was registered during and for seven days after recovery from shock. Patients were divided into two groups according to the full cohort’s median cumulative fluid balance during the period of shock: Group 1 ≤ 4.4L (n = 20) and Group 2 > 4.4L (n = 20). Results: We enrolled 40 patients in the study. On study day 1, the cumulative fluid balance was 1.1 [0.6 - 3.4] L in Group 1 and 9.0 [6.7 - 13.8] L in Group 2. On study day 7, the cumulative fluid balance was 8.0 [4.5 - 12.4] L in Group 1 and 14.7 [12.7 - 20.6] L in Group 2 (p < 0.001 for both). Afterwards, recovery of shock fluid balance continued to increase in both groups. Group 2 had a more prolonged length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital compared to Group 1. Conclusion: In conclusion, positive fluid balances are frequently seen in patients with septic shock and may be related to worse outcomes. During the shock period, even though the fluid balance was previously positive, it becomes more positive. After recovery from shock, the fluid balance continues to increase. The group with a more positive fluid balance group spent more time in the intensive care unit and hospital. .

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Avaliou-se o efeito de uma suplementação com carboidratos e bebidas esportivas sobre parâmetros laboratoriais em atletas de futebol de campo, em uma situação real de treinamento. Foram coletados 10 ml de sangue venoso e 50 ml de urina em repouso e 15 minutos após treinamento. Os resultados mostram que o exercício intenso causou um variável grau de estase urinária, bem como provocou alterações hidroeletrolíticas caracterizadas por uma diminuição na concentração sérica de sódio, potássio, magnésio, fósforo e glicose (p<0,05), que não foi modificada por nenhum tipo de protocolo de suplementação nas condições propostas no presente estudo. A suplementação eletrolítica proposta mostrou-se limitada para evitar variações eletrolíticas e que a reposição deve ser avaliada à luz de um contexto ambiental e de treinamento.

The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of supplementation with carbohydrate sports drinks and laboratory parameters in athletes on the football field, in a real training. 10 ml of venous blood and 50 ml of urine were collected at rest and 15 minutes after training. The results show that intense exercise caused a variable degree of urinary stasis and electrolyte changes caused by a marked decrease in serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and glucose (p <0.05), which was not modified by any type of supplementation protocol under the conditions proposed in this study. The proposed electrolyte supplementation was shown to be limited to prevent electrolyte variations and that the recovery must be evaluated in light of an environmental and training context.

Se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con una bebida deportiva con carbohidratos y los parámetros de laboratorio en los atletas en el campo de fútbol, en un entrenamiento real. Se recogieron 10 ml de sangre venosa y 50 ml de orina en reposo y 15 minutos después del entrenamiento. Los resultados muestran que el ejercicio intenso causado un grado variable de la estasis urinaria y los cambios de electrolitos causados por una marcada disminución de niveles séricos de sodio, potasio, magnesio, fósforo y glucosa (p <0,05), que no fue modificado por cualquier tipo de protocolo de suplementación en las condiciones propuestas en este estudio. La suplementación de electrolitos propuesta demostró ser limitada para evitar las variaciones de los electrolitos y que la recuperación debe ser evaluada a la luz de un entorno ambiental y de entrenamiento.