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Background: A scale is used to establish performance ranges in different sciences, it being necessary to design specialized biological and pedagogical indicators in physical activity, sport and health. Objective: To design a scale for the pedagogical control of the vertical jumping ability in untrained adolescents (13-16 years), stratifying the sample by age range, ethnicity, urban and rural area, socioeconomic level, and gender. Methods: A representative sample of the Ecuadorian population (n = 3,705) is studied, classifying it into the aforementioned strata, controlling the vertical jump by ISAK I and II level experts, applying the Sargent Test to measure vertical jumps on a multi-force wall, establishing scales with seven percentile levels, and making comparisons related to chronological age, gender, socioeconomic, and genetic indicators. Results: Significant differences in the vertical jumping performance were determined according to the category or age range (13-14 ≠ 15-16 years) and by gender (w = 0.000). Various levels of performance were determined, classifying the maximum level as talented in the female gender (≥40 cm; and ≥42 cm) and male gender (≥47 cm; and ≥57 cm) in the 13‒14 and 15‒16 years categories, respectively. Sampling comparisons by geographical area only determined significant differences in the male gender, with the jumping ability being higher in urban areas (13‒14 years: w = 0.046; 15‒16 years: w = 0.013). The comparison by ethnic groups showed significant differences (k = 0.030), favoring the Afro-Ecuadorian ethnic group in both genders, while there are significant differences by socioeconomic level, especially between the middle and lower classes. Conclusions: The present research solves the lack of a tool for making correct didactic decisions related to the vertical jumping ability, taking into account various important stratified indicators. The complementary conclusions show significant differences according to the category stratum or age range, the gender stratum, and the ethnic stratum in females and males, where the best average rank favored the Afro-Ecuadorian ethnic group in both genders. There are significant differences in the geographical area stratum in the male gender, and differences in the socioeconomic stratum in favor of the upper and middle classes.

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BACKGROUND: Phase angle (PhA), obtained from the bioimpedance analysis, is widely used in clinical situations and in sports. This study evaluated the association between PhA with body composition and physical performance of handball athletes. METHODS: 43 national-level players (22.19 ± 3.86 years) of both sexes were evaluated regarding anthropometry, body composition, squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jumps, handgrip strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. RESULTS: We verified a correlation between PhA of the whole body and fat-free mass (r = 0.511), body mass index (r = 0.307), and body fat % (r = -0.303). There was a positive correlation between PhA of the whole body and SJ (r = 0.376), CMJ (r = 0.419), and handgrip for the dominant hand (r = 0.448). Moreover, PhA of the upper limbs was more strongly correlated with handgrip for the dominant (r = 0.630) and non-dominant hand (r = 0.575) compared to PhA of the whole body considering both sexes. Similarly, segmental PhA had a stronger significant correlation with SJ (r = 0.402) and handgrip for the dominant hand (r = 0.482) in males, as well as CMJ (r = 0.602) in females, compared to PhA of the whole body. CONCLUSION: PhA of the whole body was positively related to fat-free mass, body mass index, body fat %, and lower- and upper-limbs strength in handball athletes. Segmental PhA might be used as a tool for estimating lower and upper limbs performance considering the sex, in preference to the PhA of the whole body.

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We investigated the influence of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE). Twenty-two endurance runners and triathletes were evaluated for maximum sprinting speed (MSS) and countermovement jump (CMJ) before (non-fatigued) and after (fatigued) an incremental running test. They were allocated in LASR (low-ASR) and HASR (high-ASR) groups for comparisons between conditions. HASR showed greater CMJ and MSS (both p ≤ 0.005) performances, with enhanced CMJ in fatigued condition (p ≤ 0.008). Significant correlations were found between ASR, CMJ, and MSS in both conditions (p ≤ 0.01) for the entire sample, and between ∆CMJ and ∆MSS (p ≤ 0.001) in LASR. Our results show that ASR profile influences PAPE.

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Introducción: El estado de ánimo y la autoeficacia presentan estrecha relación con el rendimiento deportivo. En atletismo, contar con un control exhaustivo del entrenamiento físico y mental supone asentar las bases del máximo rendimiento, siendo el salto vertical un excelente elemento de control. Sin embargo, su relación con los aspectos psicológicos durante los entrenamientos se ha divulgado poco en la literatura. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre el perfil de estado de ánimo y la autoeficacia durante saltos verticales en deportistas juveniles de la preselección nacional cubana de atletismo. Método: Se evaluó el estado de ánimo y la autoeficacia antes de ejecutar un salto con contra movimiento (CMJ), presentándose el valor de 40 cm como elemento de máximo rendimiento en atletas de élite. Resultados: Se encontró correlación significativa entre el factor ansiedad del POMS y variables del CMJ. Además, se encontró correlación negativa entre la autoeficacia y la ansiedad, aunque no significativa (p > .05). Conclusiones: Los deportistas con un estado de ánimo de puntuación media de ansiedad, aunque no sobreelevada (puntaje 2 sobre 4) antes de la ejecución de saltos verticales, obtuvieron mejores resultados de CMJ, consiguiendo un mayor rendimiento tanto en la altura de salto, como en la velocidad, fuerza y potencia del salto. Sin embargo, no se hallaron correlaciones significativas entre la autoeficacia y el estado de ánimo, ni con variables de salto.

Introduction: Both mood and self-efficacy seem to be components closely related to the athlete's performance. In athletics, to have an exhaustive control of training from the physical and mental point of view is to lay the foundations for sporting success. Exercises such as the vertical jump are an excellent element of control of athletic performance. However, their relationship with psychological aspects during training has been little reported in the literature. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between the mood profile and self-efficacy during vertical jumps in youth athletes of the Cuban national preselection of athletics. Method: Mood and self-efficacy were evaluated before executing a countermovement jump (CMJ), presenting the 40-cm value as the element of maximum success in elite athletes. Results: A significant correlation was found between anxiogenic mood and vertical jump variables. In addition, a negative correlation was found between self-efficacy and anxiety, although not significant (p > .05). Conclusions: Athletes with a medium anxiety score mood although not overelevated (score 2 out of 4) before the execution of vertical jumps obtained better CMJ results, achieving higher performance in both jump height, speed, strength and power of the jump. However, no significant correlations were found between self-efficacy and mood, nor with the jumping variables.

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We investigated the consistency of metrics obtained from the unweighting, braking, propulsive, and landing phases of the countermovement (CMJ) force-time curve in combat fighters and physically active men. Combat fighters (n=21) and physically actives (n=21) were tested for three days (2-7 days apart). Participants performed four maximal CMJ separated by 1-min for between-day comparisons. From force-time recording, the consistency of 16 CMJ metrics (peak and mean ground reaction forces (GRF), net impulse, and duration from each phase) was investigated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error (CVTE). We considered as "consistent" those metrics showing no systematic differences, ICC ≥ 0.75, and CVTE ≤ 10%. We further compared the CVTE between groups and pairs of trials (days). Participants demonstrated more consistency in the braking and propulsive phases, while the unweighting phase did not show any consistent metric. There was no evidence of a learning effect (systematic changes), but analysis appointed more consistency on days 2-3 than on days 1-2 (18 metrics presented lower CVTE while 11 presented higher). We identified braking and propulsive GRF (peak and mean) and propulsive impulse as consistent metrics for combat fighters, while only propulsive impulse for physically actives. The between-group analyses showed that 24 comparisons favored the combat fighters against only five favoring the physically actives. In conclusion, force-time metrics related to jumping strategy, like phase duration, are less consistent than those related to driven forces and jump output, probably because participants changed their jump strategy during testing days.

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SUMMARY: The aim of the article is to determine the differences in morphological characteristics and jumping abilities between female volleyball players who play for different national teams. The sample consists of 48 elite female volleyball players from four different national teams which participated in European championship qualifications. The variables studied were: body height, mass, body mass index, standing reach and spike reach. The results show differences in body mass index, standing reach and spike reach. These differences are related to the needs of the different positions with regard to the actions they execute. In conclusion morphological parameters are important components of performance in many sports (volleyball). Different sports disciplines require different body parameters and body structure for maximum performance.

El objetivo del artículo fue determinar las diferencias en las características morfológicas y habilidades de salto entre las jugadoras de voleibol que juegan en diferentes selecciones nacionales. La muestra consta de 48 jugadoras de voleibol de élite de cuatro equipos nacionales diferentes que participaron en las clasificaciones del campeonato europeo. Las variables estudiadas fueron: altura corporal, masa, índice de masa corporal, alcance de pie y alcance de remate. Los resultados muestran diferencias en el índice de masa corporal, el alcance de pie y el alcance de punta. Estas diferencias están relacionadas con las necesidades de los distintos cargos en cuanto a las acciones que ejecutan. En conclusión, los parámetros morfológicos son componentes importantes del rendimiento en muchos deportes (voleibol). Las diferentes disciplinas deportivas requieren diferentes parámetros corporales y estructuras corporales para un rendimiento máximo.

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BACKGROUND: Plyometric training can be performed through many types of exercises involving the stretch-shortening cycle in lower limbs. In the last decades, a high number of studies have investigated the effects of plyometric training on several outcomes in different populations. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review, summarize the findings, and access the quality of published meta-analyses investigating the effects of plyometric training on physical performance. DESIGN: Systematic umbrella review of meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES: Meta-analyses were identified using a systematic literature search in the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scielo. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING META-ANALYSES: Meta-analyses that examined the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in different populations, age groups, and sex. RESULTS: Twenty-nine meta-analyses with moderate-to-high methodological quality were included in this umbrella review. We identified a relevant weakness in the current literature, in which five meta-analyses included control group comparisons, while 24 included pre-to-post-effect sizes. Trivial-to-large effects were found considering the effects of plyometric training on physical performance for healthy individuals, medium-trivial effects for the sports athletes' groups and medium effects for different sports athletes' groups, age groups, and physical performance. CONCLUSION: The available evidence indicates that plyometric training improves most related physical fitness parameters and sports performance. However, it is important to outline that most meta-analyses included papers lacking a control condition. As such, the results should be interpreted with caution. PROSPERO number: CRD42020217918.

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Abstract Aim: The purpose of this pilot study was to analyze the feasibility of the intervention and measures of a six-week land- and aquatic-based plyometric training on spike and block reaches in young volleyball athletes. Methods: Twelve female players were divided into a land group (LG) (n = 6, 12.4 ± 0.3 years, 1.61 ± 0.04 m, 57.0 ± 9.3 kg) and a water group (WG) (n = 6, 12.5 ± 0.5 years, 1.57 ± 0.06 m, 48.9 ± 8.5 kg). The spike and block (without step, with slide step, and with crossover step) reach and countermovement jump height were evaluated before and after a 6-week plyometric training protocol. Duration (total and of each session), adhesion and adherence, and safeness of the intervention; completion of assessments, within-trial reliability, and variability of the outcome measures and preliminary results were the variables of interest. To analyze the effect of the training on jump performance, the Wilcoxon test was used (p < 0.05), and effect sizes (r) were calculated. Results: All participants concluded the intervention and the assessments as planned. No dropouts or adverse events were registered during the study. The within-trial reliability for all assessment tests was considered excellent (ICC ≥ 0.9). Preliminary results indicate that LG improved the reach of the spike and block with the slide step; and that WG improved the spike, block with the slide step to the left, and block without movement reaches (p < 0.05; large effect size). Conclusion: An intervention of six weeks of plyometric training on land and in water is feasible, and preliminary results indicate that both training protocols may benefit the performance of spike and block in young volleyball athletes.

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The present study aimed to examine the changes that occurred in vertical jump and isokinetic dynamometer (ISK) performances at the beginning of a preparatory period (PRE) and at the start of the competitive period (POST). Sixteen U-17 elite female volleyball players, from a national level (15.34 ± 1.19 years; 66.35 ± 7.95 kg; 169.22 ± 24.79 cm), performed bilateral squat jump (SJ), bilateral and unilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) and unilateral ISK tests for knee flexors (Fl) and extensors (Ex) both at 60°/s and at 300°/s. Peak torque (PT) and the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio were assessed by concentric actions. Asymmetries were calculated by the percentage differences between dominant (DOM) and nondominant legs (NDOM). The paired Student's t-test was used for comparisons at a level of significance of 5%. The effect size was also calculated. A significant increase was found for both SJ (15%; p = 0.004; ES = 0.82) and CMJ (12%; p = 0.017; ES = 0.62). The PT of NDOM flexors at 60°/s was significantly lower than DOM both at PRE (4.6%; p = 0.048; ES = -0.22) and POST (6.3%; p = 0.037; ES = -0.33). The NDOM extensors at 60°/s had a significantly lower PT than DOM at POST (7.0%; p = 0.048; ES = -0.23). Both DOM and NDOM flexors at 60°/s had a PT enhancement at POST related to PRE (6.7%; p = 0.031; ES = 0.51 and 5.6%; p = 0.037; ES = 0.48, respectively). The PT of NDOM extensors at 300°/s increased at POST in comparison to PRE (7.9%; p = 0.038; ES = 0.27). The NDOM at 300°/s had a H:Q ratio higher than DOM both in PRE and POST (8.6%; p = 0.041; ES = 0.37 and 11.6%; p = 0.013; ES = 0.71, respectively), and the highest H:Q ratios were lower than the reference values (<80%). The asymmetry of the unilateral CMJ was higher at POST than at PRE (102%; p = 0.03; ES = 0.81). The PT for the flexors at 300°/s and the H:Q ratio at POST exceeded 10%. In conclusion, a training program of 15 weeks increased the neuromuscular performance of young volleyball athletes, but many H:Q ratios and asymmetries remained out of the normal recommendation. Volleyball professionals should carefully apply an adequate training program to enhance physical fitness performance without increasing the risk of lower limb injuries concurrently.

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The aims of this study were to: 1) provide and compare the height achieved during Smith machine (SM) and free weight (FW) loaded jumps executed over a wide spectrum of loads (40-120% of body mass [BM]); and 2) test the difference between loaded and unloaded squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) attempts in ten highly trained male sprinters. On the first visit, athletes performed unloaded SJ and CMJ, loaded SJ with loads corresponding to 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120% BM, and loaded CMJ at 100% BM using an Olympic barbell (FW). On the second visit, they performed loaded SJ and CMJ tests under the same loading conditions on the SM device and, subsequently, a half-squat one-repetition maximum (1RM) assessment. The relative strength (RS = 1RM/BM) of the athletes was 2.54 ± 0.15. Loaded SJ performance was similar between SM and FW, and across all loading conditions. Differences in favour of CMJ (higher jump heights compared with SJ) were superior in the unloaded condition but decreased progressively as a function of loading. In summary, sprinters achieved similar SJ heights across a comprehensive range of loads, regardless of the execution mode (FW or SM). The positive effect of the countermovement on jump performance is progressively reduced with increasing load.

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RESUMEN El test de salto vertical es muy interesante como prueba física, en el voleibol moderno, para valorar la potencia de piernas, ya que de esa manera el preparador físico puede planificar un programa de fuerza-velocidad con la intención de mejorar sus prestaciones físicas en el terreno de juego. El voleibol es un deporte que se caracteriza por acciones de juego de corta duración y de gran intensidad, alternadas por cortos períodos de descanso. Esto hace pensar en la necesidad de desarrollar en las voleibolistas una gran potencia, fundamentalmente en los miembros inferiores, aspectos que fue evaluado a diez atletas de voleibol categoría sub-18 de la Escuela Nacional de voleibol por métodos indirectos Lewis y Harman, a las que se les realizó un estudio transversal en la etapa de preparación física general. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo comparar los niveles de potencia de miembros inferiores por ambos test en un periodo de seis semanas. Como métodos empíricos se utilizaron la medición y los test indirectos para evaluar la potencia de salto. Se obtienen resultados satisfactorios en ambos test, fundamentalmente después de someter a las atletas a un sistema de ejercicios que se muestran con mayor nivel de información para el entrenador los valores de la potencia de Harman, ya que en este tiene en cuenta la acción de la aceleración gravitatoria que debe vencer en la fase de despegue. A partir de los resultados, se brindaron sugerencias individuales para el entrenamiento de dichos atletas.

RESUMO O teste de salto vertical é muito interessante como teste físico, no voleibol moderno, para avaliar a potência das pernas, uma vez que desta forma o treinador físico pode planear um programa de força-velocidade com a intenção de melhorar o desempenho físico no campo de jogo. O voleibol é um desporto caracterizado por ações de jogo curtas e de alta intensidade, alternando com curtos períodos de descanso. Isto sugere a necessidade de os jogadores de voleibol desenvolverem grande poder, fundamentalmente nos membros inferiores, aspectos que foram avaliados em dez atletas de voleibol da categoria U-18 da National Volleyball School, utilizando métodos indiretos de Lewis e Harman, que foram submetidos a um estudo transversal durante a fase geral de preparação física. O objectivo deste estudo era comparar os níveis de potência dos membros inferiores por ambos os testes ao longo de um período de seis semanas. Os métodos empíricos utilizados foram a medição e testes indiretos para avaliar a potência de salto. Foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios em ambos os testes, fundamentalmente depois de submeter os atletas a um sistema de exercícios que mostrou com um maior nível de informação para o treinador os valores da potência de Harman, uma vez que tem em conta a ação da aceleração gravitacional que deve ser superada na fase de descolagem. A partir dos resultados, foram fornecidas sugestões individuais para o treino destes atletas

ABSTRACT The vertical jump test is very interesting as a test physical in modern volleyball to assess the power of the legs, since in this way the physical trainer can plan a strength-speed program with the intention of improving their physical performance on the game field. Volleyball is a sport that is characterized by short duration and high intensity game actions, alternated by short periods of rest. This suggests the need to develop great power in volleyball female players, fundamentally in the lower limbs, aspects that were evaluated on ten volleyball athletes in the sub-18 category of the National Volleyball School by indirect methods Lewis and Harman, to whom a cross-sectional study was carried out in the stage of general physical preparation. The objective of this work was to compare the power levels of the lower limbs by both tests in a period of six weeks. As empirical methods, measurement and indirect tests were used to evaluate jumping power. Satisfactory results are obtained in both tests, fundamentally after subjecting the athletes to a system of exercises that show the Harman power values with a higher level of information for the coach, since in this it takes into account the action of the gravitational acceleration that must be overcome in the take-off phase. Based on the results, individual suggestions for the training of these athletes were provided.

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The objective of this study was to identify parameters that best discriminate between selected and non-selected players for the Brazilian under-19 men's volleyball team and propose mathematical models to identify high-performance players. To this end, 18 selected (16.89±0.96 years) and 138 non-selected (16.91±0.74 years) players for the under-19 team were assessed for the training profile, anthropometric profile, and physical performance level. The discriminant function analysis was used to build the models, with a significance of α<0.05. The spike jump reach showed a greater correlation with the discriminant scores obtained in the two models (r=0.701; r=0.782). The 10 variables included in Model 1 helped identify 88.9% of the players selected in their group of origin; Model 2 - obtained by the spike jump reach and duration of playing experience - identified 83.3% of the players selected. Therefore, coaches should be aware that differences between the selected and non-selected players are multi-factorial, with the spike jump reach being the most relevant assessment factor. Furthermore, good players for the selection can be identified using the two models: Model 1 promises greater success with ten assessments, whereas Model 2 allows the identification of suitable players for the under-19 men's volleyball team with only two simple assessments.

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Isokinetic tests have been highly valuable to athletic analysis, but their cost and technical operation turn them inaccessible. The purpose of this study was to verify the correlation between unilateral countermovement jump variables and isokinetic data. Thirty-two male professional soccer players were subjected to the isokinetic testing of both knee extensors and flexors in concentric and eccentric muscle contractions. They also executed unilateral countermovement vertical jumps (UCMJ) to compare maximum height, ground reaction force, and impulse power with isokinetic peak torque. Data analysis was conducted through Pearson correlation and linear regression. A high correlation was found between dominant unilateral extensor concentric peak torque and the UCMJ maximum height of the dominant leg. The non-dominant leg jump showed a moderate correlation. No other variable showed statistical significance. Linear regression allowed the generation of two formulae to estimate the peak torque from UCMJ for dominant and non-dominant legs. Although few studies were found to compare our results, leading to more studies being needed, a better understanding of the unilateral countermovement jump may be used in the future as a substitute to the expensive and technically demanding isokinetic testing when it is unavailable, allowing the assessment of lower limb physical asymmetries in athletic or rehabilitation environments.

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Age-related decreases in muscle function lead to disabilities and are associated with negative health outcomes in older people. Although several physical tests can be used to assess physical performance, muscle strength, and power, their interpretation can be hampered by the ceiling effect of some of them. The aim of this study was to assess whether vertical jump tests are safe in terms of physical integrity and whether they are useful in assessing physical performance in forty-one robust older women. The investigation entailed an assessment of anthropometric characteristics, physical functioning tests (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), sit-to-up 5 times and sit-to-up 30 s, gait speed, time-up-to-go test (TUGT)), and tests evaluating muscle strength and power (handgrip, lower limb isokinetic tests, and vertical jumping tests). Significant negative correlations were found between vertical jumping tests and BMI, body fat percentage, sit-to-up 5 times and TUGT. In addition, significant positive correlations were observed between vertical jumping tests and SPPB, gait speed, handgrip, and concentric isokinetic tests of knee muscles. No adverse events in volunteers' physical integrity were reported during and after the performance of all physical tests. Thus, the study results showed that vertical jumping tests are safe and accurate for assessing physical performance and are useful for monitoring age-related loss of muscle performance in robust older women.

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BACKGROUND: Suicide is a common cause of death in Brazil, with an overall increase of 62.5% during the last 30-year period. The study aims to determine overall patient characteristics and symptomatic indicators of complications among survivors. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we collected and analyzed clinical information of all patients aged > 10 years who presented to our hospital with a history of attempted suicide by jumping from a height in a 7-year period. Records were searched for primary demographic data, radiographs and CT scans were reviewed to determine injury characteristics, and records and operative notes were searched to look for symptomatic indicators of complications among survivors. Baseline demographics and the distribution on skeletal injuries were compared between the survivor and non-survivor patients using the Chi-squared for categorical variables and the Student's t-test for continuous variables. Among survivors, univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to investigate independent risk factors of attempted suicide and complications. RESULTS: A total of 222 patients attempted suicide by jumping from a height. At multivariate analysis, the middle-aged patient was the unique identified risk factor for suicide by jumping from a height. Overall mortality was 67.6%. The main independent cause for death was traumatic brain injury. Among survivors, there was a higher incidence of foot and ankle fractures, and pelvic ring injuries. The overall complication rate for survivor patients was 51.4%, with acute infection being the most prevalent complication. At multivariate analysis, middle-aged men, foot and ankle injuries, open pelvic injuries, and open fractures were identified as risk factors for acute complications. CONCLUSION: Middle-aged people are at significant risk for attempting suicide by jumping from a height in Brazil, independently of gender, with 67.6% deaths. Traumatic brain injury, higher ISS, and more than 3 skeletal injuries are independent variables related to this fatal outcome. Acute complications occur in approximately 50% of survivors. Middle-aged men, foot and ankle injuries, open pelvic injuries, and open fractures are risk factors for complications.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar si existe diferencia en la composición corporal por género y si esta influye sobre el rendimiento físico de jugadores de vóleibol adolecentes. Método: se agruparon veinticinco jugadores de vóleibol (Hombres n = 10, Mujeres n = 15). Se midió la composición corporal y potencia muscular mediante la prueba de salto en contra movimiento y remate de balón. Resultados: se observó que los hombres presentaban una mayor masa muscular junto a una menor grasa corporal relacionada a un mayor rendimiento en las pruebas de rendimiento físico. Conclusión: los hombres presentan una mayor masa muscular y menor grasa corporal junto a un mejor rendimiento en las pruebas de potencia muscular.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze if there is a difference in body composition by gender and if this influences the physical performance of adolescent volleyball players. Method: twenty-five adolescent volleyball players (Men n = 10, Women n = 15) were grouped together. Body composition and muscle power were measured using the countermovement jump test and volleyball spike. Results: the observations were that men had greater muscle mass together with lower body fat related to higher performance in physical performance tests. Conclusion: men have greater muscle mass and lower body fat along with better performance in muscle power tests.

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Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las relaciones entre indicadores de composición corporal y rendimiento físico en jugadores jóvenes de élite y determinar si existen diferencias entre posiciones de juego y series. La muestra fue de futbolistas seleccionados Sub-15 (n=24) y Sub-17 (n=20) varones, divididos por posición de juego. Se evaluaron indicadores composición corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG) y porcentaje de masa muscular (%MM). Se evaluaron salto desde sentadilla (SJ), salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), velocidad lineal en 10 (T10) y 30 metros (T30). Se relacionaron variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico, y se buscaron diferencias entre posiciones de juego y entre categorías. Se hallaron grandes asociaciones significativas en la categoría Sub-15 entre %MM con SJ y CMJ, y moderadas entre %MG con T10, SJ y CMJ. En Sub-17 una asociación significativa grande entre %MM y T30, y entre %MG y T30. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en %MG en la categoría Sub-17, entre los arqueros vs defensas y delanteros. Se encontraron diferencias significativas moderadas en %MM entre categorías y diferencias muy grandes en T10 y T30, y una diferencia moderada en SJ. Es posible concluir que la composición corporal %MM y %MG se relaciona con el rendimiento físico. Además, existen diferencias en %MG entre los arqueros vs los jugadores de campo y diferencias en las variables de composición corporal y rendimiento físico entre jugadores Sub-17 y sub-15. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir de referencia o de parámetros de comparación de jugadores jóvenes a nivel nacional en la detección de talentos.

Abstract The study aimed to know the relationships between indicators of body composition and physical performance in elite young players and determine if there are differences between playing positions and series. The sample was of selected U-15 (n=24) and U-17 (n=20) male players, divided by playing position. Body composition, fat mass percentage (%MG), and muscle mass percentage (%MM) indicators were evaluated. Also, Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), linear velocity in 10 (T10) and 30 meters (T30) were evaluated. Body composition and physical performance variables were related, and differences between playing positions and between categories were sought. Significant large associations were found in the U-15 category between %MM with SJ and CMJ and moderate associations between %MG with T10, SJ, and CMJ. In the U-17 category, a significant large association was found between %MM and T30 and between %MG and T30. Significant differences in %MG were found in the U-17 category between goalkeepers vs. defenders and forwards. Moderate significant differences were found in %MM between categories and very large differences in T10 and T30, and a moderate difference in SJ. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the body composition %MM and %MG is related to physical performance. In addition, there are differences in %MG between goalkeepers vs. outfield players and differences in body composition and physical performance variables between U-17 and U-15 players. The results obtained can be used as a reference or as parameters for comparing young players at the national level in the detection of talent.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer as relações entre indicadores de composição corporal e desempenho físico em jovens jogadores de elite e verificar se existem diferenças entre posições de jogo e séries. A amostra foi composta por jogadores de futebol masculino sub-15 (n = 24) e sub-17 (n = 20) selecionados, divididos por posição de jogo. Foram avaliados indicadores de composição corporal, percentual de massa gorda (% MG) e percentual de massa muscular (% MM). Foram avaliados o salto de agachamento (SJ), salto de contra movimento (CMJ), velocidade linear a 10 (T10) e 30 metros (T30). Variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico foram relacionadas, e diferenças entre as posições de jogo e entre as categorias foram pesquisadas. Grandes associações significativas foram encontradas na categoria de menores de 15 anos entre% MM com SJ e CMJ, e moderadas entre% MG com T10, SJ e CMJ. Em Sub-17, uma grande associação significativa entre% MM e T30 e entre% MG e T30. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na % MG na categoria Sub-17, entre goleiros x zagueiros e atacantes. Diferenças moderadas significativas foram encontradas em % MM entre as categorias e diferenças muito grandes em T10 e T30, e uma diferença moderada em SJ. É possível concluir que a composição corporal % MM e% MG está relacionada ao desempenho físico. Além disso, há diferenças na % MG entre goleiros e jogadores de campo e diferenças nas variáveis de composição corporal e desempenho físico entre jogadores Sub-17 e Sub-15. Os resultados obtidos podem servir de referência ou parâmetro de comparação de jovens jogadores a nível nacional para a detecção de talentos.

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RESUMEN La saltabilidad en el voleibol está estrechamente vinculada con la capacidad de fuerza-velocidad que deben poseer los jugadores para realizar una amplia cantidad de saltos durante un partido. De ahí que sean diversas las interrogantes de los entrenadores para conseguir que sus atletas lleguen a lo más alto de la élite. El objetivo del estudio que se presenta versa en analizar los indicadores que influyen en el salto vertical con contramovimiento para el perfeccionamiento de la preparación física en jugadores de voleibol primera categoría de La Habana, para poder dar tratamiento desde la sesión de entrenamiento. Para la adquisición de los datos, se utilizaron métodos científicos tales como la observación, la medición con una plataforma de fuerza de origen alemán y el software TEMPLO con su respectivo modelo Performance Análisis y una entrevista a los entrenadores del equipo. En este mismo orden, a los datos obtenidos se les aplicó la estadística descriptiva y los resultados se presentan a través de gráficos y tablas, donde se muestran las deficiencias en cuanto a la capacidad de salto para estos jugadores, evidenciándose la impericia en la transferencia de la fase excéntrica a la concéntrica y su resultado en el éxito del juego.

RESUMO A capacidade de salto no Voleibol está intimamente ligada à capacidade de força-velocidade que os jogadores devem possuir para executar um grande número de saltos durante uma partida. Assim, há várias perguntas que os treinadores têm de fazer a si próprios para garantir que os seus atletas cheguem ao topo da elite. O propósito do estudo aqui apresentado é analisar os indicadores que influenciam o salto vertical com contra movimento para a melhoria da preparação física dos jogadores de Voleibol de primeira categoria em Havana, a fim de poder proporcionar o tratamento a partir da sessão de treino. Para a aquisição dos dados, foram utilizados métodos científicos como a observação, medição com uma plataforma de força alemã e o software TEMPLO com o seu respectivo modelo de análise de desempenho e uma entrevista com os treinadores da equipa. Nesta mesma ordem, foram aplicadas estatísticas descritivas aos dados obtidos e os resultados são apresentados através de gráficos e tabelas, que mostram as deficiências em termos de capacidade de salto para estes jogadores, evidenciando a falta de habilidade na transferência da fase excêntrica para a fase concêntrica e o seu resultado no sucesso do jogo.

ABSTRACT The jumping capacity in volleyball is closely linked to the force-speed capacity that players must possess to perform a wide number of jumps during a match. Hence, there are several questions of coaches to get their athletes to reach the top of the elite. The objective of the study presented is to analyze the indicators that influence the vertical jump with countermovement, for the improvement of physical preparation in volleyball player's first category of Havana, to be able to give treatment from the training session. For the acquisition of the data, a strength platform of German origin and the TEMPLO software with its respective Performance Analysis model were used. In this same order, descriptive statistics was applied to the data obtained, and the results are presented through graphs and tables, where the deficiencies in terms of jumping capacity for these players are shown, evidencing the lack of expertise in the transfer from the eccentric phase to the concentric and its result in the success of the game.

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Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common condition in athletes, which can alter the muscular activity of lower limb during jump. The objective of the study was to verify the magnitude of activation, onset timing and order of recruitment of the proximal and local muscles to the ankle of young athletes with CAI during a single leg vertical jump. Thirty-seven athletes were selected and divided into: 1) CAI group and 2) control group. An electromyographic evaluation was performed during the jump on force plate. The muscles evaluated were the proximal muscles - gluteus medius (GMed), rectus femoris (RF) and local ankle muscles - tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG). In propulsion, the CAI group showed early activation of all evaluated muscles, when compared to control group (p = 0.05). No diferences were found between groups concerning magnitude of electromyographic signal and order of muscle recruitment. During landing, an increase in magnitude of the electromyographic signal of TA in the CAI group was observed and no diferences were found between groups for onset activation and order of muscle recruitment. The results can be applied to athletes' rehabilitation through specific neuromuscular control exercises, such as reaction time and local and proximal joint stabilization to optimize muscle performance and injury incidence. Therefore, in the single leg vertical jump athletes with CAI presented higher activation of the TA in the landing and an early activation of the GMed, RF, TA, PL and LG in propulsion in relation to control group.

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O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o estágio de desenvolvimento motor de escolares do ensino Fundamental II em Instituições públicas e privadas, por meio da habilidade motora salto vertical. Participaram do estudo 79 escolares da zona leste da cidade de São Paulo / SP, matriculados no Ensino Fundamental II. Os instrumentos utilizados de medidas antropométricas foram uma balança de bioimpedância, estadiômetro, filmadora digital e a Sistemática de Avaliação do Padrão Motor de crianças no Salto Vertical proposta por Araujo. De acordo com os resultados foi observado (26-32,9%) dos participantes no estágio Inicial, (47-59,5%) no estágio Emergentes Elementar e (6-7,6%) no estágio Proficiente. Constatou-se uma incidência elevada no estágio Emergentes Elementar (47-59,5%), o que sugere que o desenvolvimento motor para o salto vertical não está adequado para a faixa etária. Os resultados se diferem do que sugere a Teoria de Gallahue, pois, para a faixa etária dos participantes desse estudo, os mesmos deveriam apresentar padrões de movimentos fundamentais consistentes e proficientes. Essa discordância com a Teoria de Gallahue pode estar associada a quantidade e a qualidade dos estímulos presentes nessa fase que compreende os participantes do estudo, influenciando diretamente o desenvolvimento, esses fatores não foram controlados por esse estudo. (AU)

The objective of the study was to analyze the stage of motor development of elementary schoolchildren in public and private institutions, through motor skill vertical jump. The study was attended by 79 schoolchildren from the eastern zone of the city of São Paulo / SP, enrolled in Elementary School II. The instruments used for anthropometric measurements were: a bioimpedance scale, stadiometer, digital camcorder and the Child Motor Pattern Assessment Systematic in the Vertical Jump proposed by Araujo. According to the results (26-32.9%) of the participants in the Initial stage, (47-59.5%) in the Emergents Elementary stage and (6-7.6%) in the Proficient stage. There was a high incidence in the Emergentes Elemental stage (47-59.5%), which suggests that motor development for vertical jump is not adequate for the age group. The results differ from those suggested by the Gallahue Theory, since, for the age group of the participants of this study, they should present consistent and proficient fundamental movement patterns. This disagreement with the Gallahue Theory may be associated with the quantity and quality of the stimuli present in this phase that comprises study participants, directly influencing the development, these factors were not controlled by this study. (AU)

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