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Introducción. Las neoplasias de fosa posterior son los tumores de sistema nervioso central más frecuentes en la población pediátrica y una causa frecuente de hidrocefalia. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los factores de riesgo asociados a hidrocefalia luego de las cirugías de resección de tumores de fosa posterior en una población pediátrica. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes pediátricos operados de tumores de fosa posterior en un único hospital. Se analizaron potenciales factores de riesgo pre y post quirúrgicos. Se consideró como variable respuesta la necesidad de derivación definitiva para tratar la hidrocefalia a los 6 meses de la resección tumoral. Resultados. En el análisis univariado se detectaron múltiples factores de riesgo significativos. Sin embargo, solamente 3 se mantuvieron en el modelo multivariado: grado de resección (Subtotal: OR 7.86; Parcial: OR 20.42), infección postoperatoria (OR 17.31) y ausencia de flujo de salida postoperatorio en IV ventrículo (OR 4.29). Éste modelo presentó una buena capacidad predictiva (AUC: 0.80, Sensibilidad 80.5%, Especificidad 76.3%). Conclusión. La realización de tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica preoperatoria no redujo la incidencia de hidrocefalia postoperatoria. El grado de resección tumoral, la presencia de infección postoperatoria y la obstrucción de salida del IV ventrículo fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes para el requerimiento de sistema derivativo definitivo luego de la resección de un tumor de fosa posterior. Ésto podría influir en la toma de decisiones respecto al tratamiento en este grupo de pacientes pediátricos

Background. Posterior fossa tumors are the most frequent central nervous system neoplasms in the pediatric population and a frequent cause of hydrocephalus. The objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors associated with hydrocephalus after posterior fossa tumors resection in a pediatric population. Methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted on pediatric patients who underwent posterior fossa tumor resection in a single hospital. Potential pre- and post-operative risk factors were analyzed. The need for definitive shunt placement to treat hydrocephalus at 6 months after tumor resection was considered as the outcome variable. Results. Univariate analysis identified multiple significant risk factors. However, only 3 factors remained in the multivariate model: extent of resection (subtotal: OR 7.86; partial: OR 20.42), postoperative infection (OR 17.31), and absence of postoperative outflow of the fourth ventricle (OR 4.29). This model showed good predictive capacity (AUC: 0.80, Sensitivity 80.5%, Specificity 76.3%). Conclusion. Preoperative endoscopic third ventriculostomy did not reduce the incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus. The extent of tumor resection, presence of postoperative infection, and obstruction of fourth ventricle outflow were the most important risk factors for the requirement of a definitive shunt system after posterior fossa tumor resection. This could influence treatment decisions in this group of pediatric patients

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Introduction: Treatment options for hydrocephalus related to posterior fossa tumors have been extensively studied in the pediatric population, but the value of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannoma in adults, is controversial. A systematic search of the medical literature was carried out in Pubmed/Medline and SciElo for the identification and inclusion of articles, in addition to the preprint servers bioRxiv and medRxiv. The following descriptors were used: hydrocephalus and vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas or acoustic neurinomas and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. The initial search found 195 articles. After selection, 5 articles were chosen for the study. Objective: To specify the role of the endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas. Development: The articles included a total of 82 patients, in which an improvement of the symptoms was achieved in 86.6 percent of the cases. The decrease in ventricular diameter was reported in 82.9 percent of the cases and was only found explicit in 3 articles. Although the failure criteria used were varied, 2 of them predominated: the persistence of progressive symptomatic hydrocephalus and/or the need for shunt placement. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy failure only represented 14.6 percent. Conclusions: Third ventriculostomy is an acceptable technique with relative success for the treatment of symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas(AU)

Introducción: Las opciones de tratamiento para la hidrocefalia relacionada con tumores de fosa posterior han sido ampliamente estudiadas en la población pediátrica, pero es controvertido el valor de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica, en la hidrocefalia secundaria a schwanoma vestibular en adultos, previo a la resección del tumor. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura médica en Pubmed/Medline y SciElo para la identificación e inclusión de artículos, además de los servidores de preprint bioRxiv y medRxiv. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: hydrocephalus y vestibular schwannomas o acoustic neuromas o acoustic neurinomas y endoscopic third ventriculostomy. La búsqueda inicial encontró 195 artículos. Después de la selección, se eligieron 5 artículos para el estudio. Objetivo: Especificar el papel de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia secundaria a schwanomas vestibulares. Desarrollo: Los artículos incluyeron un total de 82 pacientes, en los que se logró una mejoría de los síntomas en el 86,6 por ciento de los casos. La disminución del diámetro ventricular se reportó en el 82,9 por ciento de los casos y solo se encontró explícita en 3 artículos. Aunque los criterios de fracaso utilizados fueron variados, predominaron dos de ellos: la persistencia de hidrocefalia sintomática progresiva o la necesidad de colocación de derivación. La falla de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica solo representó el 14,6 por ciento. Conclusiones: La tercera ventriculostomía endoscópica es una técnica aceptable y con relativo éxito para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia obstructiva sintomática secundaria a schwanomas vestibulares(AU)

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Introdução: A mielomeningocele (MMC) é o defeito do tubo neural compatível com a vida mais comum, e uma de suas complicações mais frequentes é a ocorrência de hidrocefalia, principalmente em pacientes cuja correção do defeito se deu no período pós-natal. O tratamento padrão para esta população ainda é a inserção de uma derivação ventrículo-peritoneal (DVP), associada a complicações e maior morbimortalidade. Alternativamente à DVP, destaca-se a terceiro ventriculostomia endoscópica (TVE), procedimento sem a necessidade de dispositivo implantável, mas que apresenta uma taxa de sucesso muito variável na literatura médica. Objetivos: Avaliar a taxa de sucesso da TVE no tratamento da hidrocefalia associada à MMC, identificar possíveis fatores clínicos e/ou radiológicos relacionados ao sucesso do procedimento e identificar se o sucesso estimado pelo Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Success Score (ETVSS) foi comparável à real taxa de sucesso. Método: Vinte e um pacientes com o diagnóstico de MMC, nascidos entre 2015 e 2021 e submetidos a TVE para o tratamento da hidrocefalia foram incluídos nesse estudo. Pacientes com correção fetal da MMC foram excluídos. Dados clínicos como o perímetro cefálico ao nascimento e no pré-operatório prematuridade, presença de DVP, número de revisões e presença de infecção prévias, idade no momento da TVE, além de fatores radiológicos como o índice de Evans, ângulo clivo-occipital, volume estimado da fossa posterior e volume estimado do compartimento supratentorial foram analisados. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso em seis meses foi de 61,9%, a taxa geral de sucesso foi de 57,1% e o ETVSS médio calculado foi de 46,7%. O único fator com aparente relevância para o sucesso da TVE foi a idade, pacientes com mais de 6 meses completos apresentaram uma taxa de sucesso de 76,9% enquanto os mais novos apresentaram uma taxa de sucesso de 25% (OR: 0,03; IC 95% 0,01-0,35; p = 0,013). Não foi identificado nenhum fator radiológico associado ao sucesso do procedimento. Conclusões: O único fator de relevância estatística com o sucesso da TVE foi a idade, sendo que pacientes com idade inferior a 6 meses completos apresentaram uma probabilidade maior de falha. Já o ETVSS subestimou a taxa de sucesso do procedimento em 6 meses ­ o que demonstra a necessidade de modificações para seu aprimoramento em pacientes mais jovens.

Introduction: Myelomeningocele (MMC) is the most common neural tube defect compatible with life, and one of its most frequent complications is the occurrence of hydrocephalus (HCF), especially in patients whose defect correction took place in the postnatal period. The standard treatment for this population is still the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), but it is associated with complications and higher morbidity and mortality. As an alternative to DVP, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) stands out, it is a procedure without the need for an implantable device, but its success rate is inconsistent in the medical literature. Objectives: To evaluate the success rate of EVT in the treatment of hydrocephalus associated with MMC and to identify possible clinical and/or radiological features associated with ETV success. Methods: Twenty-one patients with myelomeningocele, born between 2015 and 2021, that underwent EVT for hydrocephalus were included in this study. Patients with fetal MMC correction were excluded. Clinical data such as head circumference at birth and preoperatively, prematurity, presence of previous VPS, number of previous revisions, presence of a previous infection, age at the time of ETV, in addition to radiological factors such as the Evans index, clivo-occipital angle, the estimated volume of the posterior fossa and estimated volume of the supratentorial compartment were analyzed. Results: The six-month success rate was 61.9%, the overall success rate was 57.1%, and the mean calculated ETVSS was 46.7%. The only factor with apparent relevance to the success of ETV was age: the patients older than six full months had a success rate of 76.9%, while the younger ones had a success rate of 25% (OR: 0.03; 95% CI 0.01-0.35; p = 0.013). No radiological features were identified as associated with the procedure's success. Conclusions: The only factor of statistical relevance with the success of TVE was age, with patients younger than six full months of age having a higher probability of failure. The ETVSS, on the other hand, underestimated the procedure's success rate at six months, which shows a need for modifications to improve its results when applied in younger patients.

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El Sistema Ventricular Cerebral se desarrolla de forma paralela al resto del Sistema Nervioso Central, facilitando la circulación del Líquido Cefalorraquídeo, desde su separación del líquido amniótico a nivel embrionario. Este desarrollo es necesario para entender correctamente la anatomía ventricular y facilitar el abordaje para patologías intraventriculares. El objetivo de esta revisión es reconocer los puntos más importantes en la embriología ventricular para facilitar el aprendizaje de la anatomía quirúrgica ventricular.

The cerebral ventricular system is developed in parallel with the rest of the central nervous system, facilitating the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, from the amniotic fluid separation in the embryonic phases. This development is necessary to correctly understand the ventricular anatomy and facilitate approach to intraventricular pathologies. The objective of this review is to recognize the most important points in the ventricular embryology and in the intraventricular endoscopic vision to facilitate learning of the ventricular surgical anatomy.

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Introducción: desde el año 2008, en el Hospital Militar Central Dr Carlos J Finlay se realizan abordajes neuroendoscópicos transcraneales.Objetivo: mostrar la seguridad y beneficios del tratamiento neuroendoscópico transcraneal. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo a 18 pacientes con enfermedades que requerían tratamiento neuroendoscópico transcraneal. Se examinó el perfil etiológico, los procederes neuroendoscópicos realizados, los tipos y modalidades quirúrgicas empleadas, así como las complicaciones detectadas en tres pacientes. Resultados: la hidrocefalia obstructiva constituyó la principal causa etiológica (93,75 por ciento). Se realizaron un total de 24 procederes; de estos, la fenestración endoscópica premamilar del piso del tercer ventrículo resultó la más utilizada (62,5 por ciento). Se realizaron los procederes de forma urgente y ambulatorios (33,33 por ciento y 11,11 por ciento respectivamente). Conclusiones: la neuroendoscopia transcraneal desempeña una función importante en el tratamiento de pacientes neuroquirúrgicos. La hidrocefalia obstructiva fue la principal entidad tratada y la fenestración endoscópica premamilar al piso del III ventrículo el principal proceder realizado. Es un proceder seguro, las complicaciones son mínimas y el tratamiento puede hacerse de forma urgente e incluso, ambulatorio en pacientes con lesiones quísticas(AU)

Introduction: since 2008, intracranial neuroendoscopic procedures are performed in Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Military Central Hospital. Objective: to show the safety and benefits of the intracranial neuroendoscopic treatment. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study was conducted in 18 patients suffering from diseases that required intracranial neuroendoscopic treatment. Etiologic profile, neuroendoscopic procedures preformed, surgical types and modalities applied and the complications detected in three patients were examined. Results: obstructive hydrocephalus was the main etiologic cause (93,75 percent). A total of 24 actions were performed; of them, Fenestration Endoscopic premamilar of the floor of the third ventricle was the most used (62,5). Both actions were performed as emergency and ambulatory treatments (33,33 percent and 11,11 percent respectively). Conclusions: intracranial neuroendoscopy has an important function in the treatment of neurosurgical patients. Obstructive hydrocephalus was the main treated entity and the Fenestration Endoscopic premamilar of the floor of the third ventricle was the main procedure performed. It is a safe behavior, the complications are minimal and the treatment can be followed in an emergent form and even as ambulatory treatment in patients with cystic lesions(AU)

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Introducción: desde el año 2008, en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" se realizan abordajes neuroendoscópicos transcraneales. Objetivo: mostrar la seguridad y beneficios del tratamiento neuroendoscópico transcraneal. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo a 18 pacientes con enfermedades que requerían tratamiento neuroendoscópico transcraneal. Se examinó el perfil etiológico, los procederes neuroendoscópicos realizados, los tipos y modalidades quirúrgicas empleadas, así como las complicaciones detectadas en tres pacientes. Resultados: la hidrocefalia obstructiva constituyó la principal causa etiológica (93,75 %). Se realizaron un total de 24 procederes; de estos, la fenestración endoscópica premamilar del piso del tercer ventrículo resultó la más utilizada (62,5 %). Se realizaron los procederes de forma urgente y ambulatorios (33,33 % y 11,11 % respectivamente). Conclusiones: la neuroendoscopia transcraneal desempeña una función importante en el tratamiento de pacientes neuroquirúrgicos. La hidrocefalia obstructiva fue la principal entidad tratada y la fenestración endoscópica premamilar al piso del III ventrículo el principal proceder realizado. Es un proceder seguro, las complicaciones son mínimas y el tratamiento puede hacerse de forma urgente e incluso, ambulatorio en pacientes con lesiones quísticas.

Introduction: since 2008, intracranial neuroendoscopic procedures are performed in "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Military Central Hospital. Objective: to show the safety and benefits of the intracranial neuroendoscopic treatment. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study was conducted in 18 patients suffering from diseases that required intracranial neuroendoscopic treatment. Etiologic profile, neuroendoscopic procedures preformed, surgical types and modalities applied and the complications detected in three patients were examined. Results: obstructive hydrocephalus was the main etiologic cause (93,75 %). A total of 24 actions were performed; of them, Fenestration Endoscopic premamilar of the floor of the third ventricle was the most used (62,5). Both actions were performed as emergency and ambulatory treatments (33,33 % and 11,11 % respectively). Conclusions: intracranial neuroendoscopy has an important function in the treatment of neurosurgical patients. Obstructive hydrocephalus was the main treated entity and the Fenestration Endoscopic premamilar of the floor of the third ventricle was the main procedure performed. It is a safe behavior, the complications are minimal and the treatment can be followed in an emergent form and even as ambulatory treatment in patients with cystic lesions.

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Neuroendoscopic surgery in children has particular features and is associated with different success rates (SR). The aim of this study was to identify putative factors that could influence the outcome in pediatric patients.

Clinical data of 177 patients under 18 years of age submitted to 200 consecutive neuroendoscopic procedures from January 2000 to January 2010 were reviewed. The overall success rate was 77%. Out of the patients with successful outcomes, 46% were under six months, 68% were between six months and one year of age, and 85% older than one year. Neuroendoscopic techniques provide very good results for a wide number of indications in children. Tumor-related cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation problems and aqueductal stenosis seem to be particularly well suited to neuroendoscopic treatment regardless of the patient's age. Patients' age and etiology of hydrocephalus were associated with a different outcome. In all cases, surgical experience is extremely important to reduce complications. .

A cirurgia neuroendoscópica em crianças apresenta particularidades e está associada a diferentes taxas de sucesso (TS). O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em identificar fatores que pudessem influir no resultado do tratamento em pacientes pediátricos. Dados clínicos de 177 pacientes com idade inferior a 18 anos submetidos a 200 procedimentos neuroendoscópicos consecutivos entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2010 foram revisados. A taxa de sucesso global foi de 77%. Os pacientes com idade inferior a seis meses apresentaram taxa de sucesso de 46%; pacientes entre seis meses e um ano de vida obtiveram êxito em 68% dos casos; dentre os maiores de um ano, 85% dos procedimentos foram bem-sucedidos. Técnicas neuroendoscópicas proporcionam muito bons resultados para uma grande variedade de indicações em crianças. Independentemente da faixa etária, o tratamento endoscópico apresenta-se particularmente adequado para problemas da circulação liquórica relacionados a tumores e à estenose aquedutal. A faixa etária dos pacientes e a etiologia da hidrocefalia estão associadas a diferentes resultados. Em todos os casos, experiência neurocirúrgica é extremamente importante para a redução das complicações. .

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Objetivos: 1) Determinar los resultados de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en niños hidrocefalicos menores de 1 año de edad tratados en el Hospital Pediátrico “Juan Manuel Márquez”, 2) Definir los factores que pueden influir en el fallo de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en este grupo de edad, 3) Relacionar la edad y la causa de los diferentes grupos etariosestudiados con la indicación de realizar una tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica.Métodos: Se trataron por este método 12 pacientes entre 6 días y 1 año de edad en el departamento de neurocirugía del Hospital Pediátrico “Juan Manuel Márquez”, La Habana, Cuba. La técnica quirúrgica básica fue un abordaje en el ángulo externo de la fontanela o un trépano frontal en niños mayores permitiendo el acceso al sistema ventricular. Resultados. Latercer ventriculostomía endoscópica fue exitosa en el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia de cinco pacientes (42 Por Ciento). La técnica neuroendoscópica no produjo complicaciones graves.Conclusiones: Las posibilidades de éxito de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica se incrementan con la edad. Este debe ser el tratamiento de elección en pacientes hidrocefálicos de más de 3 meses de edad. Son necesarios en el futuro ensayos prospectivos más largos, multicéntricos y con un mayor número de pacientes(AU)

Objective: To determine: 1) Neuroendoscopical treatment outcome in hydrocephalic children less than 1 year of age at ¨Juan Manuel Marquez¨ Pediatric Hospital, 2) Factors of failure after this technique in this age group?, 3) Which patients less than 1 year of age are candidates for this procedure?.Methods: We have developed these techniques in 12 pediatric patients between 6 days and 1 year old. We performed this neuroendoscopical procedure at Juan Manuel Marquez Pediatric Hospital in Havana, Cuba, during the last 6 years. The basic surgical technique was a frontal burr hole, with access to the ventricular system that allows the procedure in relation with the diagnosis.Results: ETV was successful in therapy of hydrocephalus in five infants (42 Per Cent) and fails in the others 7 children who were treated with a Ventriculo–peritoneal shunt. The neuroendoscopic techniques do not produce any serious complications.Conclusion: The range of success increased with the children´s age. Our results indicate that endoscopic thirdventriculostomy will be our first option in the hydrocephalic patient over 3 month of age but there is a need in the near future, for more multicentre studies in this age group(AU)

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