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Recent advancements in image analysis and interpretation technologies using computer vision techniques have shown potential for novel applications in clinical microbiology laboratories to support task automation aiming for faster and more reliable diagnostics. Deep learning models can be a valuable tool in the screening process, helping technicians spend less time classifying no-growth results and quickly separating the categories of tests that deserve further analysis. In this context, creating datasets with correctly classified images is fundamental for developing and improving such models. Therefore, a dataset of urine test Petri dishes images was collected following a standardized process, with controlled conditions of positioning and lighting. Image acquisition was conducted by applying a hardware chamber equipped with a led lightning source and a smartphone camera with 12 MP resolution. A software application was developed to support image classification and handling. Experienced microbiologists classified the images according to the positive, negative, and uncertain test results. The resulting dataset contains a total of 1500 images and can support the development of deep learning algorithms to classify urine exams according to their microbial growth.

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Capillaria spp. infections of the urinary tract of domestic carnivores are uncommon worldwide. Infections are rarely diagnosed and are typically asymptomatic. This study aimed to evaluate a case of capillariosis in a cat from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A seven-year-old female cat with apathy and reduced appetite was presented. Urine analysis revealed C. plica eggs in urine sediment, and cystitis was evidenced by the presence of bacteria, pyuria, proteinuria and hematuria. The subject was treated with 50 mg/kg fenbendazole for five days. Urine samples were frozen for molecular analysis and species confirmation. Polymerase chain reaction for amplification of the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing confirmed the occurrence of Capillaria sp. There has been limited phylogenetic study of Capillaria spp. in cats, so further studies are needed to identify the species present in different locations and associated with feline pathogenesis.

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La infección del tracto urinari (ITU) es un problema que se ve con frecuencia en el adulto mayor, donde la incidencia llega hasta un 50%, debido principalmente a la postración, las deficiencias en la higiene y a los procedimientos a los que muchas veces son sometidos. El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia de ancianos con infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) en el hogar Santa Rita. Participaron 29, de los 43 residentes del hogar Santa Rita, se recolectó la orina en frascos colectores y posteriormente se realizó un examen general de orina y tinción de Gram. De las 29 muestras de orina, 3 muestras dieron positivo para Infecciones del tracto Urinarias (ITU) siendo de estas tres, dos mujeres y un varón. Por lo que se puede señalar una prevalencia del 10,3% de ITU en el hogar Santa Rita.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a problem that is frequently seen in the elderly, where the incidence reaches up to 50%, mainly due to prostration, deficiencies in hygiene and procedures that are often submitted. The study aimed to determine the frequency of elderly people with urinary tract infections (UTI) in the Santa Rita home. Of the 43 residents of the Santa Rita home, 29 participated. The urine was collected in collection bottles and subsequently a general urine examination and Gram stain were performed. Of the 29 urine samples, 3 samples were positive for Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), of these three, two women and one man. Therefore, a prevalence of 10.3% of UTI in the Santa Rita home can be pointed out.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Kato-Katz technique is the standard diagnostic test for Schistosoma mansoni infection in rural areas. However, the utility of this method is severely limited by the day-to-day variability in host egg excretion in the stool. In high-transmission areas, the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) urine assay has proven to be a reliable test. However, investigations of the reliability of the POC-CCA assay in low-transmission regions are under way. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the POC-CCA assay and the morbidity of schistosomiasis in a low-endemic area in Brazil. METHODS: Pains City is a low-transmission zone for schistosomiasis. A total of 300 subjects aged 7-76 years were randomly selected for the POC-CCA cassette test. For S. mansoni diagnosis, three stool samples on six slides were compared with one urine sample for each subject. The sensitivity and specificity in the absence of a gold standard were calculated using latent class analysis. Clinical examinations and abdominal ultrasounds were performed in 181 volunteers to evaluate morbidity associated with schistosomiasis. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the Kato-Katz technique were 25.6% and 94.6%, respectively. By contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of the POC-CCA assay were 68.1% and 72.8%, respectively. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was diagnosed in two patients (1.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the POC-CCA urine assay proved to be a useful test for diagnosing S. mansoni in a low-endemic area in Brazil. Severe clinical forms of schistosomiasis can be present even in such low-endemic areas.

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Objetivos: Determinar las diferencias en los procedimientos y resultados del examen de orina en tres grandes hospitales de Lima. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo con muestreo no probabilístico. Instituciones: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Hospital Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé e Instituto Materno Perinatal. Materiales: Muestras de orina de pacientes pediátricos. Intervenciones: Las muestras de 208 análisis de orina fueron alicuotadas y distribuidas en los tres hospitales en estudio. Se recolectó los resultados en las que cada hospital realizó su propio protocolo; además, se efectuó una encuesta para evaluar los procedimientos utilizados. Se usó el análisis kappa para analizar la concordancia entre cada parámetro de resultado obtenido. Principales medidas de resultados: Diferencias en los procedimientos y resultados del examen de orina Resultados: La encuesta reveló diferencias en el empleo de tubos de vidrio, tiempos de reacción para tiras reactivas, velocidad de centrifugación, aumentos y cantidad de campos microscópicos utilizados para contar elementos. Las concordancias obtenidas de los parámetros del análisis macroscópico de orina, para el color y aspecto, fueron de tipo aceptable (k=0,30) y leve (k=0,19), respectivamente; del análisis químico, las concordancias del pH (k=0,26), leucoesterasa (k=0,33) y sangre (k=0,38) fueron de tipo aceptables. Finalmente, del análisis microscópico, las concordancias para leucocitos (k=0,63), hematíes (k=0,70) y oxalato de calcio (k=0,66) fueron de tipo considerable, y para bacterias (k=0,08) y ácido úrico (k=0,34), de tipo leve y aceptable, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Existieron diferencias en los procedimientos para el examen de orina entre el personal de los tres hospitales evaluados, siendo una de las causas en obtener bajas concordancias.

Objectives: To determine laboratory differences in procedures and results of urinalysis and microscopy in three Lima, Peru large hospitals. Design: Descriptive study, with non-probability sampling. Settings: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Hospital Docente Madre Niño San Bartolome, and Instituto Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru. Materials: Pediatric patients’ urine samples. Interventions: Two hundred and eight urine samples were aliquoted and distributed to the three hospitals studied that used their own laboratory protocol. Urine tests results were collected and a survey on test procedures was performed. Results in each hospital were compared using kappa analysis test. Main outcome measures: Laboratory differences in procedures and results of urinalysis. Results: Survey revealed differences in the use of glass tubes, reaction times for urine test strips, speed centrifugation, power range and number of microscopic fields used to count elements. Agreement obtained for macroscopic analysis parameters for color and appearance were respectively fair (k=0.30) and slight (k=0.19); pH (k=0.26), leucoesterase (k=0.33) and blood (k=0.38) agreement in chemical analysis were fair. Finally, in microscopic analysis, agreement for leukocytes (k=0.63), erythrocytes (k=0.70) and calcium oxalate (k=0.66) were substantial; and for bacteria (k=0.08) and uric acid (k=0.34) were respectively slight and fair. Conclusions: Differences in procedures used for urine test processing among personnel of the three hospitals evaluated caused low agreement in results.

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La Infección de Vías Urinarias (IVU) es una entidad clínica inducida por la invasión, colonización y multiplicación microbiana del tracto urinario que sobrepasa la capacidad de los mecanismos de defensa del huésped, y es expresión de alteraciones morfológicas o funcionales. Es causa frecuente de morbilidad, afecta al 5 -11% de los niños y constituye la causa más frecuente de consulta nefrológica documentada en Venezuela. La detección precoz de IVU y el estudio adecuado del paciente son elementos importantes en la prevención de daño renal y progresión a enfermedad renal crónica. Los factores determinantes para producir daño renal son: infección urinaria febril, uropatía obstructiva anatómica o funcional, reflujo vesicoureteral con dilatación, retardo en el inicio del tratamiento, presencia de Echerichia coli. El diagnóstico de IVU se relaciona con: las manifestaciones clínicas, pero son variables y dependen de la edad, sexo y alteraciones anatómicas, urológicas y/o neurológicas existentes, por lo que es necesario mantener un elevado índice de sospecha, especialmente en recién nacidos y lactantes febriles. El urocultivo es la prueba esencial para el diagnóstico, por lo cual debe realizarse antes de iniciar el tratamiento antibiótico; el diagnóstico etiológico se realiza por la presencia de bacteriuria significativa. La técnica menos invasiva para recolección de la muestras es la obtención de orina del chorro medio de una micción espontánea, previa higiene perineal. Los recuentos bacterianos para considerar positivo el urocultivo varían con la técnica de recolección de orina

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a clinical entity induced by invasion, colonization and multiplication of bacteria in the urinary tract which overpass de host defensive mechanisms, and could be the expression of functional or morphological disorders. UTI is a frequent cause of morbidity and affects 5 - 11% of pediatric patients and it is the first documented cause of pediatric nephrological consultation in Venezuela. The frequency of recurrence is 15-20% in children under 1 year of age after the first episode of UTI, and the risk is higher with previous episodes. Pathogenesis of UTI includes 3 related factors: the pathogenic germ, host and environment factors. Early detection of UTI and adequate study of the patient are important clues for the prevention of renal damage and prevention of progression to chronic renal disease. Important factors for the development of renal damage are: febrile UTI, anatomical or functional obstructive uropathy, vesicoureteral reflux with dilatation of the urinary tract, delay in the initiation of antibiotic treatment and presence of E. Coli. The diagnosis of UTI is based on clinical manifestations which vary with age and gender, and the presence or not of urological and/or neurological disorders. Alterations in the urine analysis could suggest UTI, but the definitive test for the diagnosis is de urine culture, which should be performed previously to antibiotic therapy; etiological diagnosis is made by the presence of significative growth of bacteria in the urine. The less invasive method to collect the urine sample is the clean catch with previous perineal asepsis. The number of colonies/ml required to consider a urine culture as positive vary according with the sample collection method

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