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BACKGROUND: Peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) remain the primary mode of short-term venous access for managing intravenous fluid, obtaining blood samples, and peripheral parenteral nutrition. They may get contaminated and require regular monitoring to prevent complications. This study evaluated the occurrence of phlebitis and its associated-clinical and microbiological indicators. METHODS: The frequency of phlebitis was evaluated in hospitalized patients of both medical and surgical fields. Subsequently, the dichotomous association between the presence of phlebitis and the clinical aspects was investigated. In parallel, the bacterial contamination of PVCs was assessed through culture-based methods, microscopy observation, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: Approximately one in four patients presented phlebitis (28.4%). The most frequent symptom was erythema at access site, with or without pain, corresponding to Score 1 on the phlebitis scale (17.9%). Colonization of both lumen and external surface of PVC was observed in 31.3% of the samples. Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas were the most isolated bacterial genera on the PVC surface. No significant association was observed between the presence of phlebitis and the clinical aspects, as well as the presence of microorganisms. CONCLUSION: Microorganism were present on both internal and external PVC surface, without being associated to phlebitis.
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INTRODUCTION: Venous access for hemodialysis (HD) makes patients more susceptible to transient bacteremia, predisposing them to the development of infective endocarditis (IE). Among the risk factors observed in this population are temporary access to HD, hypoalbuminemia, diabetes mellitus, female gender, anemia, and colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). METHODOLOGY: A retrospective case-control study with a one-to-two ratio was carried out on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing renal replacement therapy with at least one vascular access for HD at Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid (CHDrAAM) from 2010 to 2020. Sociodemographic variables, past medical history, and data on current HD were studied. The odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) were calculated for the collected variables. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed in sociodemographic variables. In terms of past medical history, the cases showed a predominance of coronary disease (47.6% vs 4.8%; OR: 37.27), valvular disease (23.8% vs 0%), and heart failure (33.3% vs 4.8%; OR: 10). In the cases, the use of a temporary catheter was more prevalent (61.9% vs 33.3%; OR: 3.25), and subclavian access was more frequently recorded (28.6% vs 2.4%; OR: 14.4). A short duration of venous access (<30 days) was found in a greater proportion of cases (23.8% vs 4.8%; OR: 6.25). The main pathogen isolated was S. aureus (33.3%), and the most affected valve was the aortic valve (59.1%). Fever was found in 100% of the reported cases, and up to 47.6% presented with a recent murmur. DISCUSSION: Similar to previous studies conducted in other countries, we identified a history of pre-existing valve disease, the use of a temporary catheter, and recent venous access as risk factors. Contrary to what has been reported in the literature, this study did not find female sex, diabetes mellitus, and hypoalbuminemia as risks. CONCLUSION: Factors such as a history of coronary artery disease, heart failure, preexisting valvular disease, the use of a temporary catheter, subclavian venous access, and short duration of venous access (<30 days) were identified as risk factors for the development of IE in patients with CKD on HD.
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Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção educativa para enfermeiros para aumentar o conhecimento e as habilidades práticas de manejo de dispositivos de acesso vascular totalmente implantados. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental realizado em um hospital universitário. A intervenção incluiu exposição a um manual de procedimentos seguida de treinamento teórico-prático sete dias depois. Oitenta e um enfermeiros foram avaliados no início do estudo, após autoexposição ao manual e após receberem treinamento teórico-prático. Os participantes foram avaliados quanto ao seu conhecimento e habilidades práticas no gerenciamento de dispositivos de acesso vascular totalmente implantados. Estatísticas descritivas foram realizadas para todas as variáveis. O teste t pareado foi utilizado para examinar se a pontuação média mudou desde a linha de base até a primeira e segunda avaliações de conhecimento, acesso, desacesso e manutenção do cateter. O nível de significância foi definido como 0,05. Resultados Os aumentos médios nas pontuações após a exposição dos enfermeiros ao manual foram de 18,2 pontos para conhecimento, com 16,5 pontos para técnica de acesso, 15,5 para técnica de desacesso e 24,2 para técnica de manutenção do cateter. Após o treinamento teórico-prático, observamos aumento médio de 4,2 pontos para acesso, com 3,9 para desacesso e 4,2 para manutenção do cateter. Conclusão A intervenção educativa para enfermeiros aumentou os escores médios de conhecimentos e habilidades práticas. Ao final da intervenção, 75% dos enfermeiros atingiram pelo menos 33 pontos de 38 para conhecimento e 77%, 77% e 78% obtiveram escores perfeitos para acesso, desacesso e manutenção, respectivamente. A intervenção educativa foi eficaz na melhoria do conhecimento e das habilidades práticas para manejo de dispositivos de acesso vascular totalmente implantados.
Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa para enfermeros para aumentar los conocimientos y las habilidades prácticas de manejo de dispositivos de acceso vascular totalmente implantados. Métodos Estudio cuasi experimental realizado en un hospital universitario. La intervención incluyó la exposición a un manual de procedimientos, seguida de una capacitación teórico-práctica siete días después. Se evaluó a 81 enfermeros al comienzo del estudio, después de la autoexposición al manual y después de recibir la capacitación teórico-práctica. Los participantes fueron evaluados respecto a sus conocimientos y habilidades prácticas en la gestión de dispositivos de acceso vascular totalmente implantados. Se realizaron estadísticas descriptivas para todas las variables. Se utilizó el test-t pareado para examinar si el puntaje promedio cambió desde la línea basal hasta la primera y segunda evaluación de conocimientos, acceso, desacceso y mantenimiento del catéter. El nivel de significación fue definido como 0,05. Resultados El aumento promedio de los puntajes después de la exposición de los enfermeros al manual fue de 18,2 puntos en el conocimiento, con 16,5 puntos en la técnica de acceso, 15,5 en la técnica de desacceso y 24,2 en la técnica de mantenimiento del catéter. Después de la capacitación teórico-práctica, observamos un aumento promedio de 4,2 en el acceso, 3,9 en el desacceso y 4,2 en el mantenimiento del catéter. Conclusión La intervención educativa para enfermeros aumentó el puntaje promedio de conocimientos y habilidades prácticas. Al final de la intervención, el 75 % de los enfermeros alcanzó por lo menos 33 puntos de 38 en el conocimiento y el 77 % obtuvo puntaje perfecto en el acceso y en el desacceso y el 78 % en el mantenimiento. La intervención educativa fue eficaz en la mejora de los conocimientos y habilidades prácticas para el manejo de dispositivos de acceso vascular totalmente implantados.
Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of an educational intervention for nurses to increase knowledge and practical skills of management of totally implanted vascular access devices. Methods A quasi-experimental study conducted in a teaching hospital. The intervention included exposure to a manual of procedures followed by a theoretical-practical training seven days later. Eighty-one nurses were evaluated at baseline, after self-exposure to the manual, and after receiving the theoretical-practical training. Participants were evaluated on their knowledge and practical skills of totally implanted vascular access device management. Descriptive statistics were performed for all variables. Paired t test was used to examine whether the mean score changed from the baseline to first and second assessments of knowledge, access, de-access and maintenance of catheter. Significance level was set to 0.05. Results Mean increases in scores after nurses were exposed to the manual were: 18.2 points for knowledge, 16.5 points for access technique, 15.5 for de-access technique, and 24.2 for catheter maintenance technique. After the theoretical-practical training, we observed a mean increase of 4.2 points for access, 3.9 for de-access and 4.2 for catheter maintenance. Conclusion The educational intervention for nurses increased mean scores of knowledge and practical skills. At the end of the intervention, 75% of the nurses reached at least 33 points out of 38 for knowledge, and 77%, 77%, and 78% had perfect scores for access, de-access, and maintenance, respectively. The educational intervention was effective in improving knowledge and practical skills for management of totally implanted vascular access devices.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To perform the translation and adaptation of the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters in Pediatrics (miniMAGIC) into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: Methodological study performed in five recommended stages: initial translations; synthesis of the translations; back translations; assessment of the back translations; expert committee assessment. The expert committee was composed of three registered nurses and two doctors who had a Master's and/or PhD degree, and an expertise in intravenous therapy and pediatric and neonatal care. To assess the semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual adequacy, a Likert scale was applied, in which 1, "not equivalent"; 2, "inequivalent"; 3, "cannot assess"; 4, "quite equivalent"; 5, "totally equivalent". The terms mostly analyzed as negative in equivalence and with a lower than 20 score were reviewed and submitted to a new assessment, with the Delphi Technique until consensus was obtained. The results were stored in electronic spreadsheets and treated with concordance index, with a minimum acceptable result of 0.80. Results: The content of all recommendations, named as miniMAGIC-Brasil, was validated by the expert committee after two stages of evaluation. All recommendations had an overall agreement index of 0.91. Conclusions: The miniMAGIC-Brazil guide was validated in respect to the adequacy of the translation after two steps.
RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar a tradução e adaptação do miniMAGIC para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo metodológico realizado em cinco etapas: traduções iniciais; síntese das traduções; retrotraduções; avaliação das retrotraduções; avaliação por comitê de especialistas. O comitê foi composto de três enfermeiros e dois médicos que possuíssem pós-graduação stricto sensu e experiência em acesso vascular e pediatria. Para a análise de adequação semântica, idiomática, experiencial e conceitual de cada item do instrumento, foi empregada escala tipo Likert graduada em 1, como "não equivalente"; 2, "pouco equivalente"; 3, "não sei avaliar"; 4, "bastante equivalente"; e 5, "totalmente equivalente". Os termos majoritariamente analisados como negativos quanto à equivalência e com pontuação inferior a 20 foram revisados e submetidos a nova análise segundo a técnica Delphi até que o consenso fosse alcançado. Os resultados obtidos foram armazenados em planilhas eletrônicas e tratados com análise do índice de concordância mínimo de 0,80. Resultados: O conteúdo de todas as recomendações, que receberam nomeação de miniMAGIC-Brasil, alcançou índice de concordância mínimo, segundo julgamento por comitê de especialistas, após duas etapas de avaliação. Todas as recomendações obtiveram índice de concordância ao final de 0,91. Conclusões: O guia miniMAGIC-Brasil obteve índice de concordância dos termos segundo análise da adequação da tradução após duas etapas.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe scientific evidence on good practices for peripheral arterial catheter management. Method: this is an integrative review, carried out through a search in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Virtual Health Nursing Library, National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus TopCited and Web of Science databases in March 2021. Articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish, without time limits in the search, were included. Results: forty-nine articles were found. At insertion, measures involved hand hygiene, skin preparation, no-touch technique, aseptic technique and protective barrier, sterile components and transducers, peripheral arterial catheter insertion, insertion attempts, ultrasound and comfort measure use. During maintenance, issues regarding insertion site, invasive blood pressure circuit, connectors, dressing and stabilization were identified, and, during removal, aspects such as local and systemic complications after peripheral arterial catheter removal. Conclusion: the study provides crucial information for the effective management of peripheral arterial catheters, contributing to the reduction of complications and improvement of clinical results. By updating their practices, healthcare professionals can ensure greater safety and well-being for patients, always seeking to provide excellent care.
RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la evidencia científica sobre buenas prácticas para el manejo de catéteres arteriales periféricos. Método: revisión integradora, realizada a través de una búsqueda en las bases de datos Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Biblioteca Virtual en Enfermería en Salud, National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus TopCited y Web of Science en marzo de 2021. Se incluyeron artículos en portugués, inglés y español, sin límite de tiempo en la búsqueda. Resultados: se encontraron 49 artículos. En la inserción, las medidas incluyeron higiene de manos, preparación de la piel, técnica de no contacto, técnica aséptica y barrera protectora, componentes y transductores estériles, Inserción de catéter arterial periférico, intentos de inserción, uso de ultrasonido y medidas de comodidad. Durante el mantenimiento se identificaron problemas relacionados con el sitio de inserción, circuito de presión arterial invasiva, conectores, vendaje y estabilización y, durante el retiro, aspectos como complicaciones locales y sistémicas, luego del retiro del catéter arterial periférico. Conclusión: el estudio proporciona información crucial para el manejo eficaz de los catéteres arteriales periféricos, contribuyendo a la reducción de complicaciones y mejora de los resultados clínicos. Al actualizar sus prácticas, los profesionales de la salud pueden garantizar una mayor seguridad y bienestar a los pacientes, buscando siempre brindar una excelente atención.
RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as evidências científicas sobre as boas práticas para o manejo de cateter arterial periférico. Método: revisão integrativa, realizada por meio de busca nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Enfermagem, National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus TopCited e Web of Science em março de 2021. Foram incluídos artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, sem delimitação de tempo na busca. Resultados: foram encontrados 49 artigos. Na inserção, as medidas envolveram higienização das mãos, preparo da pele, técnica no touch, técnica asséptica e barreira de proteção, componentes estéreis e transdutores, inserção do cateter arterial periférico, tentativas de inserção, uso do ultrassom e medidas de conforto. Na manutenção, questões sobre o sítio de inserção, circuito da pressão arterial invasiva, conectores, curativo e estabilização foram identificadas e, na retirada, aspectos como complicações locais e sistêmicas, após retirada do cateter arterial periférico. Conclusão: o estudo fornece informações cruciais para o eficaz manejo do cateter arterial periférico, contribuindo para a redução de complicações e aprimoramento dos resultados clínicos. Ao atualizar suas práticas, os profissionais de saúde podem assegurar maior segurança e bem-estar aos pacientes, buscando sempre oferecer um atendimento de excelência.
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Background: Central venous catheters are essential for management of hospitalized patients, but their insertion is subject to complications that can make them unusable and/or cause patient morbidity. There are few data on the incidence of these complications and the variables associated with these outcomes in Brazil. Objectives: To determine the incidence of mechanical complications and failures of short stay central venous catheters fitted by the vascular surgery service at a teaching hospital and identify variables associated with their occurrence. Methods: This was a prospective cohort of 73 attempts to fit patients with a central venous catheter performed by the vascular surgery service at a teaching hospital from July to October of 2022. Results: Mechanical complications occurred in 12 cannulation attempts (16.44%) and there were 10 failures (13.70%). The factors associated with mechanical complications were less experienced operators (p < 0.001), less specialized operators (p = 0.014), a failed attempt prior to requesting help from the vascular surgery service (p = 0.008), and presence of at least two criteria for difficulty (p = 0.007). Conclusions: The local incidence of mechanical complications and central venous cannulation failures was similar to rates described in the international literature, but higher than rates in other Brazilian studies. The results suggest that the degree of experience of the person fitting the catheter, history of a failed prior attempt, and presence of at least two criteria for difficulty identified before the procedure were associated with worse outcomes.
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AIM: to compare the effect of rapid cycle deliberate practice simulation training with skill-training simulation on peripheral intravenous catheter insertion for Licensed Practical Nurses. BACKGROUND: The use of peripheral intravenous catheters is associated with high rates of complications, although it is widely used in clinical practice. Training strategies to ensure good performance can minimize the risks inherent to this procedure. DESIGN: A randomized simulation experimental pre-post interventional study. METHODS: Sixty participants were allocated to intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 30) groups. Participants allocated to the intervention group were trained through the Rapid cycle deliberate practice simulation strategy, while participants in the control group were trained through the skill-training simulation strategy. A pre-test was applied before any intervention and a post-test after intervention. The primary outcome was the performance in the peripheral intravenous catheter insertion skill. The comparison of correct performance in the tests was analyzed intergroup and intragroup. The effect size of the interventions was also analyzed. The t-Student and Mann-Whitney tests compared the difference between the groups. The training effect was calculated by Cohen's dm and Glass's Δ measures. RESULTS: Performance between the pre-post-test increased from 59.4% to 96% (p < 0.001) in the intervention group and from 57.8% to 93.5% in the control group (p < 0001). There was no statistical difference between the groups after intervention (p = 0225). Cohen's dm measurement was 2.95 and 3.59 in the control and intervention groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid cycle deliberate practice simulation strategy resulted in Licensed Practical Nurses' performance improvements in peripheral intravenous catheter insertion, evidenced by the increase of correct performance actions in the post-test compared to the pre-test. However, with no statistical difference compared to the skill-training simulation strategy.
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Cateterismo Periférico , Treinamento por Simulação , Humanos , Cateterismo Periférico/métodos , Catéteres , Competência Clínica , Treinamento por Simulação/métodos , EstudantesRESUMO
Introduction: hemodialysis is a treatment that helps in the survival of patients with renal failure, through an established cardiopulmonary bypass to carry out blood filtration, as a result, there is a need for a feasible, lasting and effective vascular access. There are two types of vascular access, arteriovenous fistulas, using autogenous veins or prostheses, and venous catheters. The indications for choosing the type of vascular access are related to the characteristics and restriction of use of each patient.Objective: to analyze the epidemiological, demographic and clinical profile of patients undergoing hemodialysis in two reference services in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, and compare the clinical-surgical processes with those defined by the Kidney Guidelines disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI).Methods: data were collected in two public hospitals, with patients undergoing hemodialysis, through registration forms and medical records, from August to December 2016. The volunteers were informed about the procedures and objectives of the study and, after agreeing, they signed a consent form. The variables age, gender, weight, height, body mass index, hemodialysis time, types of accesses already used , complications related to the accesses and underlying disease were analyzed. Patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis of both genders, with no age restriction, were included. Patients not able to perform one of the techniques, arteriovenous fistula or catheter, were excluded . The collected data were compared with the Kidney guidelines disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI).Results: a total of 252 individuals were included, of which 182 are patients undergoing reference hospital treatment in the city of São Bernardo do Campo, SP and 70 patients at the State University Hospital Mário Covas, a State reference in the clinical management of patients undergoing hemodialysis care.Conclusion: chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent with progression to end-stage chronic kidney failure (dialysis). The definition of the epidemiological profile of the population undergoing treatment, as well as the journey of venous accesses for hemodialysis (catheters and fistulas), are fundamental for the multidisciplinary team's learning curve about complications throughout the course of the disease/treatment. Furthermore, the clinical-surgical management of this population is in line with the guidelines of the National Kidney Foundation. The treatment performed in these hemodialysis centers is efficient and in line with what the KDOQI recommends.
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Introduction. Intravenous treatments are necessary in multiple situations; however, they do have complications. The vascular access guideline provides assessed and synthesized evidence to be transferred to care. The aim of this study is to describe the process of implementation of the vascular access guideline in the organizations of Euskadi Regional Host by monitoring the use of alternative catheters, early removal and the presence of complications. Methodology. Descriptive study of process. The cut-off times are 3 months pre- implementation and 6, 12, 48 months post- implantation. Descriptive and comparative analysis with Chisquare. Results. A total of 7,074 patients and 12,363 devices were evaluated; The short peripheral catheter is the most frequently used. The use of alternative catheters increased over time, showing a significant difference in the 3 months pre- implementation period with the 48-month post-implantation period (from 6.81% preimplementation to 10.58% post 48 months). The percentage of short intravenous catheters removal in les than 48 hours increased from 53.25% to 57.54% of the pre-implantation of the 48 months post-implantation. Discussion. The results obtained after the implementation of the guideline highlight the impact of the use of alternative catheters and their early removal. Further work needs to be done to reduce complications and rates of peripheral venous catheter phlebitis. Conclusions. The implementation of the good practices guidelines for vascular access care improves the results in the use of alternative catheters or the reduction in peripheral venous catheters in days. Keywords: Implementation Science; Vascular Access Devices; Practice Guideline; Evidence-Based Practice; Nursing
Introducción. Los tratamientos endovenosos son necesarios en multitud de situaciones; sin embargo, presentan complicaciones. La guía de acceso vascular ofrece evidencia valorada y sintetizada para ser trasladada al cuidado. El objetivo del estudio es describir el proceso de implantación de la guía de acceso vascular en las organizaciones del Host Regional Euskadi monitorizando uso de catéteres alternativos, retirada precoz y presencia de complicaciones. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo de proceso. Se establecen como momentos de corte 3 meses preimplantación y 6, 12 y 48 meses postimplantación. Análisis descriptivo y de comparación con Chi cuadrado. Resultados. Se evaluaron 7,074 pacientes y 12,363 dispositivos; siendo el catéter periférico corto el de uso más frecuente. La utilización de catéteres alternativos aumentó a lo largo del tiempo, mostrando diferencias significativas en el periodo 3 meses preimplantación con el de 48 meses postimplantación (del 6.81% preimplantación al 10.58% post 48 meses). El porcentaje de catéteres venosos periféricos cortos retirados en menos de 48h aumentó del 53.25% al 57.54% de la preimplantación a los 48 meses postimplantación. Discusión. Los resultados obtenidos tras la implantación de la guía ponen de relieve el impacto de la utilización de catéteres alternativos y la retirada precoz de estos. Se ha de seguir trabajando en disminuir las complicaciones y las tasas de flebitis de catéter venosos periféricos. Conclusiones. La implantación de la guía de buenas prácticas para el cuidado del acceso vascular mejora los resultados en el uso de catéteres alternativos o la disminución en días de los c atéteres venosos periféricos. Palabras clave: Ciencia de la Implementación; Dispositivos de Acceso Vascular; Guía de Práctica Clínica; Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia; Enfermería
Introdução. Os tratamentos intravenosos são necessários em muitas situações; porém, apresentam complicações. O guia de acesso vascular oferece evidências avaliadas e sintetizadas para serem transferidas para o cuidado. O objetivo do estudo é descrever o processo de implementação do guia de acesso vascular nas organizações do Host Regional Euskadi, monitorando o uso de cateteres alternativos, remoção precoce e presença de complicações. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo de processo. São estabelecidos como momentos de corte 3 meses pré-implantação, e 6, 12 e 48 meses pós-implantação. Análise descritiva e comparativa com Qui-quadrado. Resultados. Foram avaliados 7,074 pacientes e 12,363 dispositivos, sendo o cateter periférico curto o mais utilizado. O uso de cateteres alternativos aumentou ao longo do tempo, apresentando diferenças significativas no período de 3 meses pré-implantação com o de 48 meses pós-implantação (de 6.81% pré-implantação para 10.58% pós 48 meses). A porcentagem de cateteres venosos periféricos curtos removidos em menos de 48 horas aumentou de 53.25% para 57.54% desde a pré-implantação até 48 meses pós-implantação. Discussão. Os resultados obtidos após a implementação do guia destacam o impacto do uso de cateteres alternativos e sua remoção precoce. O trabalho deve continuar para reduzir complicações e taxas de flebite por cateter venoso periférico. Conclusões. A implementação do guia de boas práticas para cuidados com acesso vascular melhora os resultados no uso de cateteres alternativos ou na redução de dias de cateteres venosos periféricos. Palavras-chave: Ciência da Implementação; Dispositivos de Acesso Vascular; Guia de Prática Clínica; Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências; Enfermagem
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Guia de Prática Clínica , Enfermagem , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Dispositivos de Acesso Vascular , Ciência da ImplementaçãoRESUMO
RATIONALE: To understand the risk factors for catheter-related infection during treatment of pediatric cancer is essential to implement measures to prevent its occurrence. BACKGROUND: We performed a comprehensive systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to identify and synthesize the main risk factors for catheter-related infection in children undergoing oncological treatment. METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) until January 2022, following PRISMA guidelines. The search was not limited to language or dates. Risk factors were divided into host-related, assistance-related, and catheter types. We also describe the most common pathogens. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included in the review. Diagnosis of hematological neoplasm, the intensity of treatment, blood transfusion in the 4-7 days before the infection, type of long-term catheters (tunneled externalized catheters, double lumen, greater diameter), inpatient treatment, and a longer period of hospitalization were the most consistent risk factors. Metanalysis showed that neutropenia at the moment of catheter placement is not a risk factor for central-line-associated bloodstream infections, however, there is high heterogeneity between studies. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common pathogen reported. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding risk factors is an essential step to reduce morbidity and mortality of catheter-related infection. Education for preventive measures, reduction of hospitalization, wisely choosing the most adequate type of catheter, and the best moment for catheter insertion may reduce the occurrence of catheter-related infection.
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Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter , Cateterismo Venoso Central , Cateteres Venosos Centrais , Neoplasias , Criança , Humanos , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/prevenção & controle , Cateterismo , Cateteres Venosos Centrais/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias/complicações , Cateterismo Venoso Central/efeitos adversosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: to build, evaluate and test two clinical simulation scenarios for the planning and management of infusion therapy by nurses. Methods: methodological study, with construction of scenarios based on the NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory and the theoretical model Vessel Health Preservation; evaluation of the scenario design by judges, with calculation of the Modified Kappa Coefficient (MKC); testing scenarios with the target audience. Results: scenarios built for: 1. Patient assessment and vascular device selection; and 2. Identification and management of deep vein thrombosis. In the evaluation by judges, testing of validated scenarios in relation to educational practices and simulation design, the items evaluated presented MKC values ≥ 0.74. Conclusion: two evidence-based scenarios related to infusion therapy were constructed, with high levels of agreement among judges regarding their design. In testing with nurses, good results were obtained regarding the design and structuring of educational practice.
RESUMEN Objetivo: construir, evaluar y probar dos escenarios de simulación clínica para planificar y gestionar terapias de infusión por enfermeros. Métodos: es un estudio metodológico, con escenarios basados en la Teoría de la Simulación de Jeffries NLN y en el modelo teórico Vessel Health Preservation; evaluación del diseño de los escenarios por jueces mediante cálculo del Coeficiente de Kappa Modificado (CKM); prueba de los escenarios con el público-objeto. Resultados: escenarios construidos para: 1. evaluación de pacientes y selección de dispositivos vasculares; y 2. identificación y manejo de trombosis venosa profunda. En la evaluación por jueces, en la prueba de los escenarios validados respecto a las prácticas educativas y en el diseño de la simulación, los ítems sopesados alcanzaron el CKM ≥ 0,74. Conclusión: se construyeron dos escenarios sobre evidencias relacionadas con la terapia de infusión, con valores de concordancia altos entre los jueces, referente a su diseño. En las pruebas con enfermeros, se obtuvieron buenos resultados en cuanto al diseño y a la estructuración de la práctica educativa.
RESUMO Objetivo: construir, avaliar e testar dois cenários de simulação clínica para o planejamento e gerenciamento da terapia infusional pelo enfermeiro. Método: estudo metodológico, com construção de cenários baseado na NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory e no modelo teórico Vessel Health Preservation; avaliação do desenho dos cenários por juízes, com cálculo do Coeficiente de Kappa Modificado (CKM); testagem dos cenários com o público-alvo. Resultados: cenários construídos para: 1. Avaliação do paciente e seleção do dispositivo vascular; e 2. Identificação e gerenciamento de trombose venosa profunda. Na avaliação por juízes, na testagem dos cenários validados em relação às práticas educativas e ao design da simulação, os itens apreciados apresentaram valores do CKM ≥ 0,74. Conclusão: foram construídos dois cenários baseados em evidências relacionadas à terapia infusional, com elevados valores de concordância dos juízes, quanto ao seu desenho. Na testagem com enfermeiros, obteve-se bons resultados quanto ao desenho e estruturação da prática educativa.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe nurses' perception about an Instructional Therapeutic Play toy for children with totally implanted central venous catheters. Method: a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study carried out in a public hospital from Rio de Janeiro with 12 nurses who work in the care of children with totally implanted central venous catheters. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews from March to May 2019 and subjected to thematic analysis. Results: two thematic units that dealt with the necessary adaptations in the Therapeutic Play toy regarding materials, gender, race, age and catheter implantation site in the body emerged. Conclusion: it was possible to understand the aspects that permeate the Therapeutic Play toy scenario and the possibilities and limitations that interfere with its use in children's care. In this way, the adaptations enhance the Advanced Pediatric Nursing Practice, as playing is a children's need.
RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la percepción de los enfermeros sobre un juguete terapéutico instructivo para niños con catéteres venosos centrales totalmente implantados. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio realizado en un hospital público de Rio de Janeiro con 12 enfermeros que trabajan en la asistencia provista a niños con catéteres venosos centrales totalmente implantados. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de entrevistas semiestructurada entre marzo y mayo de 2019 y fueron sometidos a análisis temático. Resultados: surgieron dos unidades temáticas que tratan sobre las adaptaciones necesarias en el juguete terapéutico en relación con los materiales, el sexo, la raza, la edad y el sitio en el que se implanta el catéter en el cuerpo. Conclusión: fue posible comprender los diversos aspectos intrínsecos al escenario de los juguetes terapéuticos y las posibilidades y limitaciones que interfieren en su utilización al atender a los niños. De esta manera, las adaptaciones potencian la práctica avanzada de Enfermería Pediátrica, ya que jugar es una necesidad inherente de los niños.
RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre um brinquedo terapêutico instrucional para crianças com cateter venoso central totalmente implantado. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório, realizado em um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro com 12 enfermeiros que trabalham na assistência à criança em uso de cateter venoso central totalmente implantado. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, nos meses de março e maio de 2019, e submetidos à análise temática. Resultados: emergiram duas unidades temáticas que versaram sobre as adaptações necessárias no brinquedo terapêutico quanto aos materiais, gênero, raça, idade e o local de implantação do cateter no corpo. Conclusão: pôde-se compreender as vertentes que permeiam o cenário do brinquedo terapêutico e as possibilidades e limitações que interferem em sua utilização na assistência à criança. Dessa forma, as adaptações potencializam a prática avançada de enfermagem pediátrica, uma vez que o brincar é uma necessidade da criança.
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Resumo Contexto Os acessos venosos centrais são essenciais no manejo de pacientes hospitalizados; contudo, a sua inserção está sujeita a complicações que podem dificultar seu uso e causar morbidade aos pacientes. No Brasil, dados acerca da incidência dessas complicações e das variáveis associadas com esse desfecho são escassos. Objetivos Determinar a incidência de complicações mecânicas e de falhas de acessos venosos centrais de curta permanência realizados no serviço de Cirurgia Vascular de um hospital de ensino, além de identificar as variáveis associadas com a sua ocorrência. Métodos Tratou-se de uma coorte prospectiva com 73 tentativas de acesso venoso central realizadas em pacientes assistidos pelo serviço de Cirurgia Vascular de um hospital de ensino entre julho e outubro de 2022. Resultados Complicações mecânicas ocorreram em 12 tentativas de acessos (16,44%), e falhas, em 10 tentativas (13,70%). Os fatores associados às complicações mecânicas foram menor experiência do operador (p < 0,001), menor grau de especialização do operador (p = 0,014), falha na tentativa de acesso precedente à solicitação de auxílio ao serviço de Cirurgia Vascular (p = 0,008) e presença de pelo menos dois critérios de dificuldade (p = 0,007). Conclusões A incidência local de complicações mecânicas e de falhas dos acessos venosos centrais foi semelhante à descrita na literatura internacional, mas foi superior à descrita em trabalhos brasileiros. Os resultados sugerem que o grau de experiência do executor do acesso, a história de falha em tentativa precedente e a presença de pelo menos dois critérios de dificuldade verificados antes do procedimento estão associados com piores desfechos.
Abstract Background Central venous catheters are essential for management of hospitalized patients, but their insertion is subject to complications that can make them unusable and/or cause patient morbidity. There are few data on the incidence of these complications and the variables associated with these outcomes in Brazil. Objectives To determine the incidence of mechanical complications and failures of short stay central venous catheters fitted by the vascular surgery service at a teaching hospital and identify variables associated with their occurrence. Methods This was a prospective cohort of 73 attempts to fit patients with a central venous catheter performed by the vascular surgery service at a teaching hospital from July to October of 2022. Results Mechanical complications occurred in 12 cannulation attempts (16.44%) and there were 10 failures (13.70%). The factors associated with mechanical complications were less experienced operators (p < 0.001), less specialized operators (p = 0.014), a failed attempt prior to requesting help from the vascular surgery service (p = 0.008), and presence of at least two criteria for difficulty (p = 0.007). Conclusions The local incidence of mechanical complications and central venous cannulation failures was similar to rates described in the international literature, but higher than rates in other Brazilian studies. The results suggest that the degree of experience of the person fitting the catheter, history of a failed prior attempt, and presence of at least two criteria for difficulty identified before the procedure were associated with worse outcomes.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: El catéter midline o de línea media (CM) es un dispositivo de acceso vascular que mide de 6 a 20cm, con la punta del dispositivo ubicado en venas basílica, braquial o cefálica debajo del pliegue axilar. El catéter de línea media se caracteriza por ser un acceso confiable y proporcionar menores complicaciones que un catéter intravenoso periférico corto. Este tipo de dispositivo vascular se ha utilizado ampliamente en adultos, pero faltan estudios desarrollados en el área neonatal. OBJETIVO: fue describir las características de la utilización de catéter midline con técnica adaptada en recién nacidos hospitalizados con necesidad de terapia intravascular en un hospital público de Chile, durante 2 años de seguimiento. METODOLOGÍA: Investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva, estuvo orientada a la identificación de las variables relacionadas a: tiempo de permanencia, características de la terapia intravascular, sitio de inserción, complicaciones y causa de retiro. RESULTADOS: La muestra estuvo conformada por 163 usuarios entre 24 y 41 semanas de edad gestacional, peso de nacimiento en un rango de 500 y 4880 gramos. El 87,7% se retiró por término de tratamiento intravascular, mientras que el 12,3% del total de los CM presentó complicaciones. El promedio de rendimiento del CM fue de 7,99 días, el sitio de inserción más frecuente correspondió a extremidad superior derecha, mientras que su utilización estuvo dada principalmente para fleboterapia, antibióticos y nutrición parenteral periférica. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que el CM con técnica adaptada en usuarios neonatales presenta una alta tasa de éxito para completar la terapia intravascular periférica y bajo porcentaje de complicaciones.
INTRODUCTION: The midline catheter (MC) is a vascular access device measuring 6 to 20cm, with the tip of the device located in the basilic, brachial or cephalic veins below the axillary crease. The midline catheter is characterized as a reliable access and provides fewer complications than a short peripheral intravenous catheter. This type of vascular device has been widely used in adults, but studies developed in the neonatal area are lacking. OBJECTIVE: to describe the characteristics of the use of midline catheter with adapted technique in hospitalized newborns in need of intravascular therapy in a public hospital in Chile, during 2 years of follow-up. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive and retrospective research was oriented to the identification of variables related to: length of stay, characteristics of intravascular therapy, site of insertion, complications and cause of withdrawal. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 163 users between 24 and 41 weeks of gestational age, birth weight in the range of 500 and 4880 grams. Eighty-seven point seven percent were withdrawn due to the end of intravascular treatment, while 12.3% of the total MC presented complications. The average MC performance was 7.99 days, the most frequent insertion site corresponded to the right upper extremity, while its use was mainly for phlebotherapy, antibiotics and peripheral parenteral parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSION: The MC with adapted technique in neonatal users presents a high success rate to complete peripheral intravascular therapy and a low percentage of complications.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido/fisiologia , Cateterismo Periférico/enfermagem , Enfermagem Neonatal/métodos , Catéteres/efeitos adversos , Neonatologia/métodos , Punções/métodos , ChileRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the knowledge and experience of undergraduate nursing students regarding infusion therapy and peripheral vascular access. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional, analytical study with 123 undergraduate nursing students who answered a semi-structured instrument. Results: the majority were women, with a median age of 51 years old; 87% considered the teaching received insufficient to perform in clinical practice. The mean overall knowledge score was 78.1 (SD± 8.97). The themes catheter flushing and lock (38.1%), catheter selection (34.2%), infusion equipment (30.9%) and insertion site (30.9%) presented a significant number of errors. Conclusions: practical classes and execution of procedures in health services were predictors for a better knowledge about infusion therapy and vascular access by undergraduate nursing students.
RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar el conocimiento y experiencia de estudiantes avanzados de enfermería sobre terapia infusional y accesos vasculares periféricos. Métodos: investigación descriptiva, transversal, analítica; con 123 estudiantes del último curso de enfermería, que respondieron a un instrumento semiestructurado. Resultados: mayoría de mujeres, mediana de 51 años; el 87% considera insuficiente la enseñanza recibida para desempeñarse en la práctica clínica. El promedio general de puntos de conocimiento fue del 78% (DE± 8,97). Los temas flushing y lock del catéter (38,1%), selección del catéter (34,2%), equipos de infusión (30,9%) y punto de inserción (30,9) mostraron un número significativo de errores. Conclusiones: clases prácticas y realización de procedimientos en servicios de salud fueron el camino a un mayor conocimiento en terapia infusional y acceso vascular para los estudiantes del último curso de enfermería.
RESUMO Objetivos: analisar o conhecimento e a experiência de graduandos de enfermagem relacionados à terapia infusional e aos acessos vasculares periféricos. Métodos: pesquisa descritiva, transversal, analítica, com 123 estudantes do curso de graduação em enfermagem que responderam a um instrumento semiestruturado. Resultados: a maioria, mulheres, com mediana de 51 anos; 87% consideraram o ensino recebido insuficiente para atuar na prática clínica. A média de pontos geral de conhecimento foi de 78,1 (DP± 8,97). Os temas flushing e lock do cateter (38,1%), seleção do cateter (34,2%), equipamentos para infusão (30,9%) e sítio de inserção (30,9%) apresentaram número significativo de erros. Conclusões: aulas práticas e realização de procedimentos nos serviços de saúde foram preditores para um melhor conhecimento sobre terapia infusional e acesso vascular pelos estudantes do curso de graduação em enfermagem.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: La mitad de las instalaciones pediátricas de un catéter venoso periférico resultan ser en el contexto de un paciente, un acceso venoso difícil, definido como instalación de un catéter venoso periférico frustrado en la primera punción. Actualmente se utiliza como herramienta predictiva de acceso venoso difícil el DIVAscore, sin embargo, existen investigaciones que proponen nuevos factores asociados, surgiendo la necesidad de estudiarlos en profundidad. OBJETIVO: Identificar la prevalencia de factores asociados al acceso venoso difícil en pacientes pediátricos atendidos en el servicio de cirugía de un hospital en Chile, 2022. METODOLOGÍA: Investigación cuantitativa descriptiva transversal con muestreo intencionado. Fueron incluidos pacientes de edad entre 0a 14 años cumplidos con acceso venoso difícil. Para investigar estos antecedentes clínicos, se seleccionaron 5 de los más mencionados en la literatura: Obesidad, Diabetes, Anemia de Células Falciformes, Quimioterapia y Diálisis. Se utilizó una grilla de cotejo realizada Ad Hoc, los resultados fueron analizados mediante un software y el intervalo de confianza fue de 95%. RESULTADOS: La mediana de edad fue de 1 año, con un rango intercuartílico de 3. El antecedente evaluado más prevalente en los pacientes con acceso venoso difícil fue obesidad, presente en el 31% de la muestra y el segundo, fue anemia de células falciformes, presente en un 5%. CONCLUSIONES: Se evidenció una amplia diferencia entre las variables estudiadas, siendo obesidad la de mayor prevalencia; la investigación logró el propósito de aportar evidencia que ayude a la toma de decisiones para el cuidado del capital venoso del paciente.
INTRODUCTION: Half of the pediatric installations of a peripheral venous catheter turn out to be in the context of a patient, a difficult venous access, defined as the installation of a peripheral venous catheterfrustrated in the first puncture. Currently, the DIVAscore is used as a predictive tool for difficult venous access, however, there is research that proposes new associated factors, arising the need to study them in depth. AIM:To identify the prevalence of factors associated with difficult venous access in pediatric patients treated in the surgery service of a hospital in Chile, 2022. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional descriptive quantitative research with purposive sampling. Patients aged 0 to 14 years with difficult venous access were included. To investigate these clinical antecedents, 5 of the most mentioned in the literature were selected: Obesity, Diabetes, Sickle Cell Anemia, Chemotherapy and Dialysis. An Ad Hoc comparison grid was used, the results were analyzed using software and the confidence interval was 95%. RESULTS:The median age was 1 year, with an interquartile range of 3. The most prevalent antecedent evaluated in patients with difficult venous access was obesity, present in 31% of the sample and the second, was sickle cell anemia, present in 5%. CONCLUSIONS: A wide difference was evidenced between the variables studied, with obesity being the most prevalent; the research achieved the purpose of providing evidence that helps decision-making for the care of the patient's venous capital.
INTRODUÇÃO: Metade das instalações pediátricas de um cateter venoso periférico acaba por ser no contexto de um paciente, um acesso venoso difícil, definido como a instalação de um cateter venoso periférico frustrado na primeira punção. Atualmente, o DIVAscore é utilizado como ferramenta preditiva para acesso venoso difícil, entretanto, há pesquisas que propõem novos fatores associados, surgindo a necessidade de estudá-los a fundo. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de fatores associados à dificuldade de acesso venoso em pacientes pediátricos atendidos no serviço de cirurgia de um hospital no Chile, 2022. METODOLOGIA: Pesquisa quantitativa descritiva transversal com amostragem intencional. Foram incluídos pacientes de 0 a 14 anos com acesso venoso difícil.Para investigar esses antecedentes clínicos, foram selecionados 5 dos mais citados na literatura: Obesidade, Diabetes, Anemia Falciforme, Quimioterapia e Diálise. Uma grade de comparação Ad Hoc foi usada, os resultados foram analisados usando software eo intervalo de confiança foi de 95%.RESULTADOS: A mediana de idade foi de 1 ano, com intervalo interquartil de 3. O antecedente mais prevalente avaliado em pacientes com acesso venoso difícil foi a obesidade, presente em 31% da amostra e o segundo, foi aanemia falciforme, presente em 5 %. CONCLUSÕES: Evidenciou-se ampla diferença entre as variáveis estudadas, sendo a obesidade a mais prevalente; A pesquisa atingiu o objetivo de fornecer evidências que auxiliem na tomada de decisão para o cuidado com o capital venoso do paciente.
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Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Cateterismo Periférico/efeitos adversos , Cateterismo Periférico/enfermagem , Enfermagem Pediátrica , Centro Cirúrgico Hospitalar , Chile , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Medição de Risco , Diabetes Mellitus , Diálise , Enfermagem Baseada em Evidências , Dispositivos de Acesso Vascular , Hospitais , Anemia Falciforme , Cuidados de Enfermagem , ObesidadeRESUMO
Objective: To identify the prevalence and risk factors for damage or removal of fully implanted long-term catheters from patients undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study that evaluated medical records of patients undergoing placement of a fully implanted catheter for antineoplastic chemotherapy from January 2015 to December 2019. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected that were associated with catheter survival using Log-Rank Mantel-Cox and Cox Regression tests (SPSS, p<0.05). Results: Of 58 devices evaluated, most patients were higher educated married females, younger than 60 years old. The most frequent side of catheter implantation was the right side, and the most prevalent implantation site was the internal jugular vein. Less than 1/3 of patients (29.3%) had port-a-cath loss due to complications with a five-year follow-up survival of 35.73±3.76 (95% CI = 28.35-43.11). Two patients (4.7%) needed removal due to device exposure, three (7.0%) due to obstruction, and 12 (27.9%) due to infection. Female patients (p=0.019) and patients with breast tumors (p=0.049) had a shorter mean survival time. The women showed port-a-cath survival 9.25 times (95% CI = 1.35-50.25) shorter in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: port-a-cath catheter loss is around 30% and being female is a determining risk factor.
Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para danos ou retirada de cateter de longa permanência totalmente implantado em pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia antineoplásica. Metodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal que avaliou prontuários de pacientes submetidos à colocação de cateter totalmente implantado para quimioterapia antineoplásica, no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2019. Foram coletados dados clínicos e sociodemográficos associados à sobrevida do cateter por meio do Log-Rank testes de Mantel-Cox e Regressão de Cox (SPSS, p<0,005). Resultados: Dos 58 dispositivos avaliados, a maioria dos pacientes era mulheres casadas com nivel superior de escolaridade e com idade inferior a 60 anos. O lado mais frequente de implantação do cateter foi o direito, e o local de implantação mais prevalente foi a veia jugular interna. Pouco menos de 1/3 dos pacientes (29,3%) tiveram perda de port-a-cath devido complicações com uma sobrevida de seguimento de cinco anos de 35,73±3.76 (IC 95% = 28.35-43.11). Dois pacientes (4,7%) necessitaram de remoção por exposição do dispositivo, três (7,0%) por obstrução e 12 (27,9%) por infecção. Pacientes do sexo feminino (p=0,0019) e pacientes com tumores de mama (p=0,049) apresentam menor tempo médio de sobrevida. As mulheres apresentaram sobrevida port-a-cath 9,25 vezes (IC 95%=1,35-50,25) menor na análise multivariada. Conclusão: A perda do cateter port-a-cath foi de aproximadamente 30% e ser do sexo feminino foi um fator de risco importante.
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Dispositivos de Acesso Vascular , Pacientes , Cateterismo Periférico , Fatores de Risco , Catéteres , AntineoplásicosRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: las infecciones relacionadas a catéteres utilizados en hemodiálisis constituyen una de las causas de morbimortalidad más frecuentes. No se dispone de estudios previos en el Paraguay que demuestren la diferencia entre tratamiento empírico y dirigido de infección relacionada a catéter de hemodiálisis Objetivo: determinar la evolución clínica del tratamiento empírico de la infección relacionada a catéter versus el tratamiento dirigido en pacientes adultos. Material y métodos: se aplicó un diseño observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal que incluyó 128 pacientes internados en el Hospital Nacional, Itauguá, Paraguay, durante los años 2020 y 2021. Fueron divididos en grupos de tratamiento dirigido (64 pacientes) y empírico (64 pacientes). Resultados: la edad media fue 52 ± 14 años. El acceso vascular yugular fue el más utilizado (78,91%). Se observó que el transcurso de días entre la colocación de catéter de hemodiálisis hasta su infección fue 16 ± 7,6 días. El crecimiento microbiano predominante en ambos grupos fue de cocos gram positivos (84,37%). S. aureus se aisló en 84,31% del grupo tratamiento dirigido y en 15,68% del grupo con tratamiento empírico. El grupo antibiótico más utilizado en ambos grupos fueron los glucopéptidos (77,34%) y la combinación más utilizada fue ciprofloxacina con vancomicina tanto en el grupo dirigido (37,5%) como en el empírico (31,25%). El desenlace curación de infección se observó en 90,62% en el grupo de tratamiento empírico y en 82,81% en el grupo dirigido. La frecuencia de sepsis fue 17,18% en el grupo empírico y 32,8% en grupo dirigido. La mortalidad fue 9,37% en grupo empírico y 14,06% en grupo dirigido. Conclusión: el germen más prevalente fue S. aureus. La curación de infección relacionada a catéter fue más frecuente en el grupo empírico, la mortalidad y sepsis predominaron en el grupo dirigido.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Infections related to catheters used in hemodialysis are one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality. There are no previous studies in Paraguay that demonstrate the difference between empirical and directed treatment of hemodialysis catheter-related infection. Objective: To determine the clinical course of empirical treatment versus targeted treatment of catheter-related infection in adult patients. Material and methods: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional design was applied including 128 patients admitted to the Hospítal Nacional of Itauguá, Paraguay, during the years 2020 and 2021. They were divided into directed (64 patients) and empirical (64 patients) treatment groups. Results: The mean age was 52 ± 14 years. The jugular vascular access was the most used (78.91%). It was observed that the time between hemodialysis catheter placement and infection was 16±7.6 days. The predominant microbial growth in both groups was gram-positive cocci (84.37%). S. aureus was isolated in 84.31% of the directed treatment group and in 15.68% of the empirical treatment group. The most used antibiotic group in both groups were glycopeptides (77.34%) and the most used combination was ciprofloxacin with vancomycin, both in the targeted group (37.5%) and in the empirical group (31.25%). The outcome of infection cure was observed in 90.62% in the empirical treatment group and in 82.81% in the directed group. The frequency of sepsis was 17.18% in the empirical group and 32.8% in the directed group. Mortality was 9.37% in the empirical group and 14.06% in the directed group. Conclusion: The most prevalent germ was S. aureus. Cure of catheter-related infection was more frequent in the empiric group, while mortality and sepsis predominated in the directed group.
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Introduction: The Seldinger technique for implanting central venous catheters is the most used in the world. A metallic guidewire is employed in it, introduced through the lumen of a venipuncture needle, which serves as a path for the introduction of the central venous catheter. Complications directly related to this technique are of several types, such an insertion of a long-winded segment of the guidewire, which can lead to venous perforation, cardiac perforation, arrhythmias or even guidewire retention/embolization. Presentation of the case: We report the case of a patient with a late diagnosis of a guidewire retained in her venous system. The distal end of the guidewire pierced the pulmonary artery, crossed the chest wall and remained in the left breast tissue. It was removed by laparotomy, through an extra-peritoneal access to the right common iliac vein. Discussion: Different factors have been identified as responsible for the increase in the number of guidewires retained after central venous catheterizations. Lack of supervision, in procedures performed by training physicians, has been identified as one of the most important risk factor in the cases reported in the literature. Conclusion: The present report demonstrates that central venous catheterization, despite being a relatively straight forward procedure, should not be underestimated and should be performed by properly trained physicians or by training physicians under supervision.
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Objetivos. Describir el uso de la guía ecográfica en el cateterismo venoso central, comparando el número de intentos (1 versus 2 o más intentos), en relación con los catéteres insertados en vena yugular interna (VYI) versus vena femoral (VF). Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de catéteres venosos centrales (CVC) colocados mediante punción ecoguiada en pacientes de 1 mes a 18 años. Se realizó un modelo de regresión multivariado considerando el punto final primario, éxito a la primera punción en relación con el sitio de inserción (VYI versus VF) y variables predictoras de éxito. Resultados. Se colocaron 257 CVC, VYI 118 (45,9 %), VF 139 (54,1 %); 161 (62,7 %) insertados en la primera punción y 96 (37,3 %) requirieron más de una punción. Las inserciones en VYI fueron exitosas en la primera punción en 86 pacientes (53,5 %) y en VF fueron 75 (46,5 %) (p 0,0018; OR: 0,43 [IC95%: 0,24-0,76]). Hubo 21 (8,1 %) complicaciones inmediatas, 3 (1,86 %) se relacionaron con la primera punción, 18 (18,75 %) lo hicieron con más de una punción (p 0,0001 [IC95%: 3,36-45,68]). Las complicaciones graves, como neumotórax, fueron 4. Conclusiones. El cateterismo venoso guiado por ultrasonido demostró ser significativamente exitoso en el primer intento cuando el vaso de elección fue la VYI comparado con VF, especialmente en menores de 6 meses. Las complicaciones inmediatas fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes que requirieron más de una punción
Objectives. Describe ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization use comparing the number of attempts (1 versus 2 or more attempts) in relation to catheters placed in the internal jugular vein (IJV) versus the femoral vein (FV). Material and methods. Descriptive, prospective study of central venous catheters (CVCs) inserted via ultrasound-guided puncture in patients aged 1 month to 18 years. A multivariate regression model was done considering the primary endpoint, first puncture success in relation to the insertion site (IJV versus FV), and predictors of success. Results. A total of 257 CVCs were inserted: IJV 118 (45.9%), FV 139 (54.1%); 161 (62.7%) were inserted in the first attempt and 96 (37.3%) required more than 1 attempt. IJV insertions were successful with the first puncture in 86 patients (53.5%) and FV insertions, in 75 (46.5%) (p 0.0018; OR: 0.43 [95% CI: 0.24-0.76]). There were 21 (8.1%) immediate complications: 3 (1.86%) were related to the first puncture, 18 (18.75%), to more than 1 puncture (p 0.0001 [95% CI: 3.36-45.68]). There were 4 cases of severe complications, including pneumothorax. Conclusions. Ultrasound-guided venous catheterization demonstrated to be significantly successful in the first attempt when using the IJV versus FV, especially in infants younger than 6 months. Immediate complications occurred more frequently in patients requiring more than 1 puncture.