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Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the intraoperative pain (IOP) occurrence in situations of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP) and symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP). Materials and Methods: Patients who sought emergency care presenting a diagnosis of SIP or SAP were included. IOP was measured with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) after five minutes of local anesthesia, during access to the pulp chamber, root canal exploration and at the end of procedures. In cases where pain was reported during treatment, supplementary anesthesia was performed. Pain scores were recorded and analyzed using a generalized estimating equation model with posthoc comparisons. Results: 56 patients were included. 35 had a diagnosis of SIP; and 21 a diagnosis of SAP. Mean preoperative pain scores for SAP and SIP were 6.69 (±1.54) and 6.39 (±1.48), respectively (p>0.05). In patients with SIP, significant differences were observed between: preoperative scores and other time points; scores after five minutes of local anesthesia and other time points; scores during pulp chamber access and at the end of procedures; and scores during root canal exploration and at the end of procedures (p<0.05). In patients with SAP, significant differences were observed between preoperative pain scores with all other time points (p<0.05). Chi-square test indicated an association between diagnosis and the need for supplementary anesthesia (p<0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, there is a strong relationship between reduction of moderate/severe pain after application of local anesthesia. The need for supplemental anesthesia is significantly associated to the diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lumbar disorders, which contribute to significant workplace absenteeism and chronic disability, are associated with a considerable financial and social burden. Although a conservative approach provides satisfactory pain relief, biomechanical improvement and is associated with a low risk of adverse effects, there is lack of consensus in the literature regarding the best therapeutic strategy in such cases. METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal study used secondary data from the institutional medical records of patients who completed a multidisciplinary program for the treatment of low back pain between 2019 and 2021. Data regarding pain levels and motor skills were obtained from patients who completed the care program at a private hospital in Bento Gonçalves, RS. The following step-wise treatment algorithm was used: evaluation by a specialist physician for the etiological diagnosis of pain, pharmacological management and dry needling, followed by standard rehabilitation intervention performed by the physiotherapy team and exercises by the physical education team. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure pain at the start and at the completion of the intervention, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to measure motor skills at the start and at 6 and 12 months following the multiprofessional intervention for rehabilitation. RESULTS: A reduction in pain and motor disability in patients who completed all stages of the treatment program was observed. Pain by the VAS presented the following scores: baseline 7 [5-8] and after treatment 2 [0-4]; and the scores of the ODI were: at baseline 0.34 [0.26 - 0.40], at 6 months 0.16 [0.08 - 0.26] and after treatment 0.12 [0.04 - 0.21]. CONCLUSION: The treatment program reduced the pain and disability associated with low back pain and can serve as the basis for further studies carried out to confirm the effectiveness of this intervention.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As doenças lombares, que contribuem para um absenteísmo significativo no local de trabalho e para a incapacidade crônica, estão associadas a um encargo financeiro e social considerável. Embora a abordagem conservadora proporcione alívio satisfatório da dor, melhore a biomecânica e esteja associada a baixo risco de efeitos adversos, não há consenso na literatura sobre a melhor estratégia terapêutica nesses casos. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, foram utilizados dados secundários dos prontuários médicos institucionais de pacientes que completaram um programa multidisciplinar para tratamento de dor lombar entre 2019 e 2021. Dados sobre níveis de dor e habilidades motoras foram obtidos de pacientes que completaram o programa assistencial de um hospital privado de Bento Gonçalves, RS. Foi utilizado o seguinte tratamento passo a passo: avaliação por médico especialista para diagnóstico etiológico da dor, manejo farmacológico e agulhamento a seco, seguido de intervenção de reabilitação padrão realizada pela equipe de fisioterapia e exercícios pela equipe de educação física. A escala analógica visual (EAV) foi utilizada para medir a dor no início e após a conclusão da intervenção, e o Índice de Incapacidade de Oswestry (ODI) foi usado para medir as habilidades motoras no início e aos 6 e 12 meses após a intervenção multiprofissional para reabilitação. RESULTADOS: Observou-se redução na dor e na incapacidade motora em pacientes que completaram todas as etapas do programa de tratamento. A intensidade da dor medida pela EAV apresentou as seguintes pontuações: basal 7 [5-8] e após tratamento 2 [0-4]; enquanto o ODI apresentou as pontuações: basal 0,34 [0,26 - 0,40], até 6 meses 0,16 [0,08 - 0,26] e após o tratamento 0,12 [0,04 - 0,21]. CONCLUSÃO: O programa de tratamento reduziu a dor e a incapacidade associadas à dor lombar e pode servir de base para novos estudos realizados para confirmar a eficácia desta intervenção.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to assess the frequency with which orthodontic patients decided to shift to another type of orthodontic appliance, among conventional metal brackets, ceramic brackets, lingual brackets and clear aligner, based on their personal experiences of pain, ulcers, bad breath, hygiene issues and social difficulties. Material and Methods: This study comprises of patients seeking orthodontic treatment. The sample (n = 500; age group = 19-25 years) was divided equally into four groups based on the treatment modality: conventional metal brackets, ceramic brackets, lingual brackets and clear aligner. Patients rated the questionnaire using a visual analogue scale, to assess variables (such as pain, ulcer etc) that impact various treatment modalities. Subsequently, patients from all groups provided feedback regarding their treatment experiences, and expressed their preference for an alternative modality. Intergroup comparison among the four groups was done using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Patients who received lingual brackets reported higher levels of pain and ulceration, as compared to those who received clear aligners. All four groups showed statistically significant differences for ulcers during treatment (p ≤ 0.05). Of the 125 patients who received conventional metal brackets, 28% expressed a preference for clear aligner therapy, while 20% preferred ceramic brackets. In the lingual group, 56% of 125 patients preferred clear aligner therapy, and 8% preferred ceramic brackets to complete their treatment. In the ceramic group, 83% did not want to switch, whereas 17% desired to switch to clear aligner, while in aligner group no patient desired to switch. Conclusions: A higher percentage of patients from lingual brackets group chose to shift to clear aligners, followed by conventional metal brackets group and by ceramic brackets group, in this descending order. The clear aligner group demonstrated fewer issues than the other treatment modalities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência com que pacientes ortodônticos decidiram mudar para outro tipo de aparelho ortodôntico, entre braquetes convencionais de metal, braquetes cerâmicos, braquetes linguais e alinhadores transparentes, com base em suas experiências pessoais de dor, aftas, mau hálito, problemas de higiene e dificuldades sociais. Material e Métodos: Esse estudo foi composto por pacientes que procuram tratamento ortodôntico. A amostra (n = 500; faixa etária = 19-25 anos) foi dividida igualmente em quatro grupos, com base na modalidade de tratamento: braquetes metálicos convencionais, braquetes cerâmicos, braquetes linguais e alinhadores transparentes. Os pacientes responderam a um questionário, usando uma escala visual analógica, para avaliar variáveis como dor e aftas, que impactam diferentes modalidades de tratamento. Posteriormente, os pacientes de todos os grupos forneceram feedback sobre suas experiências de tratamento e expressaram sua preferência por uma modalidade alternativa. A comparação intergrupos entre os quatro grupos foi feita usando análise de variância unidirecional com teste post-hoc HSD de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Os pacientes que usaram braquetes linguais relataram níveis mais elevados de dor e aftas, em comparação com aqueles que usaram alinhadores transparentes. Todos os quatro grupos apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para aftas durante o tratamento (p ≤ 0,05). Dos 125 pacientes que usaram braquetes metálicos convencionais, 28% expressaram preferência pelo tratamento com alinhadores transparentes, enquanto 20% preferiram braquetes cerâmicos. No grupo com braquetes linguais, 56% dos 125 pacientes preferiram o tratamento com alinhadores transparentes e 8% preferiram braquetes cerâmicos para completar o tratamento. No grupo com braquetes cerâmicos, 83% não queriam trocar de tratamento, enquanto 17% desejavam mudar para os alinhadores transparentes; enquanto no grupo de alinhadores nenhum paciente desejou mudar. Conclusões: Uma porcentagem maior de pacientes do grupo com braquetes linguais optou pela mudança para alinhadores transparentes, seguido pelo grupo com braquetes metálicos convencionais e pelo grupo com braquetes cerâmicos, em ordem decrescente. O grupo de alinhadores transparentes demonstrou menos problemas do que as outras modalidades de tratamento.

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RESUMEN Objetivos: Identificar la evidencia del manejo de la hipersensibilidad dentinaria (HD) primaria utilizando diferentes tratamientos, como agentes tópicos, cirugía o láser. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática con los términos MeSH relacionados con el tema de investigación mediante un único algoritmo de búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura en las bases de datos computarizadas de MEDLINE, Registro Cochrane de Ensayos Clínicos Controlados, Ovid y Scopus. Sólo se incluyeron ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados que incluyeran pacientes con HD asociada a dentina sensible con túbulos abiertos en dentición permanente y que realizaran tratamientos para la HD con terapia láser, tratamientos quirúrgicos o terapia tópica, evaluando el nivel de dolor con la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA). Resultados: Se seleccionaron 34 artículos. Se encontró que entre alternativas de tratamiento para disminuir la HD primaria, los agentes tópicos y el empleo de laser son intervenciones que mejoran significativamente la respuesta dolorosa, sin embargo, se obtuvo mejores resultados al emplear ambas técnicas de manera combinada. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio permiten concluir que existe evidencia de la eficacia para manejar la HD primaria mediante intervenciones con terapia láser y agentes tópicos. Este trabajo abre un nuevo camino hacia futuras investigaciones que evalúen los efectos a largo plazo de este tipo de intervenciones y de los efectos adversos derivados de los mismos.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To identify the evidence of primary dentin hypersensitivity (DH) management using different treatments such as topical agents, surgery, or laser. Materials and methods: A systematic search was performed with the MeSH terms related to the research topic using a single comprehensive literature search algorithm in the computerized databases of MEDLINE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, OVID, and Scopus. We only included randomized controlled clinical trials that included patients with HD associated with sensitive dentin with open tubules in the permanent dentition and who underwent HD treatments with laser therapy, surgical treatments, or topical therapy, evaluating the level of pain with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: 34 articles were selected. It was found that among treatment alternatives to reduce primary HD, topical agents and the use of laser are interventions that significantly improve the pain response, however, better results were obtained when using both techniques in combination. Conclusions: The results of this study allow us to conclude that there is evidence of the efficacy of managing primary HD through interventions with laser therapy and topical agents. This work opens a new path towards future research that evaluates the long-term effects of this type of intervention and its adverse effects.

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Introducción: recientemente, en Europa y en idioma inglés, se ha desarrollado el Clinical EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ClinESSDAI) para evaluar la actividad en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren primario (SSp). Objetivos: validar el ClinESSDAI en pacientes con SSp en Argentina. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Se utilizó la versión en castellano del EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) validada en Argentina. Para evaluar la validez del constructo, se usó la escala visual análoga (EVA) desarrollada por un reumatólogo experto por dominio del ClinESSDAI y de la EVA global para el puntaje total del ClinESSDAI, mientras que otro profesional en la materia realizó el ESSDAI y ClinESSDAI. Para analizar la reproducibilidad, se estudió a un subgrupo de pacientes, sin mediar cambios en el tratamiento ni en la condición clínica, 10 días después de la evaluación basal. Todos los médicos examinaron a los pacientes desconociendo la evaluación de los demás colegas. Resultados: se incluyeron 47 pacientes con SSp. La correlación entre la EVA global y el ClinESSDAI fue muy buena (Rho 0,7), así como la correlación de la EVA y el ClinESSDAI de cada dominio. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) entre el ESSDAI y el ClinESSDAI fue de 0,98. La reproducibilidad fue de 0,93. Conclusiones: el ClinESSDAI es una herramienta válida y reproducible en nuestra población, equiparable al ESSDAI.

Introduction: the Clinical EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ClinESSDAI) has recently been developed in Europe and in the English language to evaluate activity in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Objectives: validate the ClinESSDAI in patients pSS in Argentina. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study. The Spanish version of the ESSDAI, validated in Argentina, was used. To evaluate construct validity, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used, performed by an expert rheumatologist per ClinESSDAI domain, and the global VAS was used for the total score of the ClinESSDAI, while another professional performed the ESSDAI and ClinESSDAI. To evaluate reproducibility, a subgroup of patients was evaluated without changes in treatment or clinical condition 10 days after the baseline evaluation. All physicians were blind to each other's evaluation. Results: 47 patients with pSS were included. The correlation between global VAS and ClinESSDAI was very good (Rho 0.7), as well as the correlation of the VAS and ClinESSDAI of each domain. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between ESSDAI and ClinESSDAI was 0.98. The reproducibility was 0.93. Conclusions: the ClinESSDAI is a valid and reproducible tool in our population, comparable to the ESSDAI.

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Abstract Introduction Septoplasty and turbinoplasty are common surgical interventions used to relieve nasal obstructive symptoms. Since it is difficult to measure the degree of nasal blockage, current literature wonders about the frequent performance of these procedures. Objective To evaluate the perceived change in the nasal obstruction and the quality of life (QoL) of patients that underwent a septoplasty along with a turbinoplasty by applying subjective scales, to describe the correlation between those scales, and to study the impact of clinical factors in the postoperative outcomes. Methods Prospective observational study. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) were assessed. The paired sample Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference between the pre- and postoperative surveys. The correlation coefficient between the subjective scales was calculated. A quantile regression was performed to evaluate the effect of surgery on the results adjusted for clinical and demographic variables. Results A total of 115 patients were interviewed. Postoperative NOSE scores were 45 points lower (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 53.53-- 35.46; p < 0.001) in comparison with the NOSE preoperative scores. Obesity was the only statistically significant factor associated with worse outcomes. Additionally, we found a high correlation between the NOSE and VAS scores and a negative correlation between the GBI and postoperative VAS scores. Conclusion Nasal septoplasty, when paired with a turbinoplasty, decreases nasal obstruction and improves QoL. Obesity was associated with worse results. There was a strong correlation between the NOSE and the VAS results and between the GBI and postoperative VAS results.

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Introduction Septoplasty and turbinoplasty are common surgical interventions used to relieve nasal obstructive symptoms. Since it is difficult to measure the degree of nasal blockage, current literature wonders about the frequent performance of these procedures. Objective To evaluate the perceived change in the nasal obstruction and the quality of life (QoL) of patients that underwent a septoplasty along with a turbinoplasty by applying subjective scales, to describe the correlation between those scales, and to study the impact of clinical factors in the postoperative outcomes. Methods Prospective observational study. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) were assessed. The paired sample Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference between the pre- and postoperative surveys. The correlation coefficient between the subjective scales was calculated. A quantile regression was performed to evaluate the effect of surgery on the results adjusted for clinical and demographic variables. Results A total of 115 patients were interviewed. Postoperative NOSE scores were 45 points lower (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 53.53-- 35.46; p < 0.001) in comparison with the NOSE preoperative scores. Obesity was the only statistically significant factor associated with worse outcomes. Additionally, we found a high correlation between the NOSE and VAS scores and a negative correlation between the GBI and postoperative VAS scores. Conclusion Nasal septoplasty, when paired with a turbinoplasty, decreases nasal obstruction and improves QoL. Obesity was associated with worse results. There was a strong correlation between the NOSE and the VAS results and between the GBI and postoperative VAS results.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between children's pain/distress levels and patient characteristics (age, sex, history of dental pain), sedation type (level of sedation, sedative regimen), nociception and pain intensity reported by the parents in sedated children undergoing minimally invasive dental treatment. METHODS: This clinical study evaluated secondary outcomes of an RCT that evaluated the efficacy of dexmedetomidine sedation with or without ketamine. Only children who had nociception levels recorded using the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) were included (0-100; 0 = highest nociception). FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability) was used to assess children's pain/distress (0-10; 0 = no pain/distress). Parental proxy report of the child's pain intensity during the treatment was performed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS; 0-100; 0 = no pain). The association between ANI, children's age and sex, dental pain history, sedation level, sedative regimen, and VAS with the FLACC was verified using the generalised estimation equation analysis (alpha 0.05). RESULTS: Participants were 31 children (51.6% boys) and their parents (90.3% mothers). Median FLACC was 3.3 (25th-75th percentiles 1.7-8.2), ANI 80.9 (74.7-85.8), and VAS 10 (1-23). FLACC associated with ANI (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.93-0.99; p = 0.02), moderate sedation (0.13; 0.03-0.50; p = 0.003), and VAS (1.05; 1.01-1.10; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Pain/distress was generally low and more prominent with minimal (versus moderate) sedation and higher nociception.

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Abstract Introduction In the current era, the major indication for septoplasty is nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum (DNS). Even though septoplasty is a commonly performed surgery, its effectiveness in relieving nasal obstruction in DNS has not been proven. Objective The present study involved the measurement of both objective (nasal patency) and subjective (quality of life measures) outcome measures for the evaluation of the efficacy of septoplasty as compared with medical management. Methods Patients with DNS presenting with nasal obstruction were included and randomized into a septoplasty group or into a nonsurgical management group, with 70 patients in each group. The improvement in nasal obstruction was assessed subjectively by the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22) and the nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) questionnaires and was measured objectively by assessment of nasal patency by peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment in both groups. Results The average VAS, SNOT-22 and NOSE scores for the septoplasty versus the nonsurgical group before treatment were 6.28 versus 6.0, 19.5 versus 15, and 14 versus 12, respectively, and at 6 months post-treatment, the scores were 2.9 versus 5.26, 10 versus 12, and 8 versus 10 (p= 0.001), respectively. The average PNIF scores at 0 and 6 months were 60/50 l/min and 70/60 l/min, respectively, in the septoplasty group (p= 0.001); the scores at 0 and 6 months in the nonsurgical management group were 60/60 l/min and 70/70 l/min, respectively (p= 0.001). Conclusion Surgical correction of DNS by septoplasty improves nasal obstruction better than nonsurgical management at 6 months postsurgery.

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Introduction In the current era, the major indication for septoplasty is nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum (DNS). Even though septoplasty is a commonly performed surgery, its effectiveness in relieving nasal obstruction in DNS has not been proven. Objective The present study involved the measurement of both objective (nasal patency) and subjective (quality of life measures) outcome measures for the evaluation of the efficacy of septoplasty as compared with medical management. Methods Patients with DNS presenting with nasal obstruction were included and randomized into a septoplasty group or into a nonsurgical management group, with 70 patients in each group. The improvement in nasal obstruction was assessed subjectively by the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22) and the nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) questionnaires and was measured objectively by assessment of nasal patency by peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment in both groups. Results The average VAS, SNOT-22 and NOSE scores for the septoplasty versus the nonsurgical group before treatment were 6.28 versus 6.0, 19.5 versus 15, and 14 versus 12, respectively, and at 6 months post-treatment, the scores were 2.9 versus 5.26, 10 versus 12, and 8 versus 10 ( p = 0.001), respectively. The average PNIF scores at 0 and 6 months were 60/50 l/min and 70/60 l/min, respectively, in the septoplasty group ( p = 0.001); the scores at 0 and 6 months in the nonsurgical management group were 60/60 l/min and 70/70 l/min, respectively ( p = 0.001). Conclusion Surgical correction of DNS by septoplasty improves nasal obstruction better than nonsurgical management at 6 months postsurgery.

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BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (US-TAP) is an important component of multimodal analgesia in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, although it has certain limitations. To overcome them, surgeons have developed several techniques to perform local anesthetic infiltration under laparoscopic guidance, but no trials evaluating these in transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernia repair were conducted till the date. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a novel laparoscopic-guided local anesthetic infiltration technique (LDAI) with US-TAP in postoperative pain control and analgesic consumption for patients undergoing elective TAPP hernia repair. METHODS: This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted at a single tertiary academic center between 2019 and 2020 on adult patients undergoing elective laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repair. Postoperative pain and analgesic consumption were compared for LDAI vs. US-TAP up to 30 postoperative days. RESULTS: 62 patients were included (31 LDAI, 31 US-TAP). Female gender was significantly higher in the LDAI group (8, 25.81%; US-TAP 0; p = 0.005). Mean anesthetic time (US-TAP group: 142.2 min, SD = 17.7; LDAI group: 127.1 min, SD = 15.5; p < 0.001) and mean operative time (US-TAP group: 117.2 min, SD = 15.9; LDAI group: 103.8 min, SD = 15.2; p < 0.001) were significantly shorter in the LDAI group. Pain scores assessed at the first-hour postoperative, at the moment of discharge, and at 8, 24, and 48 postoperative hours showed no significant differences between both groups. No significant difference was found regarding postoperative analgesic rescue administration in the recovery room and analgesic consumption after discharge between groups. CONCLUSION: LDAI is a safe and effective local anesthetic technique in elective TAPP hernia repair. Pain control is similar to US-TAP block, with shorter anesthesthetic and surgical time and better health resources allocation.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postpartum depression affects women, manifesting with depressed mood, insomnia, psychomotor retardation, and suicidal thoughts. Our study examined if there is an association between epidural analgesia use and postpartum depression. METHODS: Patients were divided into two groups. One group received epidural analgesia during labor while the second group did not. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) was administered to patients prior to birth and 6 weeks postpartum. Pain severity was assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) during labor and at 24hours postpartum. RESULTS: Of the 92 patients analyzed, 47.8% (n=44) received epidural analgesia. We detected significantly higher VAS score during labor (p= 0.007) and 24 hours postpartum (p = 0.0001) in the group without epidural analgesia. At 6 weeks postpartum, a significant difference was observed between the EPDS scores of both groups (p= 0.0001). Regression analysis revealed higher depression scores in patients experiencing higher levels of pain during labor (OR = 0.572, p= 0.039). Epidural analgesia strongly correlated with lower scores of depression (OR = 0.29, p= 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The group that received epidural analgesia had lower pain scores. A high correlation between epidural analgesia and lower depression levels was found. Pregnant women giving birth via the vaginal route and having high pain scores could reduce postnatal depression scores using epidural labor analgesia. Pregnant women should opt for epidural analgesia during labor to lessen postpartum depression levels.

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: Patients undergoing open nephrectomy surgery experience severe perioperative pain, which is primarily due to incision of several muscles. Abdominal wall blocks are known to reduce pain without causing epidural-associated hypotension. We conducted this study to compare unilateral ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block and posterior transversus abdominis block in combination with general anesthesia alone in terms of intraoperative and postoperative analgesics and hemodynamics and postoperative complications. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial conducted in the operating room. This study included 48 patients aged 20-60 years, with ASA I and II, and a body mass index ≤ 30kg.m-2 who were scheduled for open nephrectomy procedure.The 48 patients scheduled for nephrectomy were randomly allocated into one of the following three groups after induction of general anesthesia: Group A (n=16) received USG transmuscular QLB; Group B (n=16) received unilateral USG posterior transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block; and Group C (n=16; control group) did not receive any blocks. Introperative fentanyl consumption, and hemodynamics (heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP)) were recorded after anesthesia induction, at surgical incision, and every 15min till the end of surgery. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated immediately at 30min and 1,2,4,6, and 12hours postoperatively. The time of first analgesic request was also recorded. RESULTS: Intraoperative fentanyl consumption (µg) was significantly lower in Groups A and B (164.69±27.35 and 190.31±44.48, respectively) than in Group C (347.50±63.64) (p<0.001). Postoperatively, total pethidine consumption was significantly lower in Groups A and B than in Group C (85.31±6.68, 84.06±4.17mg, and 152.19±43.43mg, respectively) (p<0.001. Time to rescue analgesia was longer in Groups A and B than in Group C (138.75±52.39min, 202.50±72.25min, and 37.50±13.42min, respectively) (p<0.001). VAS score was significantly lower in Groups A and B than in Group C at 30min and 1, 2, 4, and 6hours postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block and posterior transversus abdominis blocks were effective in providing perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing open nephrectomy. However, quadratus lumborum block provided superior analgesia.

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OBJECTIVE: This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the pain intensity in patients treated with orthodontic aligners and conventional fixed appliances. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: This study was a randomized clinical trial. The sample comprised 39 patients randomly allocated into 2 groups: OA (orthodontic aligners, n = 20) and FA (Fixed Appliance, n = 19). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pain intensity was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) in the following periods: T0 (baseline), T1 (seven days after appliance placement) and seven days after each return on the first (T2), third (T3) and sixth (T4) months. The following variables were also investigated in the baseline: conditioned pain modulation, anxiety levels, hypervigilance and catastrophizing. The VAS measurements between groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Comparisons between periods within each group were performed by the Friedman test. Data regarding catastrophizing and hypervigilance were compared by the t test. All tests were applied at a significance level of 5%, with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Both groups presented similar levels of anxiety, hypervigilance, catastrophizing and conditioned pain modulation. Both groups did not differ concerning the pain intensity in all periods. The intragroup evaluation revealed statistical differences between days in the FA group at all moments evaluated, for the OA group, similar findings between days were found for the T1 evaluation; however, at the 6-month period (T4), the pain levels varied over these days without statistical difference. Higher levels of pain were observed in the first seven days after appliance placement. CONCLUSION: The pain intensity, usually mild, was not influenced by the appliance design, although different patterns of reported pain seem to occur between groups.

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BACKGROUND: Assessment of nasal obstruction is imprecise due to a low correlation between findings on the physical examination and objective measures with the severity of symptoms reported by the patient even after septoplasty with turbinoplasty is performed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of subjective scales, and the correlation between them for the evaluation of nasal obstruction after surgery. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of undergoing septoplasty with turbinoplasty to relieve nasal obstructive symptoms and the quality of life in a mid-term period by using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), and Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of patients who underwent a septoplasty with turbinoplasty due to nasal septodeviation and secondary nasal obstructive symptoms at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Three scales were used to measure the outcomes one year after surgery: VAS (0-10), NOSE (0-100), and GBI (-100 to 100). RESULTS: Data from 56 patients (21 females, mean age 37.5 years of age, SD 12.13) was collected. The results showed that 75% of the patients had a post-surgical NOSE score below 50 and a VAS score below 6. Regarding the GBI scale, 75% of the patients improved in their quality of life. An inverse proportional correlation was found between the NOSE and GBI scales (rho = -0.3682) (95% CI -0.579 to -0.111), and there was a directly proportional correlation between the NOSE and VAS scales (rho = 0.7440) (95% CI 0.595 to 0.844). CONCLUSION: Subjective measures suggest there was an improvement in nasal obstructive symptoms and quality of life after surgery. Non-anatomical causes such as rhinitis can be confounding factors to consider in subsequent studies. VAS stands out as a possible interchangeable scale with NOSE to measure nasal obstruction in these patients.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La percepción global de la salud (PGA) es una parte de los instrumentos compuestos utilizados para determinar la actividad de la artritis reumatoide (AR). Por lo general, se mide por medio de la escala visual análoga (EVA). En nuestra práctica clínica y en la literatura se han observado dificultades en la aplicación de la EVA. Este estudio se llevó a cabo luego de considerar la necesidad de definir el desempeño de las diferentes escalas usadas para evaluar la PGA, determinar la facilidad de su uso y proponer una nueva escala. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio basado en desenlace de pacientes con diagnóstico de AR a los que se aplicaron cuatro tipos de escalas para evaluar la PGA: escala 1 (EVA), escala 2 (escala de rostros) y una propuesta de escala visual en dos versiones: escala 3 (escala visual compuesta en orientación horizontal) y escala 4 (similar a la escala 3, pero en orientación vertical). Se analizó su correlación y la frecuencia con la que los pacientes las entendieron. Resultados: Se incluyeron 198 pacientes, 169 mujeres (85,3%) y 29 hombres (14,6%), y la edad media fue de 54,2 anos. El 59,6% de los pacientes no entendió la escala 1. La mayoría de los pacientes entendió las escalas 2, 3 y 4. Aproximadamente el 80% de los pacientes prefirió las escalas 2 (43,4%) y 3 (36,3%) (p < 0,00). Ninguna variable clínica predijo la selección de la escala. Se observó una buena correlación y una aceptable reproducibilidad de las escalas 2, 3 y 4. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes no entendió la EVA; la mayoría de nuestros pacientes entendió y prefirió las escalas propuestas, que podrían ser útiles en la práctica clínica de los pacientes con AR.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The overall perceived health (OPH) is part of the composite tools used to determine the activity of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). It is usually measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Difficulties in applying the VAS have been observed in clinical practice and in the literature. This study was carried out after considering the need to define the performance of the different scales used to evaluate OPH, and determine their ease of use, as well as to propose a new scale. Methods: The study based on the outcome of patients, subjects diagnosed with RA, to whom 4 types of scales were applied to evaluate OPH: Scale 1 (VAS), Scale 2 (face scale), a proposal of a visual scale in two versions: Scale 3 (composite visual scale in horizontal orientation), and Scale 4, similar to 3 in vertical orientation. Results: Of the 198 patients included, 169 (85.3%) were women, and 29 (14.6%) were men. The mean age was 54.2 years, and 59.6% of the patients did not understand the Scale 1. The majority of the patients understood the Scales 2,3, and 4. Approximately 80% of the patients preferred the Scales 2 (43.4%) and 3 (36.3%) (P< .00), but no clinical variable predicted the selection of the scale. A good correlation and an acceptable reproducibility were observed for scales 2, 3, and 4. Conclusions: Although the majority of patients did not understand the VAS, the majority of our patients understood and preferred the proposed scales that could be useful in the clinical practice of RA patients.

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BACKGROUND: Nowadays, in western societies, acupuncture is widely used over the control of pain and this analgesic approach is still the most studied aspect of acupuncture. Several studies have shown that most patients go through a significant pain decrease soon after the first sessions of acupuncture. OBJECTIVES: This research has as a goal the evaluation on the effect of acupuncture treatment regarding the relief of pain intensity of different etiologies, through the visual analog scale. METHODS: This research constitutes a retrospective, descriptive study, carried out with 449 patients attended in the Institute Hospital de Base of the Federal District, in Brasilia city- Brazil. Every data was gathered from our own form, with detailed clinical history which included age, marital status, work activity, reason for referral to acupuncture, main and secondary complaints, pain intensity evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), number of sessions completed and drug therapy. All data was organized in the Microsoft Excel and processed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. RESULTS: Regarding the main complaint, the mean pain decreased from 7.3 (initial VAS) to 3.2 (final VAS), a reduction that meant more than 50% relief in pain intensity. This 50% reduction in initial pain was also observed in secondary complaints (initial VAS = 6.5 and final VAS = 3.1). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research suggest that acupuncture treatment was effective in relieving pain intensity, providing a 50% reduction on the visual analogue scale, in relation to painful complaints of different etiologies.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication from general anesthesia that impacts on postoperative recovery. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prophylactic rewarming following general anesthesia, so as to decrease the incidence of PONV among patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective randomized clinical study at a hospital in China. METHODS: Sixty-two patients were randomly assigned into two groups. The forced air warming (FAW) group received pre-warmed Ringer's solution with FAW until the end of surgery. The control group received Ringer's solution without FAW. The pre-warmed Ringer's solution was stored in a cabinet set at 40 °C. The FAW tube was placed beside the patient's shoulder with a temperature of 43 °C. RESULTS: Sixty patients completed the study. The FAW group showed significant differences versus the controls regarding temperature. At 6, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively, the incidences of PONV were 53.3%, 6.7% and 3.3% in the FAW group versus 63.3%, 30% and 3.3% in the controls. VAS scores were significantly lower in the FAW group than in the controls at 24 hours (P= 0.035). Forty-item questionnaire total scores in the FAW group were significantly higher than in the controls. The physical independence and pain scores at 24 hours and emotional support and pain scores at 48 hours in the FAW group were higher than in the controls (P < 0.05). There was no difference in hemodynamics or demographics between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic rewarming relieved PONV and improved the quality of postoperative recovery. CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTER (ChiCTR): ChiCTR-IOR-17012901.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This prospective study aimed at assessing the effects of anxiety and a follow-up text message on pain perception after the installation of fixed orthodontic appliances and its impact on the patients' routine. Methods: The sample of this study consisted of 103 orthodontic patients, 40 males and 63 females (mean age 20.5 years), distributed in two groups: G1 (n=51), including control patients that did not receive any post-procedure communication; and G2 (n=52), including patients that received a structured text message. In baseline phase, the patients completed a questionnaire to assess their level of anxiety prior to treatment. Pain was assessed by using 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) in baseline and ten times prospectively in predetermined time points. VAS was also applied to assess the patient's routine alterations caused by the pain. All data were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey, Mann-Whitney, t-test, chi-square and Spearman's correlation tests. All statistical tests were performed with significance level of 5%. Results: Low-level and high-level anxiety was observed in 42.7% and 7.8% of the patients, respectively. Statistically significant correlation was observed between anxiety and pain (p< 0.05). Maximum mean pain intensity was detected in the second treatment day (G1=36.9mm and G2=26.2mm) and was significantly higher in G1. Nearly 53% of the patients in G1 reported alterations in the routine (18.8mm), while in G2 the percentage rate reached 28.8% (9.9mm) (p=0.013). Conclusions: Anxious patients report more pain after the installation of orthodontic appliances. Text messages were effective to reduce pain levels and to decrease the negative effects on patients' daily routine.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo prospectivo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da ansiedade e de mensagens de texto de acompanhamento na percepção da dor após a instalação de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos e seu impacto na rotina dos pacientes. Métodos: A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 103 pacientes ortodônticos, 40 homens e 63 mulheres (idade média de 20,5 anos), distribuídos em dois grupos: G1 (n = 51), que incluiu pacientes controle, que não receberam comunicação pós-procedimento; e G2 (n = 52), incluindo os pacientes que receberam mensagem de texto estruturada. Na fase inicial, os pacientes responderam a um questionário para avaliar seu nível de ansiedade antes do tratamento. A dor foi avaliada por meio de escala visual analógica (EVA) de 100 mm antes da instalação dos aparelhos e em 10 períodos consecutivos predeterminados. A EVA também foi aplicada para avaliar as alterações de rotina do paciente causadas pela dor. Os resultados foram analisados usando ANOVA, Tukey, Mann-Whitney, teste t, Qui-quadrado e testes de correlação de Spearman. Todos os testes estatísticos foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Níveis baixos e altos de ansiedade foram observados em 42,7% e 7,8% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Foi observada correlação estatisticamente significativa entre ansiedade e dor (p< 0,05). A intensidade média máxima da dor foi detectada no segundo dia de tratamento (G1 = 36,9mm e G2 = 26,2mm) e foi significativamente maior no G1. Quase 53% dos pacientes do G1 relataram alterações na rotina (18,8mm), enquanto no G2 o percentual atingiu 28,8% (9,9mm) (p= 0,013). Conclusões: Pacientes ansiosos relatam mais dor após a instalação de aparelhos ortodônticos. As mensagens de texto foram eficazes para reduzir os níveis de dor e diminuir os efeitos negativos na rotina diária dos pacientes.

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OBJETIVO: Determinar si la ansiedad preoperatoria supone un factor de riesgo independiente para la percepción de dolor severo durante la realización de una histeroscopia quirúrgica ambulatoria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohortes en el que incluimos179 pacientes. Se ha aplicado el formulario STAI-S para valorar la ansiedad preoperatoria de las pacientes y distribuirlas en dos cohortes: Pacientes con ansiedad (STAI-S >50) y pacientes sin ansiedad (STAI-S7. Se ha calculado la asociación y el riesgo entre ambas variables mediante el Test X2 y el Riesgo Relativo (RR). Se ha utilizado el test de correlación de Pearson para valorar la correlación entre ambas variables. Se ha considerado estadísticamente significativo un valor de p<0.05. RESULTADOS: Las pacientes que percibieron dolor severo durante la entrada a la cavidad uterina (78,3% vs 29,5%; p<0,001) y durante la realización del proceso quirúrgico (78,8% vs 26,2%; p<0,001) fueron en su mayoría pacientes con ansiedad preoperatoria. El RR de las pacientes con ansiedad para percibir dolor severo es de 6,46 (IC 95%; 2,52 -16,60) durante la entrada y de 6,61 (IC 95%; 3,04 -14,38) durante la resección. Existe una correlación moderada y positiva entre las puntuaciones obtenida en la escala STAI-S y la puntuación EVA, tanto durante la entrada a la cavidad (r = 0,629; p = 0,042) como durante el proceso quirúrgico (r = 0'661; p =0'021). CONCLUSIONES: Las pacientes con ansiedad preoperatoria tienen más riesgo de percibir dolor severo durante la entrada en la cavidad uterina y durante la realización de la intervención histeroscópica.

OBJECTIVE: Determine if preprocedural anxiety is an independent risk factor for the perception of severe pain during an outpatient surgical hysteroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 179 patients included in this cohort study. The STAI-S questionnaire has been applied to assess the preoperative anxiety of the patients and distribute them into two cohorts: Patients with anxiety (STAI-S>50) and patients without anxiety (STAI-S 7. The association and the risk between both variables have been calculated using X2 test and relative risk (RR). Pearson's correlation test was used to assess the correlation between both variables. A p value < 0,05 has been considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Patients who perceived severe pain during access to the uterine cavity (78,3% vs 29,5%; p<0,001) and during the surgical procedure (78,8% vs 26,2%; p<0,001) were mostly patients with preoperative anxiety. The RR of patients with anxiety to perceive severe pain is 6.46 (95% CI; 2,52-16,60) during access to the uterine cavity and 6,61 (95% CI; 3,04-14,38) during resection. We have found a moderate and positive correlation between the scores obtained on the STAI-S questionnaire and VAS score during access to the uterine cavity (r=0,629; p=0,042) and during the surgical process (r=0,661; p=0,021) CONCLUSIONS: Patients with preprocedural anxiety are more at risk of perceiving severe pain during access into the uterine cavity and during the hysteroscopic intervention.

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