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The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "Solar domestic hot water regulation in the Latin American residential sector with the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive: The case of Chile" (López-Ochoa et al., 2019), which evaluates the possibility of adapting Spanish solar domestic hot water regulations in Chile, with the objective of presenting the potential impact of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in Latin America. This dataset was made publicly available to show the possible energy savings with the thermal solar systems proposed to enable the use of these data by other researchers as well as designers, installers and decision-makers.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una reflexión crítica de la normatividad sobre el agua en Colombia a la luz tanto de las discusiones y directrices internacionales como de las contradicciones entre la democratización y privatización que emergen con los ajustes y cambios relacionados con el agua impuestos en el país, principalmente, desde los años 90. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión bibliográfica y documental. Como resultados de la investigación pudimos entender que existen dos cuerpos normativos para la gestión del agua en Colombia. En primer lugar, las generalidades de lo que concierne a la conservación y uso del agua como recurso natural que se encuentran contempladas en el Código de Recursos Naturales Renovables de 1974, la Ley 99 de 1993 y en la Política Nacional de Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico. En segundo lugar, lo atinente al servicio público domiciliario de agua potable que se encuentra regulado por la Ley 142 de 1994. Ello evidencia una fragmentación en la normatividad y lo que se requiere es entender los sistemas hídricos como una unidad dinámica y compleja. Adicionalmente, con esta ley 142 se posibilitó la privatización de parte de las actividades de abastecimiento de agua potable, con lo cual el Estado pasó de ser el prestador del servicio de acueducto a ser su regulador. Como conclusión consideramos necesario introducir un enfoque de equidad en la provisión de agua y el fortalecimiento del sector público descentralizado en el país, que promueva una gestión ambiental coordinada. Por otra parte, se evidencia que la defensa del agua como bien común intenta materializarse en estrategias que se oponen a la privatización y se fundamentan en la noción de que el acceso al líquido vital es un derecho humano y en el presupuesto de que el agua, a diferencia de cualquier commodity, es insustituible.

The objective of this work is to make a critical reflection of the normativity on water in Colombia, in the light of international discussions and guidelines and the contradictions between democratization and privatization that emerge with the adjustments and changes related to water imposed in the country, mainly since the 90s. The methodology used was bibliographic and documentary review. As results and conclusions of the research, it was possible to understand that there are two regulatory bodies for water management in Colombia. In the first place, the generalities concerning the conservation and use of water as a natural resource, which are considered in the Code of Renewable Natural Resources of 1974, Law 99 of 1993 and in the National Policy of Comprehensive Management of Water Resources. In the second place, what concerns the residential water service, which is regulated by Law 142 of 1994. This demonstrates a fragmentation in the normativity and what is required is to understand the water resource as a dynamic and complex unit. Additionally, it was possible to privatize the part of the drinking water supply activities with Law 142, with which the State went from being the provider of the water service to being its regulator. In conclusion, it is considered necessary to introduce an equity approach in the provision of water and the strengthening of the decentralized public sector in the country which promotes coordinated environmental management. On the other hand, it is evident that, the defense of water as a common good, tries to materialize in strategies that oppose privatization and are based on the notion that, access to the vital liquid is a human right, and in the assumption that, water, unlike any commodity, is irreplaceable.

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Los páramos son ecosistemas que se caracterizan por una alta humedad relativa, alta frecuencia de niebla y por tener una vegetación arbustiva y herbácea, adaptada a las condiciones de alta montaña. En condiciones naturales estos ecosistemas presentan una oferta hídrica alta, entre otros servicios ecosistémicos; sin embargo, esto cambia cuando son degradados. A pesar de su importancia son ecosistemas que han sido modificados por el hombre, la mayoría aún sin haber sido estudiados. Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación realizada en tres páramos en Colombia, en la cual, se evalúa su funcionamiento hidrológico y la capacidad de recuperación, una vez han sido alterados; para esto, se estudió el clima, la hidrología y los suelos. Los resultados indican que estos ecosistemas tienen condiciones climáticas desiguales, que determinan su rendimiento y regulación hídrica; con diferencias en las propiedades hidrofísicas del suelo y contenido de materia orgánica, lo que determina diferencias en su capacidad para retener la humedad y la disponibilidad de agua para las plantas. Estos resultados indican que los páramos, con un grado bajo de disturbio, presentan un alto rendimiento y buena regulación hídrica; pero igual que los páramos intervenidos, recuperan el estado natural de las propiedades del suelo y, consecuentemente, su funcionamiento hidrológico, aún en pocas décadas.

Páramos are equatorial alpine ecosystems characterized by a high air humidity, frequency of fog and the presence of shrub and herbaceous vegetation adapted to the specific equatorial alpine conditions. Under natural conditions these ecosystems present a high water yield, among other ecosystem services, however, this changes when they are degraded. Despite their importance, they are ecosystems that have been modified by man, most of them even without having been studied. This paper presents the results of a hydrological research carried out in three páramos in Colombia, which evaluates their hydrological functioning and their capacity for recovery once they are altered. Therefore, we studied their climate, hydrology, and soils properties. Results indicate that these ecosystems have different climatic conditions, which determine their water yield and water regulation. Differences in the hydro-physical properties of soils and organic matter content, which determine differences in their capacity to retain water and on the magnitude of the water available for plants. These results indicate that undisturbed páramos or with a low degree of disturbance present high water yield and good water regulation; and intervened páramos can recover the natural conditions of soil properties, and consequently their hydrological functioning, even in a few decades.

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This review presents water quality criteria for livestock adopted by different countries/states anddiscusses how those limit values are established. The method used was a literature data survey, available in theelectronic pages of regulatory agencies of different countries or states. Livestock water quality criteria for chemicalsubstances adopted by different countries/states, including Brazil (CONAMA 357 e 396), were compared.Information about the main factors can influence the derivation of livestock water quality criteria werehighlighted. The analysis of the Brazilian surface water regulation, which is based on multiple uses, indicated thatsome standards are not appropriate for livestock use. Great variation was observed for the choice of prioritysubstances and the water quality criteria among the different countries/states were analyzed, confirming the needfor the establishment of criteria for each country, considering the use and importance of substances and specificexposure scenarios. From the compiled date it is possible to observe that water criteria for livestock have not beenyet established for several chemicals, suggesting that more studies are needed in Brazil.Keywords: livestock watering, water quality, water regulation.

Esta revisão apresenta valores máximos permitidos para substâncias químicas, em águas destinadas adessedentação de animais adotados por diferentes países/estados e fornece informações sobre como esses valoresdevem ser estabelecidos. Os critérios de qualidade para o uso dessa água foram pesquisados nas páginaseletrônicas dos órgãos responsáveis de cada país ou estado. Os padrões brasileiros adotados pelas Resoluções 357 e396 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente foram comparados aos valores de outros países. Os resultadosmostram que os valores máximos permitidos pela legislação brasileira de múltiplos usos para determinadassubstâncias não são adequados para dessedentação de animais. Existe grande variação em relação às substânciaslegisladas e os valores máximos permitidos para cada substância entre os países/estados o que confirma anecessidade de que os critérios de qualidade de água para dessedentação de animais sejam específicos para cadapaís, contemplando a utilização e importância das substâncias e os cenários de exposição de cada um. Várias substâncias não possuem valores máximos estabelecidos para o uso da água na dessedentação de animaisindicando a necessidade de aprimoramento da regulamentação vigente.

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This review presents water quality criteria for livestock adopted by different countries/states anddiscusses how those limit values are established. The method used was a literature data survey, available in theelectronic pages of regulatory agencies of different countries or states. Livestock water quality criteria for chemicalsubstances adopted by different countries/states, including Brazil (CONAMA 357 e 396), were compared.Information about the main factors can influence the derivation of livestock water quality criteria werehighlighted. The analysis of the Brazilian surface water regulation, which is based on multiple uses, indicated thatsome standards are not appropriate for livestock use. Great variation was observed for the choice of prioritysubstances and the water quality criteria among the different countries/states were analyzed, confirming the needfor the establishment of criteria for each country, considering the use and importance of substances and specificexposure scenarios. From the compiled date it is possible to observe that water criteria for livestock have not beenyet established for several chemicals, suggesting that more studies are needed in Brazil.Keywords: livestock watering, water quality, water regulation.(AU)

Esta revisão apresenta valores máximos permitidos para substâncias químicas, em águas destinadas adessedentação de animais adotados por diferentes países/estados e fornece informações sobre como esses valoresdevem ser estabelecidos. Os critérios de qualidade para o uso dessa água foram pesquisados nas páginaseletrônicas dos órgãos responsáveis de cada país ou estado. Os padrões brasileiros adotados pelas Resoluções 357 e396 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente foram comparados aos valores de outros países. Os resultadosmostram que os valores máximos permitidos pela legislação brasileira de múltiplos usos para determinadassubstâncias não são adequados para dessedentação de animais. Existe grande variação em relação às substânciaslegisladas e os valores máximos permitidos para cada substância entre os países/estados o que confirma anecessidade de que os critérios de qualidade de água para dessedentação de animais sejam específicos para cadapaís, contemplando a utilização e importância das substâncias e os cenários de exposição de cada um. Várias substâncias não possuem valores máximos estabelecidos para o uso da água na dessedentação de animaisindicando a necessidade de aprimoramento da regulamentação vigente.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This review presents water quality criteria for livestock adopted by different countries/states and discusses how those limit values are established. The method used was a literature data survey, available in the electronic pages of regulatory agencies of different countries or states. Livestock water quality criteria for chemical substances adopted by different countries/states, includingBrazil(CONAMA 357 e 396), were compared. Information about the main factors can influence the derivation of livestock water quality criteria were highlighted. The analysis of the Brazilian surface water regulation, which is based on multiple uses, indicated that some standards are not appropriate for livestock use. Great variation was observed for the choice of priority substances and the water quality criteria among the different countries/states were analyzed, confirming the need for the establishment of criteria for each country, considering the use and importance of substances and specific exposure scenarios. From the compiled date it is possible to observe that water criteria for livestock have not been yet established for several chemicals, suggesting that more studies are needed inBrazil. 

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Land cover change in watersheds affects the supply of a number of ecosystem services, including water supply, the production of timber and nontimber forest products, the provision of habitat for forest species, and climate regulation through carbon sequestration. The Panama Canal watershed is currently being reforested to protect the dry-season flows needed for Canal operations. Whether reforestation of the watershed is desirable depends on its impacts on all services. We develop a spatially explicit model to evaluate the implications of reforestation both for water flows and for other services. We find that reforestation does not necessarily increase water supply, but does increase carbon sequestration and timber production.

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