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Objective: To evaluate uterine function by using cine magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the contractile movements of the uterus in patients with and without deep infiltrating endometriosis (with or without associated adenomyosis). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case-control study. The study sample comprised 43 women: 18 in the case group and 25 in the control group. We performed cine magnetic resonance imaging in a 3.0 T scanner, focusing on the presence, direction, and frequency of uterine peristalsis. Results: The frequency of uterine peristalsis was higher in the case group than in the control group, in the periovulatory phase (3.83 vs. 2.44 peristaltic waves in two minutes) and luteal phase (1.20 vs. 0.91 peristaltic waves in two minutes). However, those differences were not statistically significant. There was a significant difference between the patients with adenomyosis and those without in terms of the frequency of peristalsis during the late follicular/periovulatory phase (0.8 vs. 3.18 peristaltic waves in two minutes; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of uterine peristalsis appears to be higher during the periovulatory and luteal phases in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis, whereas it appears to be significantly lower during the late follicular/periovulatory phase in patients with adenomyosis. Both of those effects could have a negative impact on sperm transport and on the early stages of fertilization.

Objetivo: Avaliar a função uterina mediante visualização dos movimentos contráteis do útero por meio de cine-ressonância magnética em pacientes com e sem endometriose infiltrativa profunda (com ou sem adenomiose associada). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo caso-controle prospectivo. A amostra foi composta por 43 mulheres, sendo 18 mulheres no grupo caso e 25 mulheres no grupo controle. A cine-ressonância magnética foi realizada com magneto 3.0 T, com foco na presença, direção e frequência do peristaltismo uterino. Resultados: O peristaltismo uterino foi mais frequente nas pacientes do grupo endometriose do que no grupo controle na fase periovulatória (3,83 × 2,44 peristalses em dois minutos) e lútea (1,20 × 0,91 peristalse em dois minutos). No entanto, esses resultados não foram estatisticamente significantes. Nas pacientes com adenomiose, observou-se redução significativa na frequência de peristaltismo durante a primeira fase do ciclo menstrual (3,18 × 0,8 peristalses; p < 0,05). Conclusão: A frequência de peristaltismo uterino parece estar aumentada durante a fase periovulatória e lútea em pacientes com endometriose infiltrativa profunda e significativamente reduzida em pacientes com adenomiose durante a primeira fase do ciclo menstrual. Ambos os efeitos têm potencial de interferir negativamente no transporte de espermatozoides e nos primeiros estágios de fecundação.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate uterine function by using cine magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the contractile movements of the uterus in patients with and without deep infiltrating endometriosis (with or without associated adenomyosis). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case-control study. The study sample comprised 43 women: 18 in the case group and 25 in the control group. We performed cine magnetic resonance imaging in a 3.0 T scanner, focusing on the presence, direction, and frequency of uterine peristalsis. Results: The frequency of uterine peristalsis was higher in the case group than in the control group, in the periovulatory phase (3.83 vs. 2.44 peristaltic waves in two minutes) and luteal phase (1.20 vs. 0.91 peristaltic waves in two minutes). However, those differences were not statistically significant. There was a significant difference between the patients with adenomyosis and those without in terms of the frequency of peristalsis during the late follicular/periovulatory phase (0.8 vs. 3.18 peristaltic waves in two minutes; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of uterine peristalsis appears to be higher during the periovulatory and luteal phases in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis, whereas it appears to be significantly lower during the late follicular/periovulatory phase in patients with adenomyosis. Both of those effects could have a negative impact on sperm transport and on the early stages of fertilization.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a função uterina mediante visualização dos movimentos contráteis do útero por meio de cine-ressonância magnética em pacientes com e sem endometriose infiltrativa profunda (com ou sem adenomiose associada). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo caso-controle prospectivo. A amostra foi composta por 43 mulheres, sendo 18 mulheres no grupo caso e 25 mulheres no grupo controle. A cine-ressonância magnética foi realizada com magneto 3.0 T, com foco na presença, direção e frequência do peristaltismo uterino. Resultados: O peristaltismo uterino foi mais frequente nas pacientes do grupo endometriose do que no grupo controle na fase periovulatória (3,83 × 2,44 peristalses em dois minutos) e lútea (1,20 × 0,91 peristalse em dois minutos). No entanto, esses resultados não foram estatisticamente significantes. Nas pacientes com adenomiose, observou-se redução significativa na frequência de peristaltismo durante a primeira fase do ciclo menstrual (3,18 × 0,8 peristalses; p < 0,05). Conclusão: A frequência de peristaltismo uterino parece estar aumentada durante a fase periovulatória e lútea em pacientes com endometriose infiltrativa profunda e significativamente reduzida em pacientes com adenomiose durante a primeira fase do ciclo menstrual. Ambos os efeitos têm potencial de interferir negativamente no transporte de espermatozoides e nos primeiros estágios de fecundação.

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PURPOSE: To review the literature on uterine contraction and to highlight magnetic resonance imaging using the cine technique as a useful method to evaluate these movements. METHODS: The literature research on PubMed database was done up to February 2019 with restriction to English language about articles regarding uterine peristalsis and cine MR. RESULTS: Infertility is a common clinical problem and a source of frustration for those who want to have children. Uterine movements are crucial elements in respect of successful conception, implantation, and the development of a healthy pregnancy. It is known that the direction and frequency of uterine peristalsis are closely related to the different phases of the menstrual cycle, and that changes in its activity may interfere with reproduction. One condition that has been linked with infertility by several studies is dysfunctional uterine contractility. Magnetic resonance imaging, using the cine technique, has been shown to be a useful tool in the evaluation of these movements, allowing the identification of patients with some type of dysfunction and establish strategies to increase pregnancy rates. CONCLUSION: Cine MR is an excellent imaging method for the evaluation of uterine peristalsis and identification of dysfunctional contractions.

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Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El análisis del registro de superficie de la actividad mioeléctrica uterina, o electrohisterograma, es uno de los marcadores biofísicos más prometedores para evaluar las contracciones y el estado electrofisiológico del útero. A pesar de las evidencias derivadas de la información clínica que proporciona el análisis electrohisterográfico, hasta la fecha no se ha logrado el esfuerzo significativo para introducir esta técnica en la práctica médica. OBJETIVO: Mostrar la evidencia disponible acerca de la utilidad de la electrohisterografía como técnica alternativa para la monitorización de la actividad uterina en el ámbito clínico. METODOLOGÍA: Búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar y Scopus, con las palabras clave: electrohysterogram, uterine electromyography y electrohysterography. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 65 artículos originales, 5 de revisión y 1 capítulo de libro con metodología adecuada, claridad y relevancia clínica, enfocados en la aplicación clínica del electrohisterograma. CONCLUSIÓN: Las técnicas de monitoreo convencional de la actividad uterina tienen limitaciones para establecer, oportunamente, el diagnóstico de distocias durante el trabajo de parto. El análisis de registros electrohisterográficos permite explicar las alteraciones detectadas en la actividad eléctrica uterina, mediante el aporte de información del estado funcional, incluso predecir posibles complicaciones durante el trabajo de parto.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The analysis of the surface myoelectric activity of the uterus electrohysterogram (EHG) has proved to be one of the most promising biophysical markers for the evaluation of uterine contractions and the electrophysiological state of the uterus. However, despite the emerging evidence that the analysis of EHG provides valuable clinical information, there has not been a meaningful effort to apply this technique for clinical monitoring. OBJECTIVE: To show the available evidence of the usefulness of electrohysterography in the clinical field as a technique for uterine monitoring. METHODOLOGY: a literature search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases with the following keywords: electrohysterogram, uterine electromyography and electrohysterography. RESULTS: 65 original research papers, 5 review papers and 1 book chapter with adequate methodology, clarity and clinical relevance were selected according to the focus of the clinical application of the EHG. CONCLUSION: Conventional monitoring of uterine activity lack the ability to accurately diagnose dystocias during labor. On the other hand, the analysis of electrohysterographic recordings has made possible to elucidate alterations in the uterine electrical activity by providing information of the functional state of the uterus, and even, to predict possible complications during labor.

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Atualmente são reportados métodos que poderiam favorecer o alongamento e prevenir as lesões do assoalho pélvico no parto vaginal, como a massagem perineal e o balão Epi-No. Esse dispositivo é bem aceito pelas pacientes, mas seus resultados para prevenção de episiotomias e lesões perineais são controversos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o propósito, método, frequência, ensino/orientação e resultados da utilização do Epi-No durante a gestação e parto. Foi elaborada uma revisão narrativa com levantamento de bibliografia disponível sobre o uso do Epi-No nas bases de dados PUBMED, BVS e SciELO em português e inglês. 837 artigos foram encontrados, nos quais apenas 9 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Informações desses artigos foram sintetizadas em quadros que contemplaram os aspectos considerados pertinentes. Fatores como o tempo, período, posicionamento e processo de ensino/orientação devem ser melhor descritos e padronizados para que seja possível investigar a eficácia de seu uso nos desfechos perineais no parto vaginal.

Currently methods are reported that favor the stretching and prevent pelvic floor injuries in vaginal delivery, such as perineal massage and the Epi-No balloon. This device is well accepted by patients but results for prevention of episiotomy and perineal lesions at birth are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the purpose, method, frequency, teaching/guidance of the use of the Epi-No during pregnancy and childbirth. A narrative review was prepared with a survey of available literature about the use of the Epi-No during pregnancy and childbirth in PUBMED, BVS and SciELO databases in Portuguese and English. 837 articles were found, only 9 articles met the inclusion criteria established. Information from papers were summarized in tables covering the relevant aspects. Factors such as the time, period, positioning and the process of teaching/guidance should be better described and standardized, so it would be possible to investigate the effectiveness of its use in the outcomes in the perineal vaginal delivery.

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ABSTRACT Uterine contractility out of the gestational phase, during the menstrual cycle and the habitual functional variations of the organ, this is one of the responsible mechanisms for reproduction and fertility, due to its direct action in the mechanisms conducting the spermatozoa to the ovule and in the decidual implantation. Pathologies such as uterine leiomyoma, endometriosis, adenomyosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, as well as the use of intrauterine devices and oral contraceptives, may alter a functionality of uterine contractility. Thus, magnetic resonance imaging with ultrafast sequences provides a dynamic evaluation (cine-MRI) and thus the correlation of uterine contractility quality in patients with current infertility or pathologies.

RESUMO A contratilidade uterina fora da fase gestacional, durante o ciclo menstrual e as habituais variações funcionais do órgão, é um dos mecanismos responsáveis pela reprodução e fertilidade, devido sua ação direta nos mecanismos de condução dos espermatozoides até o óvulo e na implantação decidual. Patologias como leiomioma uterino, endometriose, adenomiose, síndrome dos ovários policísticos, bem como o uso de dispositivos intrauterinos e anticoncepcionais orais, podem alterar a funcionalidade da contratilidade uterina. Desta forma a ressonância magnética com sequências ultra-rápidas proporcionam uma avaliação dinâmica (cine-RM) e assim a correlação da qualidade da contratilidade uterina em pacientes com infertilidade ou patologias vigentes.

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Introducción: La administración profiláctica de oxitocina es parte del manejo activo de la tercera etapa del trabajo de parto y reduce el riesgo de hemorragia posparto. Objetivo: estimar con un modelo dosis-respuesta la dosis de oxitocina endovenosa en infusión continua, efectiva en 90% (ED90) para contracción uterina adecuada luego de trabajo de parto fracasado en pacientes que serán sometidas a operación cesárea versus aquellas sometidas a cesárea electiva. Métodos: Estudio dosis-respuesta, ciego único, de dos ramas utilizando la metodología de la moneda sesgada en relación 9:1 para determinar la DE90. El grupo experimental fueron parturientas sometidas a operación cesárea, secundaria a fracaso en la progresión del trabajo de parto y que habían recibido oxitocina. El grupo control, pacientes sometidas a cesárea electiva. Se les administró oxitocina en infusión continua inmediatamente post nacimiento, de acuerdo a la metodología de la moneda sesgada. Posteriormente, a los 4 minutos del nacimiento, el cirujano estimó si el tono uterino era satisfactorio o no. Los desenlaces secundarios incluyeron requerimientos de uterotónicos adicionales y efectos colaterales maternos. Los datos se analizaron por medio de un modelo de regresión logística y la estimación de la DE90 fue derivada del ajuste de curvas. Resultados: Participaron 38 pacientes sometidas a cesárea electiva y 32 que venían de un trabajo de parto. La DE90 de oxitocina estimada fue significativamente mayor para las pacientes en trabajo de parto (44,2 IU/h, iC95% 33,8-55,6), comparadas con las sometidas a cesárea electiva (16,2 IU/h (iC95% 13,1-19,3)). Significativamente más mujeres en el grupo experimental requirieron uterotónicos suplementarios (34% vs/ 8%, p=0,008). La incidencia global de efectos colaterales fue mayor en el grupo experimental (69% vs/ 34%, p=0.004). Conclusión: La mujeres con exposición previa a oxitocina exógena requieren una mayor dosis de infusión inicial de oxitocina para prevenir atonía uterina post operación cesárea que aquellas sin exposición previa.

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INTRODUCTION: A previous study indicated that progesterone reduces the mean uterine contraction frequency in singleton pregnancy at high risk for preterm birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vaginal progesterone on the frequency of uterine contractions in twin pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of twin pregnancies exposed to vaginal progesterone or placebo. Naturally conceived twin pregnancies with no prior history of preterm delivery, asymptomatic regarding preterm labor, who had undergone uterine contraction frequency monitoring from 24 to 34 weeks and 6 days were included in the study. Comparison of the mean frequency of uterine contractions between the treatment groups was performed. We also examined the influence of cervical length and chorionicity on the mean frequency of uterine contractions according to the group. RESULTS: The final analysis included 166 women in the progesterone and 170 in the placebo group. The baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. Overall, no difference in the mean frequency of uterine contractions (p = 0.91) was observed between the progesterone (2.54 ± 3.19) and placebo (2.56 ± 3.59) groups. Also, no difference in the mean frequency of uterine contractions was observed between the groups in each week between 24 and 34 weeks and 6 days of gestation. Cervical length and chorionicity did not influence the frequency of contractions according to the progesterone or placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, progesterone does not influence the frequency of uterine contractions in twin pregnancies.

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AIM: To evaluate transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) used to relieve uterine contraction pain during breast-feeding in multiparous women. METHODS: A controlled and randomized clinical trial was performed with 32 post-partum multiparous women who were breast-feeding. The participants were randomized into an experimental (EG, n = 16) and a control group (CG, n = 16). Pain was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale and the descriptors of the Present Pain Intensity (PPI - McGill) during two sequential feeds. In the first assessment, the post-partum women in the EG and CG were monitored while breast-feeding and questioned regarding the degree of uterine contraction pain. In the second assessment, which was performed at the next feed, the EG used TENS while the CG was monitored, with pain being reassessed following. In the EG, the TENS electrodes were placed between T10-L1 and S2-S4, with a frequency of 100 Hz, a pulse duration of 75 µs and amplitude adjusted to produce a strong and tolerable sensation for 40 min. A descriptive analysis of the data and comparative intra- and intergroup analyses were performed by means of a non-parametrical test, with a significance level P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The level of basal pain was 5.56 in the EG and 5.50 in the CG. In the intragroup analysis, the EG (P < 0.0001) and CG (P = 0.04) presented significant pain reduction. In the intergroup analysis, the EG had significant pain reduction (P < 0.01) in comparison to the CG. In the PPI analysis, a non-significant decrease in pain intensity was observed in the EG. CONCLUSION: TENS was found to be effective in reducing post-partum uterine contraction pain during breast-feeding.

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Os métodos de indução do parto podem ser divididos em estímulos naturais, estímulos exógenos diretos ou mecânicos e estímulos exógenos indiretos ou farmacológicos, cada qual apresenta suas particularidades nas indicações e contraindicações. O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura consultando Medline/Pubmed e a Biblioteca Cochrane para avaliar a eficácia e segurança na utilização dos principais métodos de indução do trabalho de parto. Apurou-se não haver método ideal de indução do trabalho de parto. Os estímulos naturais e os métodos alternativos carecem de maiores estudos para incentivo de seu uso rotineiro. As prostaglandinas, em destaque o misoprostol, está indicada no Índice de Bishop desfavorável e a ocitocina em condições cervicais favoráveis. Os avanços no campo da biologia molecular tem corroborado que o método ideal deve atuar em sincronismo com a contratilidade uterina e a maturação cervical.(AU)

Methods of labor induction can be classified as natural stimuli, direct exogenous stimuli or mechanical and indirect exogenous stimuli or pharmacological. Which one has its peculiarities in relation to indications and contraindications. The objective of this article was to assess the efficacy and safety of the main methods of induction of labor trough the analysis of the medical literature in Medline/Pubmed and the Cochrane Library to. No ideal method of inducing labor was found. Further studies are required to encourage natural stimuli and alternative methods more often. According to Bishop scores, prostaglandins, (especially misoprostol) are unfavorable and oxytocin in case of favorable cervical environment. Advances in the field of molecular biology have confirmed that the ideal method should work simultaneously with uterine contraction and cervical ripening.(AU)

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El embarazo postérmino es una entidad obstétrica muy discutida en la literatura médica debido a los diferentes criterios empleados con relación al diagnóstico, control prenatal, conducta a tomar y manejo intraparto. Con el objetivo de determinar el comportamiento de la inducción del parto en el embarazo postérmino, se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en el Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría" de Pinar del Río, en el trienio 2005-2007. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los nacimientos de esa institución hospitalaria, el grupo estudio por las embarazadas con 42 semanas de gestación con una labor de parto inducida (n=239) y un grupo control por las primeras 10 gestantes de cada mes con una labor de parto espontánea y edad gestacional de 37-41 semanas, con un feto vivo y con presentación de vértice (n=360). Se estudió: edad materna, paridad anterior, modo de terminación del parto, puntaje de Apgar del recién nacido, índice de Bishop, morbilidad materna y neonatal. Se utilizó frecuencia absoluta, porcentaje, Ji Cuadrado y Odds ratio al 95 % de certeza. Resultaron factores de riesgo de embarazo postérmino con labor inducida: la adolescencia (OR=5), la multiparidad (OR=7.5) y el índice de Bishop <7 puntos (OR=6.6); la forma de terminación del parto predominante en el embarazo postérmino fue la cesárea, presentando los recién nacidos una mayor incidencia de Apgar bajo (p<0.001). El embarazo postérmino con labor de parto inducida estuvo relacionado estadísticamente con la morbilidad neonatal en general (p<0.001) y con la morbilidad materna (p<0.001).

Post-term pregnancy is a controversial obstetric entity in medical literature due to the different criteria used regarding to its diagnosis, prenatal control, treatment to be followed and intra-labor management. Aimed at determining the behavior of the induction of labor in post-term pregnancy a case and control study was conducted at "Abel Santamaria Cuadrado" University Hospital, Pinar del Rio, during a three-year period (2005-2007). The universe was comprised of all the births occurring in the institution, women surpassing 42 weeks of pregnancy and inducing labor (n=239) and a control group for the first 10 pregnant women of each month with spontaneous labor and gestational age of 37-41 weeks, live fetus and with apex presentation (n=360). Maternal age, previous parity, ending of labor, Apgar score of the newborn, Bishop rate, maternal and neonatal mortality were the variables studied. Absolute frequency, percentage method, chi square test and Odss ratio to 95% of certainty were used. Post-term pregnancy with inducing labor had as risk factors: adolescence (OR=5), multiparity (OR=7.5) and the Bishop rate < 7 points (OR =6.6); prevailing cesarean section in post-term pregnancy, newborns presented a high incidence of low Apgar scores (p<0.001) and with a maternal morbidity (p<0.001).

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The aim of the study was to monitor the sow maternal response to a low oxitocin dose in an advanced parturition stage in eutocic and maternal-foetal dystocia. Sixty York x Landrace sows, 30 with eutocic farrowing and 30 with maternal-foetal dystocia were assigned into two different groups: 15 received 0.083 IU/kg of oxytocin after the expulsion of the fifth piglet, and 15 received no treatment at all. Blood samples from every sow in trial were taken from the ear vein at three different times: immediately after membrane rupture, after the fifth piglet was born, and at the end of the farrowing. A third generation blood gas analyzer was used. Results show that when parturition was resumed, sows with maternal-foetal dystocia had significantly greater lactate, pCO2 and ear temperature (P < 0.001), compared with the eutocic sow group. Results from physiological variables and neonatal traits monitored in this experiment show evidence that oxytocin should not be used in normal parturition without stillbirths, since oxytocin in this case had adverse effects on sow performance. Oxytocin administered at the beginning of the second half of parturition decreased 50% the number of born alive with asphyxia in eutocic and dystocic sows, and on the other hand, decreased 50% the number of intra-partum stillbirths in the dystocic group. This is the first study describing the critical blood variables in dystocic sows (pH, pCO2, pO2, glucose, lactate and HCO3), using a third generation gasometry device.

Con el propósito de evaluar las respuestas maternas a dosis baja de oxitocina en estado avanzado del parto en cerdas con eutocia y distocia materno-fetal, se seleccionaron 60 cerdas de la cruza Yorkshire x Landrace, 30 eutócicas y 30 con distocia materno-fetal. Las cerdas de cada grupo fueron divididas en subgrupos: 15 recibieron 0.083 UI/kg de oxitocina después de la expulsión del quinto lechón, las otras 15 no fueron tratadas. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas en cada una de las cerdas mediante punción de vena auricular después de la rotura de la fuente, al quinto lechón y al finalizar el parto; las muestras fueron evaluadas con un analizador de gases sanguíneos. Al finalizar el parto, las cerdas que presentaron partos con distocia materno-fetal incrementaron significativamente (P < 0.001) los niveles de lactato, pCO2 y temperatura, respecto de las hembras que presentaron partos eutócicos. Los resultados de las variables fisiológicas y los indicadores neonatales evaluados en este experimento son evidencia de que la oxitocina no debe aplicarse en partos con evolución normal sin nacidos muertos, ya que posee efectos adversos sobre el desempeño de la cerda. La oxitocina en cerdas, administrada al inicio de la segunda mitad del parto, disminuyó en 50% los nacidos con asfixia en cerdas eutócicas y distócicas; asimismo, redujo en 50% el número de muertes intraparto en las hembras distócicas. Los resultados del presente experimento determinan por primera vez la evolución de los parámetros críticos sanguíneos de la cerda con partos distócicos (pH, pCO2, pO2, glucosa, lactato y HCO3) utilizando equipo de gasometría de tercera generación.

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O objetivo principal para o uso de uterolíticos no trabalho de parto prematuro é prolongar suficientemente a gestação para a administração materna de glicocorticoides e/ou realizar a transferência materna para um centro hospitalar terciário. As decisões sobre o uso e a escolha de uterolítico requerem o diagnóstico correto do trabalho de parto prematuro, o conhecimento da idade gestacional, das condições médicas materno-fetais, da eficácia, dos efeitos colaterais e do custo do medicamento. Todos os uterolíticos possuem efeitos colaterais e alguns deles são potencialmente letais. Os estudos sugerem que os agonistas de receptores beta-adrenérgicos, os bloqueadores de cálcio e os antagonistas de receptor de ocitocina são eficazes para prolongar a gestação por pelo menos 48 horas. Dos três agentes, o atosiban (antagonista de receptor de ocitocina) possui maior segurança, embora o custo seja elevado. O sulfato de magnésio não é eficaz para prolongar a gestação e apresenta efeitos colaterais importantes. Os inibidores da ciclooxigenase também apresentam efeitos colaterais significativos. Até o momento, não há evidências suficientes para se recomendar o uso de doadores de óxido nítrico para inibir o trabalho de parto prematuro. Não existem fundamentos para o emprego de antibióticos para evitar a prematuridade diante do trabalho de parto prematuro.

The main purpose of using uterulytic in preterm delivery is to prolong gestation in order to allow the administration of glucocorticoid to the mother and/or to accomplish the mother's transference to a tertiary hospital center. Decisions on uterolytic use and choice require correct diagnosis of preterm delivery, as well as the knowledge of gestational age, maternal-fetal medical condition, and medicine's efficacy, side-effects and cost. All the uterolytics have side-effects, and some of them are potentially lethal. Studies suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, calcium blockers and cytokine receptor antagonists are effective to prolong gestation for at least 48 hours. Among these three agents, atosiban (a cytokine receptor antagonist) is safer, though it presents a high cost. Magnesium sulfate is not efficient to prolong gestation and presents significant side-effects. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors also present significant side-effects. Up till now, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of nitric oxid donors to inhibit preterm delivery. There is no basis for the use of antibiotics to avoid prematurity in face of preterm labor.

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Estudo experimental, randomizado do tipo ensaio-clínico, teve como objetivo identificar a influência do banho de imersão na duração do primeiro período clínico do parto e na freqüência e duração das contrações uterinas. Os dados foram coletados em uma maternidade pública filantrópica da cidade de São Paulo que atende, em média, 1.100 partos mensais. A amostra constou de 108 parturientes, 54 no grupo controle e 54 no experimental, que fizeram uso do banho de imersão. Os resultados demonstraram que o banho de imersão não modificou a duração do trabalho de parto e a freqüência das contrações uterinas. No entanto, a duração das contrações foi estatisticamente menor no grupo experimental (41,9 versus 44,6min). Concluiu-se que o banho de imersão é uma alternativa para o conforto da mulher, durante o trabalho de parto, por oferecer alívio à parturiente, sem interferir na progressão do parto sem trazer prejuízos ao recém-nascido.

The objectives of this experi-mental, randomized, controlled trial study were to evaluate the effect of immersion baths on the length of the first stage of child-birth labor and on the frequency and length of the uterine contractions. Data were collected in a philanthropic public maternity hospital of the city of São Paulo whose month average is 1,100 births. The sample was comprised of 108 women in labor - 54 in the control group and 54 in the experimental group that had immersion baths. The results showed that immersion baths did not have any influence on the length of labor and on the frequency of uterine contractions. However, the length of contractions was statistically shorter in the experimental group (experimental 41.9 versus control 44.6 min). The conclusion was that immersion baths are an alternative for the woman's comfort during labor, since it provides relief to her without interfering on the labor progression or jeopardizing the baby.

Este estudio experimental, randomizado del tipo ensayo-clínico, tuvo como objetivo identificar la influencia del baño de inmersión en la duración del primer período clínico del parto y en la frecuencia y duración de las contracciones uterinas. Los datos fueron recolectados en una maternidad pública filantrópica de la ciudad de São Paulo que atiende, en promedio, 1,100 partos mensuales. La muestra constó de 108 parturientas, 54 en el grupo control y 54 en el experimental, que hicieron uso del baño de inmersión. Los resultados demostraron que el baño de inmersión no modificó la duración del trabajo de parto y la frecuencia de las contracciones uterinas. Entre tanto, la duración de las contracciones fue estadísticamente menor en el grupo experimental (41,9 versus 44,6min). Se concluye que el baño de inmersión es una alternativa para el confort de la mujer, durante el trabajo de parto, por ofrecer alivio a la parturienta, sin interferir en la progresión del parto y ocasionar perjuicios al recién-nacido.

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