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Coffee pulp is a by-product of the coffee industry. Due to conventional management techniques, it represents a severe environmental problem due to its negative impact on the soil (anaerobic fermentation and pH changes), water sources (the infiltration of pollutants into streams, acidification of water sources, and modification of microorganisms), and biodiversity (soil microbiology, fish, crustaceans, and other vertebrates). Therefore, it is essential to develop protocols for the treatment of this waste so that it can be used again in other productive activities under the circular economy approach. This means that all the waste from a production process can be reused, can generate value for the benefit of the producer, and, in turn, mitigate the environmental impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of 5 levels of wheat bran (WB) with extruded coffee pulp flour (ECPF) as an alternative to a conventional fiber source in broiler finisher diets. A total of 300 Cobb 500 chickens in the finishing phase were assessed in the study, grouped in 5 treatments: T1, a conventional diet or control treatment (100% WB and 0% ECPF), T2 (75% WB and 25% ECPF), T3 (50% WB and 50% ECPF), T4 (25% WB and 75% ECPF), and T5 (0% WB and 100% ECPF). Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and intestinal morphometry (villus length: VL, villus width: VW, crypt depth: CD, villus height/crypt depth ratio: V/C, and villus surface area: VSA) were evaluated at the level of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Feed intake decreased correspondingly as the ECPF in the diet was increased, with statistical differences (p < 0.01) between their averages; the most significant weight gain (834.61 g) was evidenced with the T2 treatment, this being statistically different (p < 0.01) from T4 and T5; similarly, the best FCR (1.58) was evidenced with the T2 treatment, followed by the control treatment T1 (with 1.64); however, they were not statistically different (p > 0.05). All treatment results were similar to the VL control samples in the three intestinal portions, except for the T5 in the jejunum, which showed statistical differences from the control. In VW, the treatment results were similar to the control samples of the jejunum and ileum; however, in the duodenum, the T5 results showed the highest value (172.18 µm), being statistically different (p < 0.05) from the other treatments being evaluated. For CD, it was only in the duodenum that the T2 and T3 treatments were similar to the control. Likewise, for V/C in the duodenum, only the T2 results were similar to the control. There was no significant difference in the VSA among the different treatment groups. T2 showed better production parameters without altering the intestinal villi. In conclusion, ECPF is a potential input for use to replace up to 25% of WB in the feed of broilers in the finishing phase.

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The study was designed to investigate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on intestinal histomorphology, immunity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and productive parameters of broilers. A total of 1800, day old broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain were selected and randomly assorted into 6 treatment groups: T1 (basal diet without antibiotics as negative control); T2 (basal diet plus antibiotics as positive control group); T3 (basal diet plus 200g/ton MOS); T4 (basal diet plus 400g/ton MOS); T5 (basal diet plus 600g/ton MOS) and T6 (basal diet plus 800g/ton MOS). Each treatment was having 6 replicates and the feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that, MOS supplemented birds have significantly higher feed intake, weight gain and FCR (P < 0.05). Similarly, supplementation of MOS showed positive effect on villus height and crypt depth both in jejunum and ilium. Goblet cell density was unaffected by MOS addition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, birds fed with diets containing MOS, exhibited better productive performance in comparison to positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, MOS can replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as non-microbial performance-enhancing feed advocates.

O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) na histomorfologia intestinal, imunidade contra o vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) e parâmetros produtivos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.800 pintos de corte de um dia da linhagem Cobb-500 foram selecionados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos de tratamento: T1 (dieta basal sem antibióticos como controle negativo); T2 (dieta basal mais antibióticos como grupo controle positivo); T3 (dieta basal mais 200g/ton MOS); T4 (dieta basal mais 400g/ton MOS); T5 (dieta basal mais 600g/ton MOS) e T6 (dieta basal mais 800g/ton MOS). Cada tratamento tinha 6 repetições e o consumo de ração, ganho de peso corporal e conversão alimentar foram registrados semanalmente. Os resultados mostraram que as aves suplementadas com MOS apresentam consumo de ração, ganho de peso e CA significativamente maiores (P < 0,05). Da mesma forma, a suplementação de MOS mostrou efeito positivo na altura das vilosidades e na profundidade das criptas tanto no jejuno quanto no íleo. A densidade de células caliciformes não foi afetada pela adição de MOS (P < 0,05). Além disso, as aves alimentadas com dietas contendo MOS apresentaram melhor desempenho produtivo em comparação aos grupos controle positivo e negativo. Em conclusão, o MOS pode substituir os promotores de crescimento de antibióticos (AGPs) como defensores de alimentos não microbianos que melhoram o desempenho.

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There are no studies reporting the effects of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) on intestinal architecture and immunoglobulin serum levels in chickens. Here, we measured these parameters and hypothesized whether probiotic administration could modulate the observed outcomes. Two-hundred 1-day-old COBB 500 male chicks were allocated into four groups: (I) the control, (II) the group treated with L. fermentum, (III) the group exposed to S. Infantis, and (IV) the group inoculated with both bacteria. At 11 days post infection, blood was gathered from animals which were then euthanized, and samples from the small intestine were collected. Intestinal conditions, as well as IgA and IgM serum levels, were assessed. S. Infantis reduced villus-height-to-crypt-depth (VH:CD) ratios in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal sections compared to control conditions, although no differences were found regarding the number of goblet cells, muc-2 expression, and immunoglobulin concentration. L. fermentum improved intestinal measurements compared to the control; this effect was also evidenced in birds infected with S. Infantis. IgM serum levels augmented in response to the probiotic in infected animals. Certainly, the application of L. fermentum elicited positive outcomes in S. Infantis-challenged chickens and thus must be considered for developing novel treatments designed to reduce unwanted infections.

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We aimed to evaluate the effects of the reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) on blood urea, uric acid, performance, immunity, and intestinal histology of broilers. Four diets were formulated with 22.50%, 21.50%, 20.50%, and 19.50% of CP (1 to 21 days) and 19.20%, 18.20%, 17.20%, and 16.20% of CP (22 to 42 days), meeting the requirements of essential amino acids in all diets. A total of 800 male Ross chicks were randomly allocated to 32 pens, with 25 birds each (n = 8). Blood and intestines had been collected for analysis. Uric acid decreased and urea increased with the reduction of CP (p < 0.05). Reduction in performance and intestinal parameters (villus, crypt, and goblet cells) was observed with the reduction of CP (p < 0.05). Lower levels of CP resulted in alteration (p < 0.05) in CD4 and CD8 lineages (21 and 42 days). Broken-line models estimated (p < 0.05) the CP requirement for growth between 21% and 21.3% (1 to 21 days) and between 17.2% and 17.4% (22 to 42 days) and CP requirements between 17.2% and 18.2% for maximum response of immune cells (42 days). Reduction in dietary CP has a negative impact on performance, immune response, and intestinal histology of broilers, even with adequate levels of essential amino acids.

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Effects of dietary Agaricus bisporus mixture or stalk or cap on growth performance, carcass components and some meat quality parameters, mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts, and intestinal histomorphology in broiler chickens were investigated. Two hundred and forty one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into 4 experimental groups with 4 replicates, each including 15 birds. Chickens were fed with basal diet (C), mushroom mixture (MM, 10 g stalk+10 g cap/kg diet), mushroom stalk (MS, 20 g/kg diet) and mushroom cap (MC, 20 g/kg diet). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (P < 0.01) by dietary MS while feed intake (FI) decreased (P < 0.01) in all treatment groups compared to control. However, body weight gain (BWG) was decreased (P < 0.01) by MC inclusion. Mushroom supplemented groups had higher (P < 0.05) mesophilic aerobic bacteria in the cecum. MS inclusion increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P < 0.01) and villus height in the ileum (P < 0.01) and jejunum (P < 0.05). MC increased (P < 0.01) crypt depth in the jejunum. There were no statistical differences among groups for carcass components (P > 0.05). The L* values were decreased (P < 0.01) in thigh meat but increased (P < 0.01) in breast meat by mushroom inclusion. The a* values were decreased (P < 0.01) and b* values were increased (P < 0.05) in both thigh and breast meat with mushroom addition to diet. The obtained results indicated that A. bisporus stalk meal at an inclusion level of 20 g/kg of diet had favourable effects on growth performance with higher feed efficiency, improved intestinal morphology with higher villus height and increased meat quality of broiler chickens.

Foram investigados os efeitos da mistura dietética de Agaricus bisporus ou talo ou tampa sobre o desempenho de crescimento, componentes da carcaça e alguns parâmetros de qualidade da carne, contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesofílicas e histomorfologia intestinal em frangos de corte. Duzentos e quarenta frangos de corte Ross 308 de um dia de idade foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais com quatro repetições, cada um incluindo 15 aves. Galinhas alimentadas com dieta basal (C), mistura de cogumelos (MM, 10 g caule + 10 g cap / kg de dieta), caule de cogumelo (MS, 20 g / kg dieta) e cogumelo (MC, 20 g / kg dieta). A taxa de conversão alimentar (FCR) foi melhorada (P < 0.01) por MS dietético enquanto o consumo de ração (FI) diminuiu (P < 0.01) em todos os grupos de tratamento em comparação com o controle. No entanto, o ganho de peso corporal (BWG) foi diminuído (P < 0.01) pela inclusão de MC. Os grupos suplementados com cogumelos apresentaram maiores (P < 0.05) bactérias aeróbias mesofílicas no ceco. A inclusão de MS aumentou a proporção entre a largura das vilosidades e a profundidade da cripta no jejuno (P < 0.01) e o comprimento das vilosidades no íleo (P < 0.01) e jejuno (P < 0.05). MC aumentou (P < 0.01) a profundidade de cripta no jejuno. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos nos componentes da carcaça (P > 0.05). Os valores L * diminuíram (P < 0.01) na carne da coxa, mas aumentaram (P < 0.01) na carne de peito com a inclusão de cogumelos. Os valores de a* diminuíram (P < 0.01) e os valores de b* aumentaram (P < 0.05) em ambas as coxas e peitos pela adição de cogumelos à dieta. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a farinha de colmo de A. bisporus com um nível de inclusão de 20 g / kg de dieta teve efeitos favoráveis no desempenho do crescimento com maior eficiência alimentar, melhorou a morfologia intestinal com maior comprimento de vilosidade e aumentou a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte.

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This research was conducted to investigate if the administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum could influence body weight, intestinal morphometry and the cecal cytokine response in Campylobacter jejuni-infected chickens. Seventy-two 1-day old COBB 500 male chicks were allocated randomly into four experimental groups. (I) Control group (C), in which chicks were left untreated. (II) LB group, treated with L. fermentum. (III) Cj group, infected with C. jejuni and (IV) coexposure group in which both bacteria were administered. Body weight was registered and then all birds were slaughtered; samples from the small intestine and caecum were collected at 4- and 7-days post infection. The experiment lasted eleven days. Villi height and crypt depth ratios of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were evaluated using appropriate software, while reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was utilized for assessing transcript levels of key cecal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-18, IL-17, IL-15, IL13 and IL-4). Campylobacter-infected birds showed lower body weight values than those supplemented with the probiotic; these birds, in turn, proved to be heavier than those reared under control conditions. L. fermentum administration improved morphometrical parameters of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum; in general, villi were larger and crypts deeper than those identified in control conditions. Moreover, the negative effects elicited by C. jejuni were not observed in chickens exposed to the probiotic. Significant differences were also determined with regards to transcript abundance of all evaluated cytokines in the caecum. C. jejuni induced a downregulation of the studied interleukins; however, such a response was heightened by administration of L. fermentum, with an increase rate of transcription that promoted a more effective response to a C. jejuni infection. The effects of experimental treatments proved to vary between sampling points. Conclusively, these results demonstrate that L. fermentum lessens the negative effects elicited by C. jejuni on body weight by alleviating the impact on intestinal morphometry and cecal cytokine response, which ultimately improve chicken growth performance.

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PURPOSE: Intestinal mucositis is an important adverse effect of antineoplastic therapy, which remains without adequate treatment. The present study aimed to carry out a complete evaluation of the histopathological changes during irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis, using the protocol most found in the pharmacological reports nowadays to better understand irinotecan toxicity and support future studies on drug discovery. METHODS: Intestinal mucositis was induced by treating swiss mice for 4 days with irinotecan (75 mg/kg, i.p.). After 72 h post irinotecan, the mice were sacrificed and the small intestine and colon were excised to performed histological analysis by stained tissue with hematoxylin/eosin (H&E). RESULTS: Histoarchitecture loss, villus/crypt ratio reduction, atrophy of the muscular layer, hypertrophy in the submucosal and mucous layers, ruptures in the epithelium, as well as extent cellular infiltrate and presence of micro abscesses and the fusion of the crypts were observed in the histological analysis. Moreover, duodenum and colon had increased intraepithelial lymphocytes and mitotic figures. However, submucosal ganglia were decreased in the duodenum and increased in the colon. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in the present study provides new evidence that irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis highly affects small intestine and colon, further contributing to establish criteria in light of the histopathological changes induced by irinotecan during intestinal mucositis and facilitating inter-study comparisons.

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The safety and bioactive potential of crude carotenoid extract from Cantaloupe melon nanoencapsulated in porcine gelatin (EPG) were evaluated in a chronic inflammatory experimental model. Animals were fed a high glycemic index and high glycemic load (HGLI) diet for 17 weeks and treated for ten days with 1) HGLI diet, 2) standard diet, 3) HGLI diet + crude carotenoid extract (CE) (12.5 mg/kg), and 4) HGLI diet + EPG (50 mg/kg). General toxicity signals were investigated, considering body weight, food intake, hematological, biochemical parameters, relative weight, morphology, and histopathology of organs. The biochemical parameters indicated the low toxicity of EPG. Acute hepatitis was observed in animals' livers, but CE and EPG groups presented improved tissue appearance. Chronic enteritis was observed in animals, with villi and intestinal glands preservation in the EPG group. The results suggest the safety and the bioactive effect of EPG, possibly related to its anti-inflammatory potential.

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The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of placement time on the performance of broiler chickens and the development of their gastrointestinal tract. Two methodologies for measuring broiler performance were compared, one considering day of pulling as the first day, the other considering day of placement as the first day. A total of 1,056 one-day old male Cobb® 500 broiler chicks were subjected to treatments of different placement times after pulling from the hatchery: 3, 24, 48, and 72 h. The studied traits were: feed intake, body weight, feed conversion, viability, and gastrointestinal tract development. When day of pulling was considered the first day, feed intake and body weight at 39 days decreased as placement time increased. However, when day of placement was considered the first day, fasting up to 72 h did not have any negative effect on broiler performance at 39 days post-placement. Placement time did not affect yolk sac utilization or liver weight. At nine days post-placement, weights of gizzard + proventriculus, pancreas, and small intestine increased with increasing placement time. At seven days of age, there was no effect of placement time on villus height or crypt depth. It is possible to place broiler chicks up to 72 h post-hatching with no negative effects when day of placement is considered the first day for evaluating broiler performance.(AU)

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This study assessed and compared the effects of the intra-amniotic administration of various concentrations of soluble extracts from chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) on the Fe and Zn status, brush border membrane functionality, intestinal morphology, and intestinal bacterial populations, in vivo. The hypothesis was that chia seed soluble extracts will affect the intestinal morphology, functionality and intestinal bacterial populations. By using the Gallus gallus model and the intra-amniotic administration approach, seven treatment groups (non-injected, 18 Ω H2O, 40 mg/mL inulin, non-injected, 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL of chia seed soluble extracts) were utilized. At hatch, the cecum, duodenum, liver, pectoral muscle and blood samples were collected for assessment of the relative abundance of the gut microflora, relative expression of Fe- and Zn-related genes and brush border membrane functionality and morphology, relative expression of lipids-related genes, glycogen, and hemoglobin levels, respectively. This study demonstrated that the intra-amniotic administration of chia seed soluble extracts increased (p < 0.05) the villus surface area, villus length, villus width and the number of goblet cells. Further, we observed an increase (p < 0.05) in zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1) and duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb) proteins gene expression. Our results suggest that the dietary consumption of chia seeds may improve intestinal health and functionality and may indirectly improve iron and zinc intestinal absorption.

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The implementation of a low­cost simulation model and cumulative sum analysis enables training and monitoring of individual learning curves for transcervical chorionic villus sampling.

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This study was designed to evaluate the effects of adding kefir on body measurements, giblet weight, and gut morphological patterns of geese through drinking water. A total of 54 birds were divided into three groups, each comprising 18 birds, and each group was further divided into three subgroups containing six birds each. One group served as the control group, while the other two groups were given kefir-treated drinking water at the ratios of 2.5 and 7.5%, respectively. No significant effects of kefir supplementation on body measurements, spleen weight, bursa weight, and gut morphology were observed. It is concluded that kefir may be used in poultry feed with an inclusion rate of 7.5% without imposing any adverse effect on the measurements of body structures, weights of visceral organs, and gut morphology.(AU)

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This study investigated the effect of transformed Lactobacillys reuteri on intestinal pH and morphology, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and serum biochemical indexes of broiler chickens. A total of 480 broilers were assigned to six treatment groups and fed a phosphorus-adequate diet, a phosphorus-deficient diet, or a phosphorus-deficient diet containing different L. reuteri recombinants. The results showed that transformed L. reuteri decreased the pH in the duodenum and jejunum of chickens at day 21, decreased drip loss and cooking loss of muscles, and improved muscle tenderness of chickens at days 21 and 42, but did not affect carcass characteristics and only slightly decreased abdominal fat. Transformed L. reuteri also significantly increased calcium, phosphorus, and glucose levels, decreased the uric acid level of serum at day 21, and significantly increased the glucose level and decreased the triglycerides of serum on day 42. L. reuteri pLEM4159-cel/phy increased the villi height in the duodenum of chickens at days 21 and 42. The transformed L. reuteri decreased the crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum of chickens at day 21 and also decreased the crypt depth in the ileum and increased the villi height in the duodenum at day 42. L. reuteri pLEM4158 (phy) and L. reuteri pLEM4159-cel/phy improved the villi height in the ileum at day 42. Taken together, transformed L. reuteri can improve blood calcium, phosphorus, and glucose metabolism and intestinal development in broilers, but does not affect carcass characteristics.(AU)

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Background: Nuchal cystic hygroma is the most frequently identified marker of chromosomal anomalies during first trimester screening. Objective: To determine the association of the nuchal cystic hygroma with chromosomal anomalies diagnosed with karyotyping done between the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Instituto Latinoamericano de Salud Reproductiva (ILSAR), Lima, Peru. Patients. Fetuses with nuchal cystic hygroma. Methods: The data were obtained from the ILSAR database between August 2007 and May 2018, the cases diagnosed by ultrasound from week 11 to 13.6. Nuchal cystic hygroma was defined as the presence of septated liquid content in the nuchal axial section with a thickness above the 95th percentile value for increased nuchal translucency value for the crown-rump length. The karyotype was obtained between the first and second trimesters from material collected by chorionic villus sampling (BVS) or amniocentesis (AMC). Main outcome measures: Karyotyping results were compared between cases with cystic hygroma alone and cases with cystic hygroma in addition to another marker. Results: Out of 459 invasive procedures performed in fetuses with high risk for chromosomal anomalies based on the Fetal test database of Spain, there were 162 cases of chromosomal anomalies (35.3%), and 104 cases of nuchal cystic hygroma (22.7%). Nuchal cystic hygroma was associated with a higher frequency of chromosomal abnormalities, compared to fetuses without cystic hygroma (52.9% vs. 30.1%; p<0.001). Out of 61 cases of hygroma alone, 42.3% had chromosomal anomalies, and when the hygroma was associated with other markers (fetal hydrops, abnormal ductus venosus, heart disease), 65.1% had chromosomal abnormalities. There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.003) for the presence of monosomy X between the group with cystic hygroma alone and the group with hygroma and fetal hydrops. There was no difference in hygroma thickness between the groups with and without chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusions: Nuchal cystic hygroma is a risk marker with high predictive value for chromosomal abnormalities, and its identification during prenatal screening may be considered an indication to a diagnostic test. When cystic hygroma is associated to flow abnormalities of the ductus venosus or fetal hydrops, chromosomal abnormalities significantly increase. The hygroma associated with hydrops was primarily linked to monosomy X, while the hygroma associated with abnormal flow velocity waveforms of the ductus venosus was linked to trisomy 21.

Antecedentes. El higroma quístico retronucal es el marcador de anomalías cromosómicas identificado con mayor frecuencia en el tamizaje del primer trimestre. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación del higroma quístico retronucal y anomalías cromosómicas diagnosticadas con el cariotipo, entre el primer y segundo trimestre del embarazo. Diseño. Estudio retrospectivo. Institución. Instituto Latinoamericano de Salud Reproductiva (ILSAR), Lima, Perú. Pacientes. Fetos con higroma quístico retronucal. Método. Estudio de fetos con higroma quístico retronucal, obtenidos de la base de datos de ILSAR, entre agosto del 2007 y mayo del 2018, diagnosticados por ecografía entre las 11 y 13,6 semanas. El higroma quístico retronucal se definió como la presencia de contenido líquido tabicado en el corte axial retronucal con un grosor mayor al percentil 95 del valor de translucencia nucal aumentada para la longitud corona-nalga. Se obtuvo el cariotipo entre el primer y segundo trimestre en material obtenido por biopsia de vellosidades coriales (BVC) o amniocentesis (AMC). Principales medidas de resultados. Los resultados del cariotipo fueron comparados entre los casos de higroma quístico solo y los casos que tuvieron higroma y adicionalmente otro marcador. Resultados. De un total de 459 procedimientos invasivos realizados en fetos con alto riesgo para anomalías cromosómicas en base al Fetal test de España, hubieron 162 casos de anomalías cromosómicas (35,3%) y se identificó 104 casos de higroma quístico retronucal (22s7%). El hallazgo de higroma quístico retronucal se asoció con mayor presencia de anomalías cromosómicas, comparado con los fetos sin higroma quístico (52,9% vs. 30,1%; p<0,001). De 61 casos de higroma solo, 42,3% tenían anomalía cromosómica, y cuando el higroma estaba asociado a otros marcadores (hidrops fetal, ductus venoso anormal, cardiopatía, ausencia de hueso nasal), hubo 65,1% de anomalías cromosómicas. Hubo diferencia estadística significativa (p=0,003) para la presencia de monosomía X, entre el grupo con higroma solo y el de higroma + hidrops fetal. No hubo diferencia en el grosor del higroma entre el grupo con y sin anomalía cromosómica. Conclusiones. El higroma quístico retronucal es un marcador de riesgo con alto valor predictivo para anomalías cromosómicas. Su identificación en el tamizaje prenatal podría ser indicación para recomendar una prueba diagnóstica. Cuando se asocia a anormalidad del flujo del ductus venoso o hidrops fetal, aumentan significativamente las anomalías cromosómicas. El higroma asociado con hidrops se vinculó mayoritariamente a la monosomía X, mientras que el higroma asociado con onda de velocidad de flujo-OVF de ductus venoso anormal a la trisomía 21.

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This study aimed at evaluating the use of exogenous enzymes in diets with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their impact on zootechnical performance, carcass yield, intestinal histomorphometry and of broiler diets in the initial phase. A completely randomized design was used in a 2×3 + 1 factorial arrangement, with two levels of enzyme complex (EC), (0 and 200g / ton), three yeast levels (0, 6 and 12%) and a control diet, making up seven treatments, with five replicates of 20 broilers per experimental unit. We evaluated the performance (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio), carcass yield and cuts, histomorphometry of the small intestine (height, circumference and width of villi, height and width of the crypt, thickness of the intestinal muscle wall and villi/crypt relationship). From 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days, the inclusion of yeast led to reduced broiler performance. At 21 days, the addition of EC resulted in an increase of (p 0.05) in the thickness of the muscular wall of the duodenum and decreased the width of the crypt in the ileum. The 12% level of yeast without the EC provided a thicker jejunum intestinal muscle wall when compared to the positive control. There was no significant effect on carcass yield and cuts between treatments. In conclusion, the inclusion of yeast reduces performance from 1-21 days. The enzyme complex and yeast does not change the performance or carcass yield, however, it does bring benefits to the intestinal mucosa.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de enzimas exógenas em dietas com Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre o desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça e histomorfometria intestinal de frangos de corte na fase inicial. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2×3+1, sendo dois níveis de complexo enzimático (CE), (0 e 200g/ton), três níveis de levedura (0, 6 e 12%) e uma dieta controle, perfazendo sete tratamentos, cinco repetições de 20 aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar), rendimento de carcaça e cortes e a histomorfometria do intestino delgado (altura, perímetro e largura de vilo, altura e largura de cripta, espessura da parede muscular intestinal e relação vilo/cripta). Na fase de 1 a 7 e de 1 a 21 dias, a inclusão de levedura na dieta promoveu redução no desempenho dos frangos. Aos 21 dias a adição de CE resultou em aumento (p 0,05) da espessura da parede muscular do duodeno, e reduziu a largura da cripta no íleo. O nível de 12% de levedura sem o CE proporcionou parede muscular intestinal do jejuno mais espessa quando comparada ao controle positivo. Não houve efeito significativo para rendimento de carcaça e cortes entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que, a inclusão de levedura reduz o desempenho de 1 a 21 dias. A adição de complexo enzimático e levedura em dietas para frangos de corte não melhora o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, todavia, beneficia à mucosa intestinal.(AU)

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This study aimed at evaluating the use of exogenous enzymes in diets with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their impact on zootechnical performance, carcass yield, intestinal histomorphometry and of broiler diets in the initial phase. A completely randomized design was used in a 2×3 + 1 factorial arrangement, with two levels of enzyme complex (EC), (0 and 200g / ton), three yeast levels (0, 6 and 12%) and a control diet, making up seven treatments, with five replicates of 20 broilers per experimental unit. We evaluated the performance (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio), carcass yield and cuts, histomorphometry of the small intestine (height, circumference and width of villi, height and width of the crypt, thickness of the intestinal muscle wall and villi/crypt relationship). From 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days, the inclusion of yeast led to reduced broiler performance. At 21 days, the addition of EC resulted in an increase of (p 0.05) in the thickness of the muscular wall of the duodenum and decreased the width of the crypt in the ileum. The 12% level of yeast without the EC provided a thicker jejunum intestinal muscle wall when compared to the positive control. There was no significant effect on carcass yield and cuts between treatments. In conclusion, the inclusion of yeast reduces performance from 1-21 days. The enzyme complex and yeast does not change the performance or carcass yield, however, it does bring benefits to the intestinal mucosa.

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de enzimas exógenas em dietas com Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre o desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça e histomorfometria intestinal de frangos de corte na fase inicial. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2×3+1, sendo dois níveis de complexo enzimático (CE), (0 e 200g/ton), três níveis de levedura (0, 6 e 12%) e uma dieta controle, perfazendo sete tratamentos, cinco repetições de 20 aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar), rendimento de carcaça e cortes e a histomorfometria do intestino delgado (altura, perímetro e largura de vilo, altura e largura de cripta, espessura da parede muscular intestinal e relação vilo/cripta). Na fase de 1 a 7 e de 1 a 21 dias, a inclusão de levedura na dieta promoveu redução no desempenho dos frangos. Aos 21 dias a adição de CE resultou em aumento (p 0,05) da espessura da parede muscular do duodeno, e reduziu a largura da cripta no íleo. O nível de 12% de levedura sem o CE proporcionou parede muscular intestinal do jejuno mais espessa quando comparada ao controle positivo. Não houve efeito significativo para rendimento de carcaça e cortes entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que, a inclusão de levedura reduz o desempenho de 1 a 21 dias. A adição de complexo enzimático e levedura em dietas para frangos de corte não melhora o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, todavia, beneficia à mucosa intestinal.

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Resumen En el Instituto de Medicina Fetal y Genética Humana de São Paulo se ofrecen, a las gestantes que tienen un riesgo aumentado para anomalías cromosómicas, diferentes técnicas, entre ellas, la Biopsia de Vellosidad Corial Transabdominal (BVCTA) y la Amniocentesis Precoz (AP). El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una comparación de la frecuencia de pérdidas fetales y anomalías congénitas presentadas en cada uno de los procedimientos, ambos realizados por los mismos operadores, en la misma edad gestacional (12-14 6/7 semanas) y bajo un abordaje transabdominal. Fueron analizadas retrospectivamente 432 AP y 418 BVCTA. Todos los procedimientos de colecta fueron monitorizados por ultrasonografía. La frecuencia de pérdidas fetales espontáneas fue del 4,9 % en AP y de 5,3 % en BVCTA, una diferencia no significativa. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos procedimientos al comparar las frecuencias de pérdidas en cada semana de gestación. Sangrado y pérdida de líquido amniótico fueron más frecuentes en AP que en la BVCTA. Esa diferencia fue significativa en el caso de la pérdida de líquido amniótico. En algunos casos este hallazgo se relacionó con pérdida fetal. La incidencia de prematuridad y bajo peso al nacimiento no difirió significativamente entre los dos procedimientos. La mayor frecuencia de problemas respiratorios registrada en AP no fue significativa en comparación con BVCTA. No se observó diferencia significativa en la incidencia de anomalías músculo-esqueléticas. La amniocentesis después de catorce semanas presenta un bajo riesgo de pérdida fetal o anomalías congénitas. La BVCTA, debe ser realizada alrededor de la semana doce de gestación.

Abstract In the Institute of Fetal Medicine and Human Genetics of São Paulo are offered, pregnant women have an increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities, different techniques, among them, Transabdominal Corial Vellosity Biopsy (BVCTA) and Precocious Amniocentesis (AP). The objective of this study is to compare the frequency of Hepatitis and congenital anomalies presented in all procedures, both performed by operators, in the same gestational age (12-14 6/7 weeks) and under a transabdominal approach. 432 AP and 418 BVCTA were analyzed retrospectively. All collection procedures were monitored by ultrasonography. The spontaneous fetal frequency was 4.9% in AP and 5.3% in BVCTA, a non-significant difference. There is no difference in results compared to gestation times. Bleeding and loss of amniotic fluid were more frequent in AP than in BVCTA. That difference was significant in the case of the loss of amniotic fluid. In some cases, this finding was related to fetal loss. The incidence of prematurity and birth weight without difference between the two procedures. The highest frequency of respiratory problems recorded in AP was not significant compared to BVCTA. There is no significant difference in the incidence of musculoskeletal abnormalities. Amniocentesis after 14 weeks presents a low risk of fetal loss or congenital anomalies. The BVCTA should be close to the twelfth week of gestation.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the intestinal morphometry of broilers at 42 days of age fed diets containing different levels of cottonseed oil, with and without addition of ferrous sulfate. A total of 560 male Ross chickens were used in a completely randomized design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement and five replications with 14 birds. The cottonseed oil levels tested were 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. At 42 days of age, one bird per replicate was collected for morphometric. Analyzed variables were villus height, crypt length and muscle wall thickness. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS, P=0.05. In the duodenum and ileum, there was no significant effect of interaction between the treatments. In the jejunum, only the length of the crypt, the treatment with cottonseed oil 2%, more ferrous sulfate resulted in lower values; however, the same oil content without ferrous sulfate led to a greater length, which was also observed in the treatment with 4% oil plus ferrous sulfate. Inclusion of cottonseed oil in broiler diets at 42 days of age does not impair their intestinal morphology. Supplementation with ferrous sulfate at these levels is unnecessary, since no improvement was observed in the intestinal morphometric.(AU)

O objetivo de estudo foi avaliar a morfometria intestinal de aves aos 42 dias de vida alimentadas com dietas contendo níveis variados de óleo de semente de algodão com e sem adição de sulfato ferroso. Um total de 560 machos de aves Ross foram usadas em estudo randomizado com amostras 4x2 e 5 replicações com 14 aves. Os níveis de óleo de semente de algodão testados foram 0%, 2%, 4%, e 6%. Aos 42 dias de idade, um pássaro por replica foi coletado para morfometria. As variáveis analisadas foram altura de villus, comprimento de cripta, e espessura de parede muscular. A análise estatística foi realizada com SAS, P=0,05. Não houve efeito significativo de interação entre tratamentos no duodeno ou íleo. No jejuno, apenas o comprimento da cripta, no tratamento com óleo de semente de algodão a 2% com mais sulfato ferroso, apresentou valor mais baixo. No entanto, o mesmo valor de óleo sem sulfato ferroso resultou em maior comprimento, resultado percebido também com 4% de óleo. Inclusão de óleo de semente de algodão em dietas de aves aos 42 dias de idade não causa danos à morfologia intestinal. Suplementação com sulfato ferroso não é necessário, já que não houve melhora em morfometria intestinal.

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Five experiments were conducted to estimate the digestible threonine requirements of slow-growing broilers: experiment 1, starter phase (days 10 to 28); experiment 2, grower I phase (days 29 to 49); experiment 3, grower II phase (days 50 to 69); experiment 4, finisher phase (days 70 to 84); and experiment 5, which was specifically conducted to determine the production of intestinal mucin over two periods (days 50 to 69 and 70 to 84). Different birds were used in all experiments. A completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates was used. Treatments consisted of increasing the values of digestible threonine in the diet through basal feed supplementation with L-threonine (98.5%), which was added instead of cornstarch. The following values of digestible threonine were investigated: 0.622, 0.697, 0.772, 0.847, and 0.922% in experiment 1; 0.586, 0.662, 0.738, 0.814, and 0.890% in experiment 2; 0.570, 0.640, 0.71, 0.780, and 0.850% in experiments 3 and 5; and 0.520, 0.595, 0.670, 0.745, and 0.820% in experiments 4 and 5. The digestible threonine values presented quadratic effects on feed conversion ratio in experiments 1, 2, and 3. Digestible threonine values of 0.628 and 0.609% resulted in higher villus height and greater duodenal crypt depth, respectively. Digestible threonine values of 0.762, 0.767, and 0.733% may be recommended for the starter, grower I, and grower II phases, respectively, based on the best feed conversion ratio. In addition, a digestible threonine level of 0.694% may be recommended for the finisher phase based on the highest production of intestinal mucin.(AU)

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RESUMO

The aim of the study was to evaluate the intestinal morphometry of broilers at 42 days of age fed diets containing different levels of cottonseed oil, with and without addition of ferrous sulfate. A total of 560 male Ross chickens were used in a completely randomized design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement and five replications with 14 birds. The cottonseed oil levels tested were 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. At 42 days of age, one bird per replicate was collected for morphometric. Analyzed variables were villus height, crypt length and muscle wall thickness. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS, P=0.05. In the duodenum and ileum, there was no significant effect of interaction between the treatments. In the jejunum, only the length of the crypt, the treatment with cottonseed oil 2%, more ferrous sulfate resulted in lower values; however, the same oil content without ferrous sulfate led to a greater length, which was also observed in the treatment with 4% oil plus ferrous sulfate. Inclusion of cottonseed oil in broiler diets at 42 days of age does not impair their intestinal morphology. Supplementation with ferrous sulfate at these levels is unnecessary, since no improvement was observed in the intestinal morphometric.(AU)

O objetivo de estudo foi avaliar a morfometria intestinal de aves aos 42 dias de vida alimentadas com dietas contendo níveis variados de óleo de semente de algodão com e sem adição de sulfato ferroso. Um total de 560 machos de aves Ross foram usadas em estudo randomizado com amostras 4x2 e 5 replicações com 14 aves. Os níveis de óleo de semente de algodão testados foram 0%, 2%, 4%, e 6%. Aos 42 dias de idade, um pássaro por replica foi coletado para morfometria. As variáveis analisadas foram altura de villus, comprimento de cripta, e espessura de parede muscular. A análise estatística foi realizada com SAS, P=0,05. Não houve efeito significativo de interação entre tratamentos no duodeno ou íleo. No jejuno, apenas o comprimento da cripta, no tratamento com óleo de semente de algodão a 2% com mais sulfato ferroso, apresentou valor mais baixo. No entanto, o mesmo valor de óleo sem sulfato ferroso resultou em maior comprimento, resultado percebido também com 4% de óleo. Inclusão de óleo de semente de algodão em dietas de aves aos 42 dias de idade não causa danos à morfologia intestinal. Suplementação com sulfato ferroso não é necessário, já que não houve melhora em morfometria intestinal.

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