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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the remineralizing effect of varnishes containing different concentrations of S-PRG filler or sodium fluoride on enamel caries lesions. METHODS: Enamel specimens were obtained from bovine incisors, flattened and polished. Half of the surface was protected, and artificial caries lesion was created in the unprotected area. They were assigned into six groups (n=20) according to the varnish applied: four containing S-PRG filler with different concentrations (10%, 20%, 30% and 40% w/w), one containing 5% sodium fluoride (5%NaF) as positive control, and one without treatment as a negative control (NC). Varnishes were applied on specimen's caries-affected surface and removed after 24 h. Varnish application and pH cycling (8 days) were performed twice. Cross-sectional microhardness was measured (10-100 µm depth). Knoop microhardness percentage (KHN%) of caries affected/treated area in relation to the sound enamel area at the same depth was calculated. The area under the curve (AUC) and the ΔAUC were also calculated. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA for KHN% and one-way ANOVA for ΔAUC, followed by Tukey test (α=5%). RESULTS: Significant differences were found for the factors "treatment" (p=0.0001) and "depth" (p=0001). For the factor "treatment", the results of the Tukey test were: NC-62.2(10.3)a, 10%S-PRG-69.2(9.3)b, 20%S-PRG-71.8(9.7)bc, 30%S-PRG-74.5(9.4)c, 5%NaF-79.6(8.7)d, 40%S-PRG-85.6(8.4)e. In relation to ΔAUC, significant differences were observed among the groups (p=0.0001) and better results for 40% S-PRG and 5%NaF. CONCLUSIONS: The varnish containing 40% S-PRG fillers was the most effective to promote the enamel caries remineralization, followed by the one containing 5% sodium fluoride. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The varnish containing 40% of S-PRG fillers represents an alternative for initial enamel caries remineralization, since it was more effective than the conventional 5% NaF based product.

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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of different fluoride varnishes on white spot lesions (WSL) remineralization. Material and Methods: Polished bovine enamel specimens were obtained (n = 60) and had their initial surface Knoop microhardness (SMH) determined. WSL were created and the SMH was measured again. Then, specimens were allocated into six groups: C ­ Control (without varnish); BF ­ Bifluorid 12 (6% NaF + 6% CaF2); DP ­ Duraphat (5% NaF); PF ­ Profluorid (5% NaF); FP - Fluor Protector (0.2% NaF + 0.9% difluorsilane); CW - Clinpro White Varnish (5% NaF + 5% TCP). After varnishes application, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 24 h. Then, pH-cycling was performed for 8 days and SMH was measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: Non-significant differences were observed among the groups at baseline (p = 0.187) and after WSL formation (p = 0.999). After treatments, significant differences were observed among the groups (p = 0.001). Mean % of alteration (SD) and results of Tukey test were: C- 92.40 (12.10)a; PF- 88.66 (10.66)a; FP- 85.90 (14.49)ab; BF- 67.85 (17.86)bc; CW- 66.60 (18.48)c; DP- 58.62 (8.69)c. Conclusion: Bifluorid 12, Clinpro White Varnish, and Duraphat showed higher efficacy than artificial saliva in promoting the remineralization of WSL, nevertheless, none of the treatments were able to recover sound enamel baseline microhardness (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de diferentes vernizes fluoretados na remineralização de lesões de mancha branca (LMB). Material e métodos: Espécimes de esmalte bovino polido (n = 60) foram submetidos à análise de microdureza superficial Knoop (KMH) inicial. Foram então criadas LMB artificialmente e os espécimes foram alocados em seis grupos: C ­ Controle (sem aplicação de verniz); BF ­ Bifluorid 12 (6% NaF + 6% CaF2); DP ­ Duraphat (5% NaF); PF ­ Profluorid (5% NaF); FP - Fluor Protector (0.2% NaF + 0.9% difluorsilano); CW - Clinpro White Varnish (5% NaF + 5% TCP). Após a aplicação dos vernizes, os espécimes ficaram imersos em saliva artificial por 24h e uma ciclagem de pH foi realizada por 8 dias. Após a ciclagem, KMH final foi realizada. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (5%). Resultados: Não foi observada diferença significante para os grupos após a KHM inicial (p = 0.187) e após a formação de LMB (p = 0.999). Após os tratamentos, diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os grupos (p = 0.001). Valores de média de % de alteração superficial (desvio-padrão) e resultados do teste de Tukey foram: C- 92.40 (12.10)a; PF- 88.66 (10.66)a; FP- 85.90 (14.49)ab; BF- 67.85 (17.86)bc; CW- 66.60 (18.48)c; DP- 58.62 (8.69)c. Conclusão: Os vernizes Bifluorid 12, Clinpro White Varnish e Duraphat apresentaram maior eficácia na remineralização das LMB quando comparados à saliva artificial, entretanto, nenhum dos produtos testados foi capaz de recuperar os valores iniciais de microdureza. (AU)

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The study aimed to apply micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and transverse microradiography (TMR) to measure dentine demineralization and to test the preventive effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 ) under microcosm biofilm. Sound dentine specimens from bovine root were treated for 6 h with: (i) 4.0% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 ) varnish [pH 1.0, 2.45% fluoride (F-); (ii) 5.42% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish (pH 5.0, 2.45% F); (iii) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel (pH 7.0); (iv) placebo varnish (pH 5.0); or (v) no agent (untreated). Dentine specimens were then exposed to human saliva mixed with McBain saliva for 8 h. Thereafter, McBain saliva containing 0.2% sucrose was applied daily, for 5 d, onto dentine specimens to stimulate formation of microcosm biofilm. Although a high correlation was found between the results of both methods regarding integrated mineral loss, the results of the methods did not show good agreement in Bland-Altman plots, with significant biases in calculations of lesion depth. Fluoride varnishes were able to reduce dentine demineralization (P < 0.05), while CHX failed to do so. Fluorides are still the best option to reduce dentine demineralization. Micro-CT may be used to measure dentine mineral loss, but not the lesion depth, for which TMR is superior.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la cantidad de fluoruro (F) residual en saliva después de la aplicación de barniz de fluoruro desodio al 5 por ciento y de barniz fluorado con fosfato tricálcico al 5 por ciento en niños de 2 a 5 años de edad. Se recolectó la saliva no estimulada de 24 niños que tenían acceso a sal fluorada diariamente y utilizaban dentífricos infantiles conteniendo 550 ppm F. La primera toma de muestrasalival fue colectada como basal y las siguientes fueron tomadas en diferentes intervalos de tiempo luego de realizar la aplicación del barnizfluorado (15; 30; 60 minutos y 24; 48; 72; 96; 168 horas). Un total de 216 muestras fueron obtenidas, siendo 96 muestras de barniz de Duraphat®, 96 muestras de barniz de ClinproTM WV y 24 muestras muestras basales. Los análisis de laboratorio fueron realizadosen el departamento de Bioquímica de la Facultad de Odontología de Baurú (FOB), Universidad de Sao Paulo. Un electrodo Orión 9409 y un microelectrodo acoplados a un potenciómetro Orion EA 940 se utilizaron para analizar las muestras previa difusión de las muestrascon el método de Taves. La concentración de iones de flúor mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos productos desde las 24 horas (p<0.001), esta característica se repite a las 48 (p=0.003); 96 (p<0.001) y 168 horas (p<0.001). Se utilizó el análisisestadístico de Shapiro Wilks y T de Student. Ambos barnices mostraron un incremento de fluoruro residual en saliva durante los 15; 30 y 60 minutos, sin embargo, posteriormente a estos tiempos, ambos muestran niveles no significativamente diferentes al basal.

The aim of this study was compared the amount of residual fluoride after application of sodium fluoride varnish 5% and application offluoride varnish with phosphate tricalcium 5% in children from 2 to 5 years old. Unstimulated saliva was collected of 24 children who hadaccess to fluoridate salt daily and used children´s tooth pastes containing 550ppm F. The first salivary sample was collected as a base lineand the following were taken at different intervals after making the application of fluoride varnish (15; 30; 60 minutes; 24; 48; 72; 96;168 hours).Children were grouped in two groups according of type of varnish containing fluoride going to be applied. A total of 216samples were obtained, 96 samples from Duraphat® and 96 samples from ClinproTM WV 3M ESPE. The lab analyzes wereconducted in the Department of Biochemistry at the Faculty of Dentistry, Bauru (FOB), University of Sao Paulo. An Orion 9409electrode and a microelectrode coupled to a potentiometer Orion EA 940 analyzed the samples prior dissemination of samples with themethod of work. The fluoride concentration was statistically significant after 24 (p<0.001); 48 (p=0.003); 96 (p<0.001) y 168 hours(p<0.001) for both products. We used Shapiro Wilks and T student test for statistical analysis. Both products showed an increased inresidual fluoride in saliva during the 15; 30 and 60 minutes, however, both showed not differences that baseline levels.

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Objetivos: Determinar el efecto de la combinación de los barnices diacetato de clorhexidina 1 % y fluoruro de sodio 5 % sobre Streptococcus mutans en saliva de niños de 3 a 5 años con manchas blancas. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 45 niños, divididos en 3 grupos: combinación clorhexidina 1 % y fluoruro de sodio 5 % (n=15), fluoruro de sodio 5 % (n=15) y placebo (n=15). Después de 8 semanas se evaluó microbiológicamente. Resultados: Todos los grupos redujeron significativamente los S. mutans, combinación clorhexidina 1 % y fluoruro de sodio 5 % (15.267 ± 9.816; p < 0.05); fluoruro de sodio 5 % (16.267 ± 7.146; p < 0.05); y placebo (9.467 ± 9.326; p < 0.05). Conclusiones: La aplicación combinada diacetato de clorhexidina 1 % y fluoruro de sodio 5 % es efectiva para reducir los S. mutans en la saliva de los niños.

Objectives: To determine the effect of the combination chlorhexidine diacetate 1% and sodium fluoride varnish 5% on Streptococcus mutans in the saliva of children 3 to 5 years with white stain. Methods: Were included 45 children, divided into 3 groups: combined chlorhexidine 1 % and sodium fluoride 5 % (n = 15), sodium fluoride 5 % (n = 15) and placebo (n = 15). After 8 weeks was evaluated microbiologically. Results: All groups significantly reduced the S. mutans, combination sodium fluoride 5 % and chlorhexidine 1 % (15.267 ± 9.816; p < 0.05); sodium fluoride 5 %(16.267 ± 7.146; p< 0.05); and placebo (9.467 ± 9.326; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The combined application of chlorhexidine diacetate 1 % and sodium fluoride 5 % is effective reducing of S. mutans in saliva of children.

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Fluoride varnishes play an important role in the prevention of dental caries, promoting the inhibition of demineralization and the increase of remineralization. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the amount of fluoride released into water and artificial saliva from experimental TiF4 and NaF varnishes, with different concentrations, for 12 h. Material and Methods: Fluoride varnishes were applied on acrylic blocks and then immersed in 10 ml of deionized water and artificial saliva in polystyrene bottles. The acrylic blocks were divided in seven groups (n=10): 1.55% TiF4 varnish (0.95% F, pH 1.0); 3.10% TiF4 varnish (1.90% F, pH 1.0); 3.10% and 4% TiF4 varnish (2.45% F, pH 1.0); 2.10% NaF varnish (0.95% F, pH 5.0); 4.20% NaF varnish (1.90% F, pH 5.0); 5.42% NaF varnish (2.45% F, pH 5.0) and control (no treatment, n=5). The fluoride release was analyzed after 1/2, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h of exposure. The analysis was performed using an ion-specific electrode coupled to a potentiometer. Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test were applied for the statistical analysis (p<0.05). Results: TiF4 varnishes released larger amounts of fluoride than NaF varnishes during the first 1/2 h, regardless of their concentration; 4% TiF4 varnish released more fluoride than NaF varnishes for the first 6 h. The peak of fluoride release occurred at 3 h. There was a better dose-response relationship among the varnishes exposed to water than to artificial saliva. Conclusions: The 3.10% and 4% TiF4 -based varnishes have greater ability to release fluoride into water and artificial saliva compared to NaF varnish; however, more studies must be conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of TiF4 varnish on tooth surface. .

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OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the bioavailability of fluoride after topical application of a dual-fluoride varnish commercially available in Brazil, when compared to DuraphatTM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The urinary fluoride output was evaluated in seven 5-year-old children after application of the fluoride varnishes, in two different phases. In the first phase (I), children received topical application of the fluoride varnish Duofluorid XII (2.92 percent fluorine, calcium fluoride + 2.71 percent fluorine, sodium fluoride, FGM TM). After 1-month interval (phase II), the same amount (0.2 mL) of the fluoride varnish Duraphat (2.26 percent fluorine, sodium fluoride, ColgateTM) was applied. Before each application all the volunteers brushed their teeth with placebo dentifrice for 7 days. Urinary collections were carried out 24 h prior up to 48 h after the applications. Fluoride intake from the diet was also estimated. Fluoride concentration in diet samples and urine was analyzed with the fluoride ion-specific electrode and a miniature calomel reference electrode coupled to a potentiometer. Data were tested by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences in the urinary fluoride output between phases I and II. The use of Duofluorid XII did not significantly increase the urinary fluoride output, when compared to baseline levels. The application of Duraphat caused a transitory increase in the urinary fluoride output, returning to baseline levels 48 h after its use. CONCLUSIONS: The tested varnish formulation, which has been shown to be effective in in vitro studies, also can be considered safe.

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