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Vibrio vulnificus is one of the most virulent Vibrio species known. It is a bacterium with universal distribution. The first case registered in Uruguay occurred in 2001 and, since then, several infections have occurred per year. Recently, in this country, V. vulnificus was responsible for a fatal soft tissue infection. Although no cases of human infection with this species have been reported in Argentina, researchers have recently identified V. vulnificus in samples associated with microplankton in the Rio Negro estuary. We present the case of a severe skin and soft tissue infection by V. vulnificus from an open wound in a patient in contact with a marine aquatic environment on the coast of the River Plate, in Uruguay. Isolation of vibrios from wound specimens can cause rapidly progressing tissue damage, particularly V. vulnificus which has a high mortality rate without early and appropriate intervention. In our case, the rapid identification of the microorganism allowed us to support the empirical treatment used, which a good clinical evolution.

Vibrio vulnificus es una de las especies de Vibrio más virulentas que se conocen. Es una bacteria de distribución universal. El primer caso registrado en Uruguay se produjo en 2001, y desde entonces ocurren varias infecciones por año. Recientemente, en ese país, V. vulnificus fue responsable de una infección de partes blandas de curso letal. Aunque no han sido comunicados casos de infección humana por esta especie en Argentina, se ha identificado recientemente Vibrio vulnificus en muestras asociadas con microplancton en el estuario del Río Negro. Presentamos el caso de una infección grave de piel y partes blandas por V. vulnificus a partir de una herida abierta en un paciente en contacto con medio acuático marino en la costa de Uruguay del Río de la Plata. El aislamiento de vibrios en muestras de heridas puede causar un daño en los tejidos con rápida progresión, en particular V. vulnificus, que tiene una alta mortalidad sin la precoz y apropiada intervención. En nuestro caso, la rápida identificación del microorganismo permitió avalar el tratamiento empírico utilizado, con una buena evolución clínica.

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Resumen Vibrio vulnificus es una de las especies de Vibrio más virulentas que se conocen. Es una bacteria de distribución universal. El primer caso registrado en Uruguay se produjo en 2001, y desde entonces ocurren varias infecciones por año. Recientemente, en ese país, V. vulnificus fue responsable de una infección de partes blandas de curso letal. Aunque no han sido comunicados casos de infección humana por esta especie en Argentina, se ha identificado recientemente Vibrio vulnificus en muestras asociadas con microplancton en el estuario del Río Negro. Presentamos el caso de una infección grave de piel y partes blandas por V. vulnificus a partir de una herida abierta en un paciente en contacto con medio acuático marino en la costa de Uruguay del Río de la Plata. El aislamiento de vibrios en muestras de heridas puede causar un daño en los tejidos con rápida progresión, en particular V. vulnificus, que tiene una alta mortalidad sin la precoz y apropiada intervención. En nuestro caso, la rápida identificación del microorganismo permitió avalar el tratamiento empírico utilizado, con una buena evolución clínica.

Abstract Vibrio vulnificus is one of the most virulent Vibrio species known. It is a bacterium with universal distribution. The first case registered in Uruguay occurred in 2001 and, since then, several infections have occurred per year. Recently, in this country, V. vulnificus was responsible for a fatal soft tissue infection. Although no cases of human infection with this species have been reported in Argentina, researchers have recently identified V. vulnificus in samples associated with microplankton in the Rio Negro estuary. We present the case of a severe skin and soft tissue infection by V. vulnificus from an open wound in a patient in contact with a marine aquatic environment on the coast of the River Plate, in Uruguay. Isolation of vibrios from wound specimens can cause rapidly progressing tissue damage, particularly V. vulnificus which has a high mortality rate without early and appropriate intervention. In our case, the rapid identification of the microorganism allowed us to support the empirical treatment used, which a good clinical evolution.

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Purpura fulminans is a life-threatening disease, characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation and endovascular thrombosis; can often occur secondary to heterogeneous etiologies, such as sepsis, and to a lesser extent, secondary to sepsis due to halophilic bacteria, such as V. vulnificus, found in marine environments. Patients with specific comorbidities are at the highest risk of worst scenarios, without prompt treatment, infection can rapidly evolve to fatal, with a mortality rate close to 100 %. We present a case of Purpura fulminans due to V. vulnificus septicemia.

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ABSTRACT: Desiccation is a routine farming practice used in off-bottom oyster aquaculture to reduce biofouling organisms and improve shell quality. This practice can increase Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels, leading to increased risk of illness for raw oyster consumers. Previous resubmersion studies were performed in geographic proximity to one another, so to better understand the broader applicability of resubmersion, the next step was to perform concurrent studies in multiple geographic locations within a region. This study evaluated the effect of variations in geographic location on the recovery time needed for elevated vibrio levels to return to ambient levels in desiccated oysters after resubmersion at Gulf Coast farms. Two trials were performed between May and August 2019 at sites spanning ∼100 km: three in Alabama and one in Florida. Oysters were deployed in OysterGro cages at each location, 2 weeks before each trial, and then either were desiccated for 24 h or remained submersed as controls. Triplicate samples were taken before and immediately following the desiccation period, as well as 7 and 14 days after resubmersion. Total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels were determined using most-probable-number (MPN) real-time PCR. Vibrio levels increased by 0.23 to 3.50 log MPN/g after desiccation. Recovery times varied among geographic locations by trial and Vibrio spp., with all vibrio counts recovering to levels not significantly higher than those in control oysters within 7 to 14 days of resubmersion (P ≥ 0.06). These results suggest a 14-day resubmersion period of cultured oysters allowed vibrio levels, elevated because of routine handling, to return to ambient levels at all farm sites studied.

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Seafood has frequently been associated with foodborne illness because pathogens are easily introduced during seafood cultivation, handling, and processing. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae are human pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and cholera, respectively, and Vibrio vulnificus can cause fatal wound infections and septicemia. However, information about the occurrence of these pathogens in oysters from the Pacific coast of Mexico is limited to V. parahaemolyticus. In the present study, we evaluated the presence and abundance of these three Vibrio species in 68 raw oysters (Crassostrea corteziensis) obtained from retail seafood markets in Sinaloa, Mexico. The most probable number (MPN)-PCR assay was used for amplification of the tlh (thermolabile hemolysin), ompW (outer membrane protein), and vvhA (hemolytic cytolysin) genes that are specific to V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus, respectively. All oyster samples were positive for at least one Vibrio species. V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus prevalences were 77.9, 8.8, and 32.3% overall, respectively, and most species were present in all sample periods with increased prevalence in period 3. The tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin) gene was detected in 30.1%, trh (TDH-related hemolysin) was detected in 3.7%, and tdh/trh was detected in 7.5% of the total tlh-positive samples (53 of 68), whereas the pandemic serotype O3:K6 (orf8 positive) was detected in only 1 sample (1.8%). The total prevalence of tdh and/or trh was 41.5%. In none of the samples positive for V. cholerae were the cholera toxin (ctxA) and cholix (chxA) toxigenic genes or the rfb gene encoding the O1 and O139 antigens amplified, suggesting the presence of non-O1 non-O139 V. cholerae strains. Our results clearly indicated a high prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species in raw oysters from retail seafood markets in Mexico. Consumption of these raw oysters carries the potential risk of foodborne illness, which can be limited by cooking.

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ResumenEl aumento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos ha causado preocupación a nivel mundial, por lo que se ha promovido la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos. Debido a su abundancia y diversidad, el fitoplancton marino constituye una importante fuente potencial de tales compuestos. La investigación sobre dinoflagelados ha llevado al descubrimiento de inhibidores de crecimiento bacteriano. El dinoflagelado marino Lingulodinium polyedrum causa proliferaciones algales en diferentes regiones del mundo, incluyendo México, y también se sabe que regula el crecimiento de otras especies en las aguas costeras. En este trabajo, se investiga la taxonomía de este dinoflagelado y se caracteriza la capacidad de sus extractos para inhibir el crecimiento de dos bacterias de importancia médica (Vibrio vulnificus y Staphylococcus aureus) en placas de cultivo de agar. La caracterización taxonómica se realizó por PCR y amplificación del gen de ITS, y se confirmó que la especie aislada en la costa del Pacífico de México fue L. polyedrum. Para demostrar el efecto inhibidor de los extractos de L. polyedrum, los cultivos se cosecharon por centrifugación. Los pellets de tres abundancias celulares se extrajeron con agua, metanol, hexano y cloroformo. Los experimentos en V. vulnificus mostraron una inhibición alta del crecimiento para los cuatro extractos, variando entre 77 y 98 %. Sorprendentemente, la inhibición del crecimiento fue menor cuando los extractos se originaron a partir de una mayor abundancia de células L. polyedrum, varía de 0 a 34 %. Para S. aureus, la inhibición del crecimiento también fue alta, pero no estadísticamente diferente para todos los extractos y abundancias de células, con un rango de 62 hasta 99 %. Esto resultados son prometedores para futuras aplicaciones farmacológicas. La cepa mexicana de L. polyedrum no produjo yesotoxinas detectables.

AbstractThe increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics has caused global concern, prompting the search for new compounds. Because of their abundance and diversity, marine phytoplankton are an important potential source of such compounds. Research on dinoflagellates has led to the discovery of inhibitors of bacterial growth. The marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum blooms in different regions of the world, including Mexico, and is also known to regulate the growth of other species in coastal waters. Here, we investigated the taxonomy of this dinoflagellate and characterized the ability of its extracts to inhibit the growth of two bacteria of medical importance (Vibrio vulnificus and Staphylococcus aureus). Taxonomic characterization was performed by PCR and gene amplification of ITS, and confirmed that the species isolated off the Pacific coast of Mexico was L. polyedrum. To prove the inhibitory effect of L. polyedrum extracts, cultures were harvested by centrifugation. Pellets from three cellular abundances were extracted with water, methanol, hexane and chloroform. The experiments on V. vulnificus showed a high growth inhibition for the four extracts, ranging from 77 to 98 %. Surprisingly, the growth inhibition was lower when the extracts originated from a higher L. polyedrum cell abundance, ranging from 0 to 34 %. For S. aureus, the growth inhibition was also high, but not statistically different for all extracts and cell abundances, ranging from 62 to 99 %. This study obtained promising results for future pharmacological applications. Our Mexican strain of L. polyedrum did not produce any detectable yessotoxins. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 805-816. Epub 2016 June 01.

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In recent decades, the identification of small non-coding RNAs in bacteria has revealed an important regulatory mechanism of gene expression involved in the response to environmental signals and to the control of virulence. In the family Vibrionaceae, which includes several human and animal pathogens, small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are closely related to important processes including metabolism, quorum sensing, virulence, and fitness. Studies conducted in silico and experiments using microarrays and high-throughput RNA sequencing have led to the discovery of an unexpected number of sRNAs in Vibrios. The present review discusses the most relevant reports regarding the mechanisms of action of sRNAs and their implications in the virulence of the main human pathogens in the family Vibrionaceae: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. cholerae.

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Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium present in natural marine environments that causes infections in immunocompromised people. Sepsis in humans caused by this microorganism is usually accompanied by bullous skin lesions. In the present study we report a case of infection caused by this bacterium affecting a diabetic man, 74 years old, who fell overboard and hurt his leg. The identification of the V. vulnificus was made in the blood culture sample. This is the first report of isolation of V. vulnificus in Santa Catarina, Brazil, showing the dissemination of this bacterium in warm seawater over the world (AU)

Vibrio vulnificus é uma bactéria que se desenvolve em ambientes marinhos naturais e causa infecção em pessoas imunocomprometidas. Sepse em humanos causada por esse microrganismo é geralmente acompanhada por lesões bolhosas da pele. Relatamos um caso de infecção causada por esta bactéria que afetou um homem diabético, de 74 anos, que caiu ao mar e machucou a perna. A identificação do V. vulnificus foi feita na amostra de hemocultura. Este é o primeiro relato de isolamento de V. vulnificus em Santa Catarina, Brasil, elucidando a disseminação das bactérias de ambiente marítimo de água quente pelo mundo (AU)

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Bacteria of the genus Vibrio typically habitat marine and estuarine environment and are commonly isolated from fish. The main Vibrio species reported as agents of infections in humans are V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae and V. mimicus . V. vulnificus is considered the most dangerous, may cause sepsis and lead to death. V. parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen in coastal regions of temperate and tropical climates around the world and has been responsible for cases of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of fish, shellfish and marine crustaceans. V. cholerae causes outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics related to estuarine environments. V. mimicus can cause sporadic episodes of acute gastroenteritis and infections. The pathogenicity of the bacteria is linked to the ability of the micro-organism to initiate a disease (including entry, colonization and multiplication in the human body). For this to occur, the micro-organisms make use of several factors. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge available in the literature on the factors of pathogenicity of V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae and V. mimicus.

As bactérias do gênero Vibrio habitam ambiente tipicamente marinho e estuarino, sendo comumente isoladas de pescados. As principais espécies de Vibrio reportadas como agentes de infecções em humanos são V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus . V. vulnificus é considerado o mais perigoso, podendo causar septicemia e levar à morte. V. parahaemolyticus é um patógeno importante nas regiões costeiras de clima temperado e tropical em todo o mundo e tem sido responsável por casos de gastroenterites associadas ao consumo de peixes, moluscos e crustáceos marinhos. V. cholerae causa surtos, epidemias e pandemias relacionados com ambientes estuarinos. V. mimicus pode causar episódios esporádicos de gastroenterite aguda e infecções de ouvido. A patogenicidade das bactérias está ligada à habilidade do micro-organismo em iniciar uma doença (incluindo entrada, colonização e multiplicação no corpo humano). Para que isso ocorra, os micro-organismos fazem uso de diversos fatores. O objetivo desta revisão foi sintetizar o conhecimento disponível na literatura sobre os fatores de patogenicidade de V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus.

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Bacteria of the genus Vibrio typically habitat marine and estuarine environment and are commonly isolated from fish. The main Vibrio species reported as agents of infections in humans are V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae and V. mimicus . V. vulnificus is considered the most dangerous, may cause sepsis and lead to death. V. parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen in coastal regions of temperate and tropical climates around the world and has been responsible for cases of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of fish, shellfish and marine crustaceans. V. cholerae causes outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics related to estuarine environments. V. mimicus can cause sporadic episodes of acute gastroenteritis and infections. The pathogenicity of the bacteria is linked to the ability of the micro-organism to initiate a disease (including entry, colonization and multiplication in the human body). For this to occur, the micro-organisms make use of several factors. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge available in the literature on the factors of pathogenicity of V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae and V. mimicus.(AU)

As bactérias do gênero Vibrio habitam ambiente tipicamente marinho e estuarino, sendo comumente isoladas de pescados. As principais espécies de Vibrio reportadas como agentes de infecções em humanos são V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus . V. vulnificus é considerado o mais perigoso, podendo causar septicemia e levar à morte. V. parahaemolyticus é um patógeno importante nas regiões costeiras de clima temperado e tropical em todo o mundo e tem sido responsável por casos de gastroenterites associadas ao consumo de peixes, moluscos e crustáceos marinhos. V. cholerae causa surtos, epidemias e pandemias relacionados com ambientes estuarinos. V. mimicus pode causar episódios esporádicos de gastroenterite aguda e infecções de ouvido. A patogenicidade das bactérias está ligada à habilidade do micro-organismo em iniciar uma doença (incluindo entrada, colonização e multiplicação no corpo humano). Para que isso ocorra, os micro-organismos fazem uso de diversos fatores. O objetivo desta revisão foi sintetizar o conhecimento disponível na literatura sobre os fatores de patogenicidade de V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus.(AU)

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As bactérias do gênero Vibrio habitam ambiente tipicamente marinho e estuarino, sendo comumente isoladas de pescados. As principais espécies de Vibrio reportadas como agentes de infecções em humanos são V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus . V. vulnificus é considerado o mais perigoso, podendo causar septicemia e levar à morte. V. parahaemolyticus é um patógeno importante nas regiões costeiras de clima temperado e tropical em todo o mundo e tem sido responsável por casos de gastroenterites associadas ao consumo de peixes, moluscos e crustáceos marinhos. V. cholerae causa surtos, epidemias e pandemias relacionados com ambientes estuarinos. V. mimicus pode causar episódios esporádicos de gastroenterite aguda e infecções de ouvido. A patogenicidade das bactérias está ligada à habilidade do micro-organismo em iniciar uma doença (incluindo entrada, colonização e multiplicação no corpo humano). Para que isso ocorra, os micro-organismos fazem uso de diversos fatores. O objetivo desta revisão foi sintetizar o conhecimento disponível na literatura sobre os fatores de patogenicidade de V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus.(AU)

Bacteria of the genus Vibrio typically habitat marine and estuarine environment and are commonly isolated from fish. The main Vibrio species reported as agents of infections in humans are V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae and V. mimicus . V. vulnificus is considered the most dangerous, may cause sepsis and lead to death. V. parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen in coastal regions of temperate and tropical climates around the world and has been responsible for cases of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of fish, shellfish and marine crustaceans. V. cholerae causes outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics related to estuarine environments. V. mimicus can cause sporadic episodes of acute gastroenteritis and infections. The pathogenicity of the bacteria is linked to the ability of the micro-organism to initiate a disease (including entry, colonization and multiplication in the human body). For this to occur, the micro-organisms make use of several factors. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge available in the literature on the factors of pathogenicity of V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae and V. mimicus.(AU)

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Vibrio vulnificus strains were isolated from oysters that were collected at the main seafood market in Mexico City. Strains were characterized with regard to vvhA, vcg genotype, PFGE, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and rtxA1. Analyses included a comparison with rtxA1 reference sequences. Environmental (vcgE) and clinical (vcgC) genotypes were isolated at nearly equal percentages. PFGE had high heterogeneity, but the strains clustered by vcgE or vcgC genotype. Select housekeeping genes for MLST and primers that were designed for rtxA1 domains divided the strains into two clusters according to the E or C genotype. Reference rtxA1 sequences and those from this study were also clustered according to genotype. These results confirm that this genetic dimorphism is not limited to vcg genotyping, as other studies have reported. Some environmental C genotype strains had high similarity to reference strains, which have been reported to be virulent, indicating a potential risk for oyster consumers in Mexico City.

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Introduction This research aimed to identify and quantify potentially pathogenic Vibrio from different cultivations of bivalve shellfish in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and water regions in the South Bay, as well as correlate the incidence of these microorganisms with the physicochemical parameters of marine waters. Methods Between October 2008 and March 2009, 60 oyster and seawater samples were collected from six regions of bivalve mollusk cultivation, and these samples were submitted for Vibrio counts. Results Twenty-nine (48.3%) oyster samples were revealed to be contaminated with one or more Vibrio species. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus counts in the samples ranged from < 0.5 log10 Most Probable Number (MPN) g–1 to 2.3 log10 MPN g–1 oyster and from < 0.5 log10 MPN g–1 to 2.1 log10 MPN g–1 oyster, respectively. Of the 60 seawater samples analyzed, 44 (73.3%) showed signs of contamination with one or more vibrio species. The counts of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in the samples ranged from < 0.3 log10 MPN·100mL–1 to 1.7 log10MPN·100mL–1 seawater and from < 0.3 log10 MPN·100mL–1 to 2.0 log10 MPN·100mL–1 seawater, respectively. A positive correlation between V. vulnificus counts and the seawater temperature as well as a negative correlation between the V. parahaemolyticus counts and salinity were observed. Conclusions The results suggest the need to implement strategies to prevent vibrio diseases from being transmitted by the consumption of contaminated bivalve shellfish. .

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vibrio vulnificus causes an infectious disease that has extremely poor convalescence and leads to necrotic fasciitis. In this study, we sought to define the characteristic epidemiology of V. vulnificus infection and clarify its diagnosis at the global level. METHODS: Over a period of 10 years, we investigated the appearance of symptoms, underlying conditions, treatment, and mortality in 12 patients (eight men, four women; >50 years old; average age, 66 years,) infected with V. vulnificus. RESULTS: The development of symptoms occurred primarily between June and September, a period during which seawater temperature rises and the prevalence of V. vulnificus increases. All patients had underlying diseases, and seven patients reported a history of consuming fresh fish and uncooked shellfish. The patients developed sepsis and fever with sharp pain in the limbs. Limb abnormalities were observed on visual examination. All patients underwent debridement; however, in the survival group, the involved limb was amputated early in 80% patients. The mortality rate was 58.3%. CONCLUSION: Recognition of the characteristic epidemiology and clinical features of this disease is important, and positive debridement should be performed on suspicion. When the illness reaches an advanced stage, however, amputation should be the immediate treatment of choice.

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La infección por Vibrio vulnifcus está generalmente relacionada con el contacto de heridas con agua de mar y el consumo de mariscos bivalvos. No se han publicado hasta la fecha casos causados por Vibrio vulnifcus en el Ecuador. Presentación de los casos Se describen dos casos de sepsis fatal. El primer caso fue un hombre de 69 años, residente en Ibarra (2220 m.s.n.m.), que tenía como enfermedad de base diabetes mellitus tipo 2, artritis reumatoide y hepatopatía. El segundo fue un hombre de 26 años, residente en Quito (2800 m.s.n.m.), con antecedente de anemia aplásica bajo tratamiento. Ambos pacientes ingresaron febriles y presentaron un deterioro rápidamente progresivo, sin respuesta al manejo de soporte y antibiótico-terapia en cuidados intensivos, falleciendo en menos de 48 horas posteriores a su ingreso. En los hemocultivos se identifcó la presencia de Vibrio vulnifcus. Conclusión El reporte de estos casos pone en alerta la presencia de esta bacteria como causa de sepsis en pacientes con factores de riesgo. El reconocimiento oportuno del cuadro clínico, el tratamiento de soporte, terapia antibiótica y un equipo multidisciplinario, son pilares fundamentales en el manejo de este tipo de infecciones.

Vibrio vulnifcus infection usually is related to the contact of wounds with seawater and bivalve shellfsh consumption. Non-cases has been published of this infection in Ecuador. Case Report Two cases of septic shock are described. The frst case was a man (69 years old) from Ibarra city (2220 m.s.l.) who had diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and liver disease. The second case was a man (26 years old) resident in Quito city (2800 m.s.l.) with a history of treated aplastic anemia. Both patients were admitted febrile and showed a fast and progressive deterioration, without response to support management and antibiotic therapy in the intensive care unit. They died within 48 hours after admission. Blood cultures were positive for Vibrio vulnifcus. Conclusion The report of these cases must put on alert for the presence of this bacterium as a cause of sepsis in patients with risk factors. Early recognition of clinical data, the supportive management, antibiotic therapy and a multidisciplinary team are essentials for the outcome.

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