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Posterior fossa tumours are one of the most common types of solid neoplasia in paediatric patients. Although impaired vision can occur at presentation, it usually stabilises or improves after decompressive surgery. However, cases of permanent and profound visual loss have been reported following successful tumour resection, despite receiving little attention from the medical community. In this paper, we present two cases of young patients who experienced severe and permanent visual loss following uncomplicated surgery for posterior fossa tumour removal. We discuss the possible mechanism involved in the visual loss and measures to prevent such a dreadful complication.

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Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, millions of peoples are involved. The presentation of the disease varies from mild respiratory symptoms and multiple organ failure to coma and death. Neurological symptoms such as headache or seizure are also coincident with COVID-19. Thromboembolic events increase in COVID-19 patients due to hypercoagulability and inflammation, particularly in severely ill patients. Thrombosis may cause venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT). Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis is a rare phenomenon that is usually found in critically ill patients with bad prognoses. In the present case report, we present a 40-year-old man with COVID-19 confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) who was admitted due to acute bilateral visual loss due to bilateral transverse sinus thrombosis. Pseudotumor cerebri disease was confirmed through high lumbar puncture. Early surgical intervention (optic nerve fenestration) was performed and, fortunately, his visual acuity improved. Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis is a rare incident in COVID-19 patients, but due to irreversible complications, an early diagnosis is fundamental. In any neurologic change in COVID-19 patients, CSVT must be considered. Also, prophylactic thrombolytic therapy should be kept in mind as the patient is admitted.

Desde o início da pandemia da COVID-19, milhões de pessoas estão envolvidas. A apresentação da doença varia desde sintomas respiratórios leves e falência de múltiplos órgãos até coma e morte. Sintomas neurológicos, como dor de cabeça ou convulsão, também coincidem com COVID-19. Os eventos tromboembólicos aumentam em pacientes com COVID-19 devido à hipercoagulabilidade e inflamação, particularmente em pacientes gravemente enfermos. A trombose pode causar trombose venosa, embolia pulmonar ou trombose venosa do seio cerebral (TVC). A trombose venosa do seio cerebral é um fenômeno raro, geralmente encontrado em pacientes gravemente enfermos e com mau prognóstico. No presente relato de caso, apresentamos um homem de 40 anos com COVID-19 confirmado por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) que foi internado devido a perda visual bilateral aguda causada pela trombose bilateral do seio transverso. A doença pseudotumor cerebral foi confirmada através de punção lombar alta. Foi realizada intervenção cirúrgica precoce (fenestração do nervo óptico) e, felizmente, sua acuidade visual melhorou. A trombose venosa do seio cerebral é um incidente raro em pacientes com COVID-19, mas devido a complicações irreversíveis, um diagnóstico precoce é fundamental. Em qualquer alteração neurológica em pacientes com COVID-19, a TVCS deve ser considerada. Além disso, a terapia trombolítica profilática deve ser lembrada quando o paciente é internado.

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Purpose: To present a rare case of advanced disseminated prostate cancer with bilateral visual loss as the initial manifestation of the disease. Observations: A 55-year-old man referring progressive visual blurring for the last 6 months and painless severe bilateral visual loss in the last 7 days prior to our consultation, associated with a bilateral optic disc swelling and leptomeningeal metastases from a previously ignored prostate carcinoma is presented. Rapid improvement of visual acuity and involution of leptomeningeal metastasis was observed after initiation of the specific oncologic treatment. Conclusions and importance: Bilateral visual loss may be the initial manifestation of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from an ignored prostate cancer. Prompt diagnosis is crucial in order to improve the quality of life of a critically ill patient with a disseminated prostate cancer.

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ABSTRACT A 97-year-old female presented with spontaneous acute-onset palpebral hyperemia and edema of the right eye that had progressively worsen over the previous three days. These signs did not suggest possible carotid-cavernous fistula until a second examination 72 h later, during which the patient exhibited significant progression. Despite embolization, the patient exhibited sustained corneal edema, clots, and turbidity in the aqueous humor, which resulted in permanent visual loss. A greater level of clinical suspicion for possible carotid-cavernous fistula is warranted on initial presentation of palpebral hyperemia and edema to prevent possible irreversible vision loss.

RESUMO O objetivo deste relato é apresentar o caso de uma paciente de 97 anos com início agudo e espontâneo de hiperemia e edema palpebral. Estes sinais não levaram a uma suspeita diagnóstica de fístula carótido-cavernosa até um segundo momento, quando a paciente apresentou progressão importante do quadro clínico. Apesar da realização de tratamento efetivo com embolização da fístula, a paciente manteve alterações oculares como edema de córnea, coágulos e turvação no humor aquoso, e manteve perda visual definitiva.

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BACKGROUND: The present case aims to describe a previously healthy man who presented multiple attacks of transient monocular visual loss after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination and to discuss the possible mechanisms related to occurrence of this condition. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of multiple attacks of transient monocular visual loss in a previously healthy middle-aged man two weeks after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. TVL attacks were described as sudden and painless complete visual loss, lasting about one minute, followed by a full recovery. He presented several non-simultaneous attacks in both eyes, 16 in the right eye, and 2 in the left eye on the same day, fifteen days after receiving the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. The brain's magnetic resonance angiography, echocardiogram, and doppler ultrasound imaging of the carotid and vertebral arteries were non-revealing. The complete blood exam revealed a slightly elevated C-reactive protein test. We assessed fundus examination during the transient visual loss attack and revealed diffuse vascular narrowing for both arterial and venous branches, notably in the emergence of the optic disc in right eye. In addition, the circumpapillary optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) vessel density map was reduced. Oral verapamil hydrochloride 60 mg twice daily was initiated, and the attacks of transient visual loss improved after two days. CONCLUSIONS: To date, and the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of multiple transient monocular visual loss attacks due to retinal vasospasm in a previously healthy middle-aged man documented by fundus retinography and OCTA. We discuss in this article the possible association of retinal vasospasm and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination, probably related to vaccine-induced inflammation.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic contribution of grating visual acuity (GVA) measured by sweep pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (SPRVEP) in unexplained visual loss (UVL). METHODS: This case-control study included adult patients under suspicion of UVL referred to SPRVEP and transient pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (TPRVEP) testing. Optotype visual acuity (OVA) was measured by ETDRS 4-meter chart and GVA by SPRVEP. UVL patients were assigned into three distinctive categories, according to the presence of ocular disease, motivation, and electrophysiological evaluation, as follows: exaggerators, malingerers, and psychogenic. Healthy controls and patients with organic visual loss were also tested. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of GVA and TPRVEP parameters. RESULTS: A total of 76 patients with UVL were analyzed: 60 (79.0%) exaggerators, 11 (14.4%) malingerers, and 5 (6.6%) psychogenic. Controls were 49 subjects evaluated for TPRVEP and 28 subjects for SPRVEP. There were 13 patients with organic visual loss enrolled. Mean difference between OVA and GVA was 1.19±0.67 (median=0.84; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.34) in UVL and 0.14 ±0.09 (median= 0.14; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.20) in organic visual loss. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of GVA to distinguish UVL from healthy controls was 0.998 with a cutoff of 0.09 logMAR showing specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 96.0%. CONCLUSIONS: GVA measured by SPRVEP had good diagnostic validity to discriminate patients with unexplained visual loss from healthy controls and patients with organic visual loss, demonstrating its contribution to the diagnosis of this condition.

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BACKGROUND: To analyze the relationship between the central foveal thickness (CFT) and the integrity of the ellipsoid portion of inner segments (EPIS) and interdigitating zone (IZ) retinal layers in the visual outcome of uveitic macular edema (UME). METHODS: Prospective, observational, and cross-sectional study of eyes with UME. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) macular morphological pattern, CFT, and integrity of the outer retinal layers were analyzed. We arranged the data by EPIS or IZ integrity and contrasted it with student t-test (quantitative variables) and Fisher exact test or χ² distribution (categorical variables) to evaluate visual impairment and retinal measures. Receiver operator curve (ROC) estimation and logistic regression (probit) assessed if the sample´s variance could be associated with IZ or EPIS integrity. RESULTS: We included 145 SD-OCT macular scans from 45 patients at different stages of UME. Cystoid macular edema (CME) increased the risk of severe (P ≤ 0.0162) and moderate visual loss (P ≤ 0.0032). The highest CFT values occurred in patients with moderate (478.11 ± 167.62 µm) and severe (449.4 ± 224.86 µm) visual loss. Of all morphological patterns of macular edema, only CME showed a statistically significant relationship with severe visual impairment (44.92%, p = 0.0035, OR 4.29 [1.62-11.4]). Likewise, an increased probability of severe visual loss correlated negatively with both, IZ (37.93%, P ≤ 0.001, OR 10.02) and EPIS (38.98%, P ≤ 0.001, OR 13.1) disruption. A CFT > 337 µm showed a higher probability of IZ (AUROC = 0.7341, SEN 77.59%, ESP 65.52) and EPIS (AUROC = 0.7489, SEN 76.37%, ESP 65.12%) loss of integrity. Moreover, when BCVA reached 0.44 LogMAR (≤ 20/50 Snellen eq.), it was more likely to have IZ (AUROC = 0.8706, ESP 88.51%, SEN 77.59%) and EPIS (AUROC = 0.8898, ESP 88.3%, SEN 76.27) disruption. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly increased CFT has a higher probability for EPIS and IZ disruption, which significantly increases the risk for irreversible visual loss in eyes with UME. Evaluating these layers' integrity by optical coherence tomography helps predict the visual outcome and make the right therapeutic decisions. Trial registration The study was registered on April 13, 2020, at the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Research Committee (License No. COFEPRIS 20 CI 19 039 002), project registration No. P000338-CAVICaREMU-CI-CR002, and the Ethics Committee (License No. CONBIOETICA 19 CEI 011-2016-10-17), project registration No. P000338-CAVICaREMU-CEIC-CR002.

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According to reports from the literature,1,2 depending on the location where cavernomas appear, range from the very common locations to unusual. Cavernous malformations arising from the optic nerve and chiasm are rare, with only few cases reported to date.3-5 We present a case of a 28-yr-old man who suddenly started with sever visual loss in the right eye and homonymous lateral hemianopia in the left eye. Because of the acute symptomatology, a brain MRI was immediately performed in order to diagnose the etiology. The MRI showed a chiasmatic mass with right extension, heterogeneous on T1 and T2 sequences, without enhancement after gadolinium. The surgery was carried out a week after the diagnosis. A right pterional transsylvian approach was performed and the cavernoma was resected with microsurgical maneuvers, preserving the optic nerve fibers, chiasm, and optic tract. The patient evolved favorably, improving the visual deficit in the postoperative period as can be observed in the postoperative visual field study 7 mo after the surgery. The patient signed an informed consent for the procedure and agreed with the use of his images and surgical video for research and academic purposes. Our surgical case emphasizes the importance of a prompt diagnosis and surgery for chiasmatic cavernomas3 associated to visual loss, providing early decompression of the optic apparatus and improvement of the visual field defects after surgery.

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PURPOSE: to describe a patient with a contractile peripapillary staphyloma and transient visual loss (TVL) that underwent repeated OCTA examination documenting disc contraction and increased peripapillary vessel density as the mechanism of TVL. OBSERVATIONS: a 28-year-old male presented multiple daily episodes of TVL for the last 5 years. Fundoscopic examination revealed a peripapillary staphyloma. The fundus photographs and SS-OCT demonstrated flattening of the posterior polo and crowding of the contracted optic disk, which became hyperemic with tortuous and dilated veins during visual loss episodes. OCTA showed temporary increased peripapillary vessel density, presumably from severe venous congestion leading to TVL during the contraction. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: increased peripapillary vessel density can be demonstrated by OCTA during TVL in contractile peripapillary staphyloma. These findings indicate that severe venous stasis during disc contraction is the cause of TVL.

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OBJECTIVE: To propose an algorithm of treatment for sudden visual loss following filler injections and perform an English-written literature search for assignment of evidence level and grade recommendation. METHODS: Algorithm of treatment includes ocular physical Maneuvers, hyAluronidase administration, intravenous STEroids, intraocular pressure Reduction, and Supplemental Oxygen (M.A.STE .R.S) based on previous acute management reports. Special consideration for algorithm buildup was made for ophthalmic diseases that share physiopathological features such as central retinal artery occlusion, systemic vasculitis affecting vision, and acute glaucoma. Finally, a systematic cross-review of the reported cases with visual loss was done to identify the level of evidence and grant a recommendation grade. RESULTS: A search through PubMed and Medscape databases for English-written scientific papers using the terms facial filler, retinal artery occlusion, management, treatment, complications, and adverse events quoted a total of 46 papers (190 cases) which were then analyzed. A high variability on management for treatment of sudden visual loss after facial filler injections was observed. This was attributed partially to the great diversity of medical specialists performing cosmetic facial procedures such as dermatologists, plastic surgeons, esthetic doctors and ophthalmologists, and the lack of high evidence level studies. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed algorithm provides an initial guideline based on prior literature reports and physiopathology involving facial filler injection complications. Analysis identified 22 successfully treated cases with vision recovery (11.57%). Ocular physical maneuvers had the best evidence-based level and grade recommendation (A) for the management of acute vision loss secondary to facial filler injections.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: Obesity is accepted as a risk factor for postoperative visual loss due to possible perioperative elevations in intraocular pressure. This study investigated whether intraocular pressure changes differed according to the body mass index of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Thirty obese and 30 non-obese patients (body mass index cutoff point, 30 kg/m2) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled. Intraocular pressure was measured at baseline (T1), after induction of anesthesia (T2), 5 min after initiation of mechanical ventilation (T3), 5 min after pneumoperitoneum inflation (T4), 5 min after the patient was placed in the head-up position (T5), 5 min after deflation with the patient in the supine position (T6), and 5 min after extubation with the patient in the 30 degrees upright position (T7). Results: The mean intraocular pressure values of the obese and non-obese groups were similar at T1 (16.60 ± 2.93 and 16.87 ± 2.85 mmHg respectively). In both groups, intraocular pressure decreased following initiation of anesthesia (T2) (p<0.001, T2 vs T1). Intraocular pressure values at T7 were significantly higher than those at T1 in the obese (20.38 ± 4.11 mmHg, p<0.001) and non-obese (20.93 ± 4.37 mmHg, p<0.01) groups. There were no significant differences between intraocular pressure values of obese and non-obese patients at any time point. Conclusions: Obesity is not correlated with intraocular pressure during short laparoscopic surgeries with the patient in the head-up position.

RESUMO Objetivo: A obesidade é aceita como um fator de risco para a perda visual pós-operatória devido a possíveis elevações perioperatórias da pressão intraocular. Este estudo investigou se as alterações na pressão intraocular diferem de acordo com o índice de massa corporal dos pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica. Métodos: Trinta pacientes obesos e 30 não-obesos (limiar de índice de massa corporal de 30 kg/m2), submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica foram incluídos. A pressão intraocular foi medida no início do estudo (T1), após a indução anestésica (T2), 5 min após o início da ventilação mecânica (T3), 5 min após a insuflação do pneumoperitôneo (T4), 5 min após o posicionamento vertical da cabeça (T5), 5 min após a deflação na posição em decúbito dorsal (T6) e 5 min após a extubação com o paciente na posição vertical de 30 graus (T7). Resultados: Os valores médios da pressão intraocular dos grupos obeso e não obeso foram semelhantes no T1 (16,60 ± 2,93 e 16,87 ± 2,85 mmHg, respectivamente). Em ambos os grupos, a pressão intraocular diminuiu após o início da anestesia (T2) (p<0,001, T2 vs T1). Os valores da pressão intraocular em T7 foram significativamente maiores do que aqueles em T1 nos grupos obesos (20,38 ± 4,11 mmHg, p<0,001) e não obesos (20,93 ± 4,37 mmHg, p<0,01). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os valores de pressão intraocular de pacientes obesos e não obesos em qualquer momento. Conclusões: A obesidade não está correlacionada com a pressão intraocular durante cirurgias laparoscópicas curtas com o paciente em posição de cabeça erguida.

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La neurocisticercosis es una enfermedad del sistema nervioso central de origen parasitario que genera una alta morbilidad. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 30 años de edad, negro, del sexo masculino, con historia de dolor de cabeza y disminución progresiva de la visión desde hace tres meses. Fue examinado en la Consulta de Oftalmología, donde se constató la pérdida visual y alteraciones campimétricas. En el fondo de ojo se observó papiledema bilateral. Le fue indicada tomografía computarizada de cráneo que mostró una gran lesión en la región frontal derecha y por lo cual fue transferido para el Servicio de Neurocirugía. Se decidió el tratamiento quirúrgico y se le realizó una craneotomía frontal derecha y resección de la lesión. El diagnóstico histológico confirmó una neurocisticercosis, por lo que se decidió comenzar el tratamiento con albendazol y praziquantel. El paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Después de completar el tratamiento y pasados unos meses se le realizó la tomografía axial computarizada de control, donde se mostró una remisión total de la lesión(AU)

Neurocysticercosis is a disease of the central nervous system of parasitic origin and high morbidity. This is the case of a 30 years-old Black male patient with a history of headache and progressive reduction of vision for three months. He was examined at the Ophthalmological Service where visual loss and campometric alterations were confirmed. The fundus oculi revealed the presence of bilateral papilledema. He was performed cranial CT that showed a large lesion in the right front region, so he was transferred to the neurosurgery service. It was decided to apply surgical treatment. He was then performed a right front craniotomy and then resection of the lesion. The histological diagnosis confirmed neurocysticercosis and he was then treated with albendazol and praziquantel. His recovery was satisfactory. Upon completing the treatment and after a few months, the axial computerized tomography for control showed total remission of lesion(AU)

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PURPOSE: To determine the level of agreement between trained family physicians (FPs), general ophthalmologists (GOs), and a retinal specialist (RS) in the assessment of non-mydriatic fundus retinography in screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the primary health-care setting. METHODS: 200 Diabetic patients were submitted to two-field non-mydriatic digital fundus camera. The images were examined by four trained FPs, two GOs, and one RS with regard to the diagnosis and severity of DR and the diagnosis of macular edema. The RS served as gold standard. Reliability and accuracy were determined with the kappa test and diagnostic measures. RESULTS: A total of 397 eyes of 200 patients were included. The mean age was 55.1 (±11.7) years, and 182 (91%) had type 2 diabetes. The mean levels of serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c were 195.6 (±87.3) mg/dL and 8.9% (±2.1), respectively. DR was diagnosed in 166 eyes by the RS and in 114 and 182 eyes by GO1 and GO2, respectively. For severity, DR was graded as proliferative in 8 eyes by the RS vs. 15 and 9 eyes by GO1 and GO2, respectively. The agreement between the RS and the GOs was substantial for both DR diagnosis (GO1k = 0.65; GO2k = 0.74) and severity (GO1k = 0.60; GO2k = 0.71), and fair or moderate for macular edema (GO1k = 0.27; GO2k = 0.43). FP1, FP2, FP3, and FP4 diagnosed DR in 108, 119, 163, and 117 eyes, respectively. The agreement between the RS and the FPs with regard to DR diagnosis was substantial (FP2k = 0.69; FP3k = 0.73; FP4k = 0.71) or moderate (FP1k = 0.56). As for DR severity, the agreement between the FPs and the RS was substantial (FP2k = 0.66; FP3k = 069; FP4k = 0.64) or moderate (FP1k = 0.51). Agreement between the FPs and the RS with regard to macular edema was fair (FP1k = 0.33; FP2k = 0.39; FP3k = 0.37) or moderate (FP4k = 0.51). CONCLUSION: Non-mydriatic fundus retinography was shown to be useful in DR screening in the primary health-care setting. FPs made assessments with good levels of agreement with an RS. Non-mydriatic fundus retinography associated with appropriate general physicians training is essential for the DR screening.

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PURPOSE: To report the incidence and clinical features of patients that experienced un-explained visual loss following silicone oil (SO) removal. METHODS: Multicenter retrospective study of patients that underwent SO removal during 2000-2012. Visual loss of ≥2 lines was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 324 eyes of 324 patients underwent SO removal during the study period. Forty two (13%) eyes suffered a significant visual loss following SO removal. Twenty three (7.1%) of these eyes lost vision secondary to known causes. In the remaining 19 (5.9%) eyes, the loss of vision was not explained by any other pathology. Eleven of these 19 patients (57.9%) were male. The mean age of this group was 49.2 ± 16.4 years. Eyes that had an un-explained visual loss had a mean IOP while the eye was filled with SO of 19.6 ± 6.9 mm Hg. The length of time that the eye was filled with SO was 14.8 ± 4.4 months. In comparison, eyes that did not experience visual loss had a mean IOP of 14 ± 7.3 mm Hg (p < 0.0002) and a mean tamponade duration of 9.3 ± 10.9 months (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: An un-explained visual loss after SO removal was observed in 5.9% of eyes. Factors associated with this phenomenon included a higher IOP and longer SO tamponade duration.

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Abstract Postoperative visual loss is a rare and devastating complication. The estimated incidence is 0.01-1% after non ocular surgery. It has been reported after spine, cardiac and head and neck surgeries. We report a patient who was operated for cervical laminectomy in prone position and complained of loss of vision in one eye postoperatively. He was thoroughly investigated after visual loss. The case was diagnosed as central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) of the left eye. Here we consider the potential etiological factors causing this unilateral loss of vision and try to suggest strategies to reduce the incidence of the complication in spinal surgery.

Resumo A perda visual pós-operatória é uma complicação rara e devastadora. A incidência estimada é de 0,01-1% após cirurgia não oftalmológica. Há relatos de sua ocorrência após cirurgias da coluna, cardíaca e de cabeça e pescoço. Relatamos o caso de um paciente submetido à laminectomia cervical em pronação que se queixou de perda de visão em um dos olhos no pós-operatório. O paciente foi profundamente investigado após a perda visual. O caso foi diagnosticado como oclusão da artéria central da retina (CRAO) do olho esquerdo. Aqui consideramos os potenciais fatores etiológicos que causam essa perda unilateral da visão e tentamos sugerir estratégias para reduzir a incidência dessa complicação em cirurgia de coluna vertebral.

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Postoperative visual loss is a rare and devastating complication. The estimated incidence is 0.01-1% after non ocular surgery. It has been reported after spine, cardiac and head and neck surgeries. We report a patient who was operated for cervical laminectomy in prone position and complained of loss of vision in one eye postoperatively. He was thoroughly investigated after visual loss. The case was diagnosed as central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) of the left eye. Here we consider the potential etiological factors causing this unilateral loss of vision and try to suggest strategies to reduce the incidence of the complication in spinal surgery.

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PURPOSE: To report the association of acute visual loss secondary to intraretinal hemorrhages and energy drink consumption. METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: A 48-year-old hypertensive man developed an elevation in systemic blood pressure, tachycardia, and acute visual loss secondary to intraretinal hemorrhages shortly after drinking several cans of energy drinks. CONCLUSION: High consumption of energy drinks may lead to intraretinal hemorrhages and acute visual loss.

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Loss of vision is well known to affect postural control in blind subjects. This effect has classically been framed in terms of deficit or compensation depending on whether body sway increases or decreases in comparison with that of sighted subjects with the eyes open. However, studies have shown that postural responses can be modulated by the context and that changes in postural sway may not necessarily mean a worsened or improved postural control. The goal of our study was to test whether balance is affected by the context in blind subjects. Additional to the quantification of center of pressure (COP) displacement, measurements of body motion (COG) and the correspondent net neuromuscular response (COP-COG) were evaluated in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions. Thirty-eight completely blind and thirty-two sighted subjects participated of this study. The volunteers were asked to stand barefoot on a force platform for 60 s in two different conditions: feet apart and feet together. Sighted participants performed the tests with both the eyes open and eyes closed. Results showed that the COP-COG displacements in the blind group were greater than those of the sighted group with eyes open in almost all conditions tested, but not in eyes closed condition. However, the COP and COG results confirmed that the postural responses were context dependent. Together these results suggest that total visual loss does not just lead to a balance deficit or compensation, but to a specific postural signature that might imply in enhancing COP, COG and/or COP-COG in specific postural conditions.

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The presence of postoperative visual loss is a well-known complication, and described in various reports, its low incidence (0.028-0.2%) makes it extremely rare. Two main causes have been determined: Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and central Retinal Artery Oclusion. The following is a case report of a 52-year-old patient that presented visual loss after elective spine surgery that had no complications that could initially explain this complication. Studies were performed and evaluations by ophthalmologists determined that the cause of Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy due to multiple risk factors that the patient had previously and during the surgery. After 3 year follow-up the patient still has total visual loss and no other complications were reported.

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BACKGROUND: Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a benign fibro-osseous lesion related to an abnormal bone development and replacement by fibrous tissue. FD has three clinical patterns namely monostotic, polyostotic, and the McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). MAS is a rare genetic disorder (about 3% of all FD's) that comprises a triad of polyostotic FD, café-au-lait skin macules, and precocious puberty. MAS can involve the orbit region and cause stenosis in the optic canal, leading the patient to a progressive visual loss. METHODS: We reported a case of craniofacial FD in MAS in a 9-year-old male with progressive visual loss, submitted to optic nerve decompression by fronto-orbito-zygomatic approach, with total recovery. A research was made at Bireme, PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, and MEDLINE with the keywords: FD/craniofacial/McCune-Albright/Optic compression for the clinical review. RESULTS: A clinical review of the disease was made, the multiple, clinical, and surgical management options were presented, and the case report was reported. CONCLUSION: MAS is a rare disease with a progressive polyostotic FD. Whenever it affects the orbit region, the optic canal, and it is associated with a progressive visual loss, the urgent optic nerve decompression is mandatory, either manually or with a rapid drill. It is known that aggressive approach is associated with less recurrence; it is also associated with worsening of the visual loss in optic nerve decompression. In MAS cases, multiple and less aggressive surgeries seem to be more suitable.