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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in building materials, electronics, furnishings, vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for many years. Currently, the primary commercial mixtures, penta-, octa-, and deca-BDE, are globally restricted. Still, products containing PBDEs are expected to impact waste management and the environment for many years. In January 2016, an open fire in the Santa Marta landfill close to Santiago de Chile affected the city and surroundings. The fire caused several acute health effects and an increase in emergency hospitalizations. We measured PBDE levels in the areas affected by the fire in the air (gaseous and particulate) and soil, and PBDE emissions were estimated using a dispersion model. The results showed an increase in PBDE concentrations by a factor of 2-4 one day after the start of the fire. However, PBDE concentrations measured after the fire in PM10 and the gas phase were considered low compared to other regions. Interestingly, PBDEs' patterns differed across the sites; however, BDE209 was the dominant congener for all environmental matrices. A preliminary risk assessment was conducted using the daily exposure dose (DED) by air inhalation estimation. The results showed low DED values for adults and children and suggested no direct health risk due to PBDE exposure. This study brings new data useful for future solid waste management initiatives in the country.

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A technical challenge for composting in Peruvian cities with annual temperatures below 20 °C is that the degradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is slow, so the identification of cold-adapted bacteria would be interesting for use as inoculants in places with these climatic conditions. This study isolated, identified, and evaluated bacterial strains with cellulolytic and amylolytic activities at low temperatures. Bacterial strains were isolated from the Chachapoyas Municipal Composting Plant and soil from the Ocol Palm Forest in northern Peru. The screening was carried out to evaluate the extracellular enzyme activity of the strains at low temperatures, grouping those with cellulolytic and cellulolytic/amylolytic activities. The DNA-barcoding using 16S rRNA and enzyme activity allowed the identification and selection of five species with enzymatic activity at 15 and 20 °C of the genus Bacillus, three with cellulolytic/amylolytic activity (B. wiedmanii, B. subtilis, and B. velezensis), and two with cellulolytic activity (B. safensis subsp. safensis, and B. subtilis). These strains showed tolerance to temperatures below optimum and could be used in further studies as inoculants for composting organic wastes at temperatures below 20 °C.

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A circular city (CC) promotes circular economy (CE) principles. Efficient urban solid waste management (USWM) strategies are essential for promoting a CE at the municipal level. New tools are needed to evaluate waste management (WM) and increase the reuse and recycling of materials to accelerate the transition towards a CC. These tools could assist decision and policymakers in adopting, implementing, and monitoring circular practices. This study proposes creating an index (USWM-index) to evaluate WM in urban areas and discuss how it could be better managed in future sustainable circular cities in Brazil. The index allows city managers to integratively and sustainably assess their USWM. Decision-makers can also use the index to set goals and objectives for recycling and reusing generated waste in cities. The index comprises 19 indicators and 51 sub-indicators. These elements were divided into five groups: Operational, Environmental, Political-economic, Educational, and Social. Cities can assess their performance in each group by using the USWM-index. The index was applied to four Brazilian cities. All cities had their USWM classified as average, and they did not have initiatives to transition to sustainable circular cities regarding WM. This study presents guidelines for transitioning from a linear city to a sustainable circular city in terms of WM.

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Landfill leachate is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic molecules, as well as environmental pollutants that can cause harm to ecosystems and living beings. The micronucleus test in peripheral blood erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of exposure to a landfill leachate from an outdoor solid waste storage system on Wistar strain rats at different developmental stages, pre-adolescents and young adults, and the heavy metal content of the leachate was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Contents of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead in the landfill leachate were outside the allowable international standards, and the exposure to the landfill leachate caused genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on Wistar rats, where the pre-adolescent animals were more susceptible to the toxics contained in the landfill leachate than young adults. Heavy metals contained in landfill leachate, individually or synergically with other molecules can be responsible for clastogenic and cytotoxic effects that can be harmful to humans and ecosystems.

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ABSTRACT Improper design and management of the cover layer of a sanitary landfill has been proven to produce harmful environmental impacts on the environment. One alternative at hand is to develop scenarios based on simulation of physical and computational models to represent the expected field water balance of a landfill coverage layer. This paper investigates the design of a sanitary landfill final cover in the municipality of Seropédica, which is located at the state of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. More specifically, the compact soil coverage, which is widely used for landfill final cover of municipal solid waste, is evaluated in contrast to vegetation cover by grass, vegetation cover by brachiaria and capillary barrier. To accomplish such task, hydrometeorological forcing conditions, namely daily rainfall and temperature, were retrieved from the Anchieta weather station, which is situated nearby the study area. The Hydrus 1D and 2/3 D computational codes were employed to develop a set of scenarios to follow the contamination plume evolution within the landfill along the time frame of 20 years with some degree of reliability. It should be noted that the performed evaluation indicates the possibility to control the leachate release and consequently to avoid contaminating the environment, notably to prevent soil and water resources pollution. Vegetation cover by grass and brachiaria showed important control mechanisms with respect to the movement of the contaminant plume. In addition, it should be noticed that the best results for the landfill final cover were achieved for the capillary barrier, while poor performance results were obtained for the commonly employed compact soil.

RESUMO O projeto e a gestão inadequados da camada de cobertura de um aterro sanitário produzem impactos ambientais prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Uma alternativa disponível é desenvolver cenários baseados na simulação de modelos físicos e computacionais para representar o balanço hídrico que se espera que ocorra em uma camada de cobertura do aterro por meio de um experimento de campo. O presente trabalho investiga o projeto de cobertura final de um aterro sanitário no município de Seropédica, localizado no estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. Mais especificamente, a cobertura compacta do solo, que é amplamente utilizada para a cobertura final de aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos, é avaliada em contraste com a cobertura vegetal por gramíneas, cobertura vegetal por braquiária e barreira capilar. Para realização dessa tarefa, forçantes hidrometeorológicas, nomeadamente precipitação e temperatura na escala diária, foram obtidas da estação meteorológica de Anchieta, situada nas proximidades da área de estudo. Os códigos computacionais Hydrus 1D e 2/3 D foram empregados para desenvolver um conjunto de cenários para acompanhar a evolução da pluma de contaminação no interior do aterro ao longo do período de 20 anos com algum grau de confiabilidade. Ressalta-se que a avaliação realizada indica a possibilidade de controlar a liberação de chorume e, consequentemente, de evitar a contaminação do meio ambiente, notadamente para prevenir a poluição do solo e dos recursos hídricos. A cobertura vegetal por gramíneas e braquiárias apresentou importantes mecanismos de controle com relação ao movimento da pluma contaminante. Além disso, deve-se notar que os melhores resultados para a cobertura final do aterro foram alcançados para a barreira capilar, enquanto que os resultados de baixo desempenho foram obtidos para o solo compacto comumente empregado.

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To support the understanding of recycling models applied to plastics, the main objective of this work is to offer a literature review of the different reverse logistics (RL) models for collecting plastic waste (PW). The methodology used for processing the scientific literature was content analysis, using the google scholar search engine. The main keywords used were RL and PW. This article is divided into two parts: the first part discusses the development of circular economy models and RL networks and raises the conceptual framework of the research, and the second part presents mathematical models and exploratory studies, proposed as a solution for RL problems of PW. Articles published between years 2014 and 2019 were reviewed. In total, 102 references were used, 70 of them are part of the literature review. According to our findings, we can state that the most widely used solution method for mathematical modeling is mixed-integer linear programming, and for exploratory studies, it was evaluations. About 93% of studies evaluated raw materials related to PW; only 13% of studies had models with stochastic processes; and 88% of the investigations used continuous variables, being the multiobjective functions one of the most used to provide solutions to RL problems. Regarding the mathematical models, 49% were evaluations, 9% corresponded to multicriteria analysis, 29% to linear and nonlinear programming, and 4% to another type of evaluation or model.

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Urban forestry generates a huge amount of waste worldwide, resulting from the processes of pruning and suppression. Disposal in landfills reduces the useful life of these facilities and forgoes the possibility of generating income from the waste. This study investigated the manufacture of toys as a strategy to valorize urban forestry waste. For this, physical-mechanical, chemical (extractive), color and shape characterizations were performed for three species of urban trees commonly planted in Brazil, a region of Neotropical forests. Toy prototypes were developed and manufactured from wood waste. Regarding color, all studied species showed high value of the variable b*, which refers to the blue-yellow axis. Handroanthus heptaphyllus wood had the highest values of basic density (0.706 g.cm-3) and Janka hardness (1142, 1027 and 1669 kgf.cm-2 for radial, tangential and transverse directions, respectively), and had the lowest volumetric shrinkage (11.38%). The lowest content of total extractives was measured in Handroanthus heptaphyllus, 6.33%, and the greatest content was found in Spathodea campanulata, 7.01%. The average value suggested for the toy prototypes varied between $ 3.70 and $ 13.58. The urban pruning wastes of the species studied have physical, chemical and mechanical attributes suitable for the manufacture of toys. This use has strong potential for environmental, economic and social sustainability and the toys are pedagogically accepted by adults and children.

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We quantify plastic litter (PL, > 2 cm) and microplastics (MP, < 5 mm) from the sediments of a beach formed at a riverine depositional area, at the upper Amazon River basin, Ecuador. In the collection area (4400 m2), the PL density was 0.045 items m-2, where low-density polyethylene bags were the prevalent PL. The beach was classified as "very clean" (Clean Coast Index (CCI) of 1.3 items m-2). Regarding MP, in 55 sampling stations, average MP concentrations ranged from 0 to 2200 items kg-1 of dry sediment (0.5-2 mm), and 0-4200 items kg-1 of dry sediment (2-5 mm). Blue fibers were the prevalent MP. Our results represent the first report to show the ubiquitous presence of PL and MP for the area. The monitoring and management of plastic disposal in freshwater beaches are necessary, as here we report a small part of an undocumented issue.

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This study presents an analysis of three models associated with artificial intelligence as tools to forecast the generation of urban solid waste in the city of Bogotá, in order to learn about this type of waste's behavior. The analysis was carried out in such a manner that different efficient alternatives are presented. In this paper, a possible decision-making strategy was explored and implemented to plan and design technologies for the stages of collection, transport and final disposal of waste in cities, while taking into account their particular characteristics. The first model used to analyze data was the decision tree which employed machine learning as a non-parametric algorithm that models data separation limitations based on the learning decision rules on the input characteristics of the model. Support vector machines were the second method implemented as a forecasting model. The primary advantage of support vector machines is their proper adjustment to data despite its variable nature or when faced with problems with a small amount of training data. Lastly, recurrent neural network models to forecast data were implemented, which yielded positive results. Their architectural design is useful in exploring temporal correlations among the same. Distribution by collection zone in the city, socio-economic stratification, population, and quantity of solid waste generated in a determined period of time were factors considered in the analysis of this forecast. The results found that support vector machines are the most appropriate model for this type of analysis.

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RESUMO A implementação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei nº 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010) foi um marco para a disposição final e o tratamento de resíduos sólidos no país. A contaminação decorrente da negligência na disposição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos atinge sistemas naturais vitais para a existência humana. Torna-se, portanto, fundamental compreender os mecanismos que estão envolvidos no transporte de contaminantes e os dispositivos geotécnicos para mitigar e/ou remediar os impactos. Neste trabalho, é apresentada a utilização de modelagens matemáticas aplicadas aos resultados dos experimentos realizado por Ritter, em 1998, para determinar o transporte dos principais íons inorgânicos, encontrados no lixiviado do aterro Jardim Gramacho (K+, Cl-, Na+ e NH4 +), por difusão química e sorção. O Aterro de Resíduos Urbanos de Jardim Gramacho está localizado em Duque de Caxias, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, e operou por mais de 30 anos, de 1978 a 2012. Para a compreensão dos mecanismos de transporte, foi utilizada uma solução semi-analítica denominada de camada contaminada equivalente (CCE), proposta por Paz, em 2015, com o objetivo de traçar, no tempo e no espaço, o comportamento desses contaminantes ao longo da amostra de solo utilizada. A vantagem da utilização dessa solução analítica é que ela atende com maior rigor as condições de contorno dos experimentos analisados, quando comparadas com as soluções disponíveis na literatura. Os resultados mostram que os coeficientes de difusão efetivo determinados pela solução CCE apresentam-se dentro dos intervalos indicados na literatura.

ABSTRACT The implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy (Law No. 12.305, of August 2, 2010) was a milestone for the final disposal and treatment of solid waste in the country. The contamination due to negligence in the disposal of urban solid waste reaches natural resources and systems vital to human existence. It is, therefore, essential to understand the mechanisms involved in the transport of contaminants and the best geotechnical devices to mitigate and/or remediate impacts. This paper presents the use of mathematical models applied to the results of the experiments carried out by Ritter, in 1998, to determine the transport of the main inorganic ions found in the leachate of Jardim Gramacho landfill (K+, Cl-, Na+, and NH4 +), by chemical diffusion and sorption mechanisms. The Jardim Gramacho Urban Waste Landfill was located in Duque de Caxias, state of Rio de Janeiro, and operated for more than 30 years, from 1978 to 2012. In order to understand these transport mechanisms, a semi-analytical solution, denominated Equivalent Contaminated Layer (ECL) proposed by Paz, in 2015, was used to trace, in time and space, the behavior of these contaminants along the soil sample used. The advantage of using this analytical solution is that it meets more accurately the boundary conditions of the analyzed experiments, when compared with the solutions available in the literature. The results show that the effective diffusion coefficients determined by the ECL solution are within the ranges indicated in the literature.

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RESUMO Uma forma de avaliar o desempenho das políticas públicas relativas à gestão de resíduos sólidos é o uso de indicadores de sustentabilidade, ferramenta que permite auxiliar os gestores no processo decisório. Este trabalho objetiva contribuir para desenvolver e validar um conjunto de indicadores modificados, com base em variáveis quantitativas que considerem as diversas dimensões da sustentabilidade. A estratégia empregada para proposição dos indicadores consistiu na revisão bibliográfica de documentos nacionais e internacionais, seguida da análise de sua aplicabilidade na gestão em municípios da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. O resultado é a proposição de um conjunto de 16 indicadores, validados em 3 municípios, cujos valores expressam tendências à sustentabilidade e mostram as deficiências da gestão.

ABSTRACT A way to assess the performance of solid waste-management public policies is by using sustainability indicators, a tool that assists managers in making decisions. This work aims to contribute to the development and validation of a set of modified indicators based on quantitative variables that consider sustainability's multiple dimensions. A strategy used for the proposal of indicators consisted in the bibliographic review of national and international documents followed by an analysis of their applicability in waste management in some municipalities of Belo Horizonte's Metropolitan Region. The result is a proposal of a 16-indicator set, validated in 3 municipalities, whose values express sustainability trends and show waste management deficiencies.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do amostrador trier (NBR 10007/2004) na representatividade das propriedades de leiras de compostagem confeccionadas com resíduos sólidos urbanos, no início da degradação dos resíduos (8 dias) e no composto orgânico pronto (120 dias), utilizando como referência um método adaptado à compostagem a partir da Teoria da Amostragem de materiais heterogêneos. A compostagem foi conduzida em sistema de leiras revolvidas, e cada unidade contou com aproximadamente 30 toneladas de resíduos. O método do trier mostrou-se adequado para a caracterização do composto (120 dias), pois não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao método de referência na estimativa dos teores de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Além disso, o revolvimento da leira antes da amostragem tem potencial para melhorar a representatividade do teor de água e do pH. Por outro lado, o amostrador trier mostrou-se limitado na amostragem de leiras em estágio inicial de compostagem, quando empregados resíduos com acentuada diferença de forma, tamanho e conteúdo de água das partículas. Embora reduza em menor magnitude os erros intrínsecos ao processo de amostragem, o método do trier é mais simples de ser conduzido e não demanda mecanização, espaço físico ou recursos humanos adicionais.

ABSTRACT This study was performed to assess the trier sampler performance (NBR 10007/2004) in representing the properties of windrows composting built with urban solid waste. It was evaluated in the beginning (8 days) and in the end of the composting process (120 days), using as a reference the Pierre Gy's Sampling Theory for heterogeneous materials. Composting windrows were built of 30 tons and carried out in turned windrow system. We found the trier method appropriate for characterizing mature compost (120 days) because it was similar to the reference method in estimating organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Besides, turning windrow before sampling might improve the representativeness of water content and pH. In contrast, more heterogeneous particles (shape, size, water content) may have influenced the trier's performance at the beginning of waste degradation and consequently the sample's accuracy. Although trier method is less efficient to reduce sampling errors than the method based on Sampling Theory, the former is simpler and does not need mechanization, extra space or additional human resources.

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RESUMO O aproveitamento do biogás gerado a partir da decomposição da matéria orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), além de ser uma fonte renovável de energia, também contribui com a redução do lançamento de metano e do dióxido de carbono (CO2) na atmosfera, que são importantes gases de efeito estufa (GEE). No entanto, o biogás é pouco explorado no país e seu potencial continua sendo controverso, principalmente devido às diferentes metodologias de avaliação adotadas. A pesquisa realizada mostra que, entre 2004 e 2015, foram implantadas nos aterros de resíduos do País somente 9 usinas termelétricas, que juntas geram 86,3 MW de energia elétrica, e duas usinas que produzem biometano. Considerando as estimativas existentes, o Brasil explora somente de 7 a 20% do biogás produzido nos aterros de resíduos para fins energéticos.

ABSTRACT The use of biogas generated by the decomposition of organic matter from urban solid waste, besides being a renewable source of energy, also contributes to the reduction of the methane and carbon dioxide's release into the atmosphere, which are significant greenhouse effect gases (GHG). However, biogas is little explored in the country and its potential remains controversial, mainly due to the different adopted methodologies of evaluation. This research shows that, between 2004 and 2015, only nine thermoelectric plants were implanted in waste landfills in the country, which together generated 86.3MW of electricity and two plants that produced biomethane. Considering the existing estimates, Brazil exploits only 7 to 20% of the biogas produced in landfills for energy purposes.

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The search for alternative energy sources and increasing concerns over the generation of municipal solid waste are two widely discussed themes in contemporary academic literature. A possible alternative for solving both of these problems is through electrical energy generation through the use of this waste material. Although this practice is encouraged by the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy, energy production through such methods still requires improvement. Given these considerations, this study aims to evaluate the generation of electric energy from solid waste in three different systems (biogas from sanitary landfills; methanization of organic fraction in anaerobic digesters; and combustion in incinerators) through economic and energy analysis. Economic analysis was performed with the parameters Net Present Value and Levelized Cost of Electricity. Economic viability was only seen in the cases which considered landfill biogas energy recovery, demonstrating a need for incentives and support policies to enable technologies that are environmentally more advantageous than landfills.

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RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos por meio da aplicação do modelo de gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos sustentável (MGRSUS) desenvolvido e aplicado em municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Campina Grande (RMCG). O referido modelo é composto de 46 indicadores, 15 categorias de análise e quatro dimensões e estruturado por dados primários e secundários. Para a obtenção dos dados, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e visitação in loco, além do levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Com base nos dados, verificou-se que os municípios de menor porte apresentam maiores problemas na gestão dos resíduos, o que pode estar relacionado ao fato de não possuírem uma equipe técnica para a execução dos serviços, o que reflete diretamente na qualidade ambiental urbana. Desse modo, o MGRSUS foi considerado satisfatório para os fins aos quais se propôs, haja vista foi possível traçar um panorama da gestão de cada município, possibilitando o direcionamento de ações específicas para cada lacuna identificada.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the management of urban solid waste through the application of the management model of sustainable urban solid waste (MGRSUS) developed and implemented in municipalities that make up the metropolitan area of Campina Grande. The model is composed of 46 indicators, 15 categories of analysis and four dimensions and structured by primary and secondary data. In order to obtain those data, semi-structured interviews and on-site visits occurred, in addition to literature and documentary search. Based on those data, it was found out that the smaller municipalities have greater problems in waste management, which can be related to the fact they do not have a technical team to deliver the services, reflecting directly over the urban environmental quality. So, the MGRSUS was considered satisfactory for the purposes for which it is proposed, taking into account it was possible to give an overview of the management of each municipality, enabling the targeting of specific actions for each identified gap.

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RESUMO Este artigo apresenta um modelo para avaliação da gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos por meio do uso de indicadores que pode tanto ser aplicado em municípios como em regiões para efeito de comparabilidade da gestão, no que tange à sustentabilidade, ao desempenho, à eficiência e à eficácia. Para a construção do modelo, levaram-se em consideração lacunas identificadas no contexto brasileiro em propostas levantadas por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, de que foram selecionados, adaptados ou elaborados indicadores passíveis de mensuração, quer por intermédio de dados primários, quer mediante dados secundários. Observou-se que o modelo em questão se mostra como uma ferramenta importante para a gestão pública municipal, uma vez que identifica os setores mais deficitários da gestão de resíduos, direcionados à tomada de decisão, assim como os recursos financeiros para investimento e melhoramento do setor.

ABSTRACT This research aims to present a model to evaluate the urban solid waste management through the use of indicators that may either be applied to municipalities or to larger regions for management comparison, when it comes to sustainability, performance, efficiency and efficacy. For the construction of the model, identified shortcomings were taken into account in the Brazilian context, in proposals raised by means of a bibliographical research in which indicators capable of being measured by means of primary and/or secondary data were selected, adapted or developed. It was noted that the model in question presents itself as an important tool for the municipal public administration, since it identifies the deficit sectors of waste management at decision making, as well as the financial resources for investment and improvement of the segment.

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Resumo A dificuldade de integração entre entes federativos na formulação e na implementação de políticas se faz presente nas diferentes esferas política e administrativa no Brasil, sobretudo no que diz respeito às relações entre instâncias de governo formuladoras de diretrizes no nível nacional e as executoras no nível local. De acordo com a legislação vigente, os municípios são os responsáveis pelas atividades de manejo de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) e limpeza urbana. A Lei Federal no 12.305/2010, que institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), estabelece princípios e objetivos, proporcionando um marco para a gestão de RSU no Brasil. Qual é a real capacidade dos municípios de atenderem as determinações da Lei Nacional? Este artigo propõe uma metodologia baseada no método da análise das lacunas e nos dados do Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Saneamento (Snis), para identificar o grau de implementação da PNRS na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostram um incremento na universalização do serviço nos municípios da RMRJ, mas a maioria dos objetivos da PNRS não só é desconsiderada, como também não possui diretrizes políticas ao nível local para serem encaminhadas e monitoradas. O grau escasso de implementação da lei nacional evidenciado pelos resultados vem sendo interpretado nas conclusões mediante o marco teórico do institucionalismo, o que permite trazer novos questionamentos e possíveis desdobramentos para pesquisas futuras.

Resumen Las políticas públicas brasileñas se caracterizan por una brecha entre las instancias que formulan las directrices nacionales y los gobiernos locales, que deberían implementarlas. Los municipios son los órganos encargados de las actividades de gestión de los residuos sólidos y los desechos urbanos (RSU). La Ley Federal no 12.305/2010, que establece la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos (PNRS), establece los objetivos de la gestión de los RSU en todo Brasil, que deben ser implementados a escala municipal. ¿Cuál es la capacidad de los municipios para alcanzar el objetivo de la ley nacional? Esta investigación, centrándose en el área metropolitana de Río de Janeiro (RMRJ), aplica una metodología basada en técnicas de análisis de las deficiencias y usa los datos del Sistema de Información Nacional de Saneamiento (Snis), para ilustrar el nivel de aplicación de las PNRS marco en RMRJ. Los resultados muestran un aumento en el servicio universal en los municipios de RMRJ pero la mayoría de los objetivos PNR no sólo se ignora, sino que también no tiene directrices de política a nivel local para ser abordadas y supervisadas. El grado escaso de implementación de la ley nacional evidenciado por los resultados viene siendo interpretado en las conclusiones mediante el marco teórico del institucionalismo, lo que permite traer nuevos cuestionamientos y posibles desdoblamientos para investigaciones futuras.

Abstract In Brazil there has been great difficulty in politically and administratively integrating the different levels of government that are formulating and implementing these policies, especially in regard to the relationships between the government bodies formulating guidelines at the national level and those at the local level. According to current legislation, the municipalities are responsible for the management of urban solid waste (USW) and urban sanitation. Federal Law 12,305/2010, establishes the Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS), and establishes principles and objectives for the country, but these activities are to be implemented at the municipal level. Are these municipalities capable of fulfilling this task? This article proposes a methodology based on gap analysis using data from the National Sanitation Information System (Snis) to identify the extent to which PNRS has been implemented in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (RJMA). The results show an increase in the universality of the service in RJMA municipalities, but most of the PNRS objectives have been ignored and there are no local policy guidelines to be put in place and monitored. In addition to this, we have found that there has been poor implementation of the federal law. By interpreting this finding through the theoretical framework of institutionalism, our conclusions raise new questions and identify possible paths for future research.

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Resumen El sector de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos tiene amplia trayectoria en la implementación de planes de prevención en riesgos laborales. Analizamos dos aspectos: cuáles son los factores de riesgos laborales a los que se encuentran expuestos los empleados y que pueden afectar fundamentalmente a su salud dentro del sector analizado; y diferencias en la prevención de riesgos laborales por las empresas del sector que presentaron enfermedades profesionales en función del género de los trabajadores. El procedimiento metodológico consistió en el análisis descriptivo transversal en ocho provincias de Andalucía (España). Como herramienta de estudio se ha utilizado el cuestionario de 75 preguntas para la elaboración del informe sobre "condiciones de trabajo y gestión preventiva en las empresas de gestión de residuos sólidos urbanos en Andalucía" realizado por el Instituto Andaluz de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales. Como técnica estadística se ha usado el análisis de correspondencias múltiple y el test Chi-Cuadrado de independencia. En los resultados se han encontrado dos percepciones bien diferenciadas sobre los riesgos laborales en las organizaciones que vienen fijadas por la jerarquía en la organización. Se puede establecer relación directa entre los puestos de mando de la empresa y la preocupación por los riesgos laborales. A mayor distancia a puestos de dirección mayor es la preocupación de los empleados respecto a los riesgos laborales a los que están expuestos. En cuanto a los riesgos psicosociales se identifica que las mujeres se ven más afectadas que los hombres.

Abstract The Urban Solid Waste sector has a great trajectory in the implementation of preventive plans in workplace risks. We analyzed two aspects: which are the factors of workplace risks to what the employees are exposed and can essentially affect their health inside of the analyzed sector; and the differences in preventive management performed in companies that had informed their workers about occupational diseases, and analyzed these differences according to workers' gender. The method used was cross-sectional analysis in eight provinces of Andalusia (Spain). As research tool, a 75-question questionnaire was used to prepare the report on "Working conditions and safety management in enterprises specialized in management of urban solid wastes in Andalusia" by the Andalusian Institute of Occupational Health and Safety. As statistical technique, it has been used multiple correspondence analysis and the Chi-Squared test of independence. In the results there are two different perceptions of workplace risks in organizations that are fixed by the hierarchy in the company. It is possible to establish a direct relationship between the Team Management of the company and the concerning about workplace risks. The greater the distance between leadership's positions, the greater concern of employees exposed to the workplace risks. Regarding psychosocial risks, we concluded that women are more affected than men.

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Increasing generation of Urban Solid Waste (USW) has become a significant issue in developing countries due to unprecedented population growth and high rates of urbanisation. This issue has exceeded current plans and programs of local governments to manage and dispose of USW. In this study, a Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP) integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to find areas with socio-economic conditions that are representative of the generation of USW constituents in such areas. Socio-economic data of selected variables categorised by Basic Geostatistical Areas (BGAs) were taken from the 2000 National Population Census (NPC). USW and additional socio-economic data were collected during two survey campaigns in 1998 and 2004. Areas for sampling of USW were stratified into lower, middle and upper economic strata according to income. Data on USW constituents were analysed using descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis. ARC View 3.2 was used to convert the USW data and socio-economic variables to spatial data. Desk-top GARP software was run to generate a spatial model to identify areas with similar socio-economic conditions to those sampled. Results showed that socio-economic variables such as monthly income and education are positively correlated with waste constituents generated. The GARP used in this study revealed BGAs with similar socio-economic conditions to those sampled, where a similar composition of waste constituents generated is expected. Our results may be useful to decrease USW management costs by improving the collection services.

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A instituição da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos a partir da Lei nº 12.305/2010 e sua regulamentação tiveram como alvo a redução da pressão sobre a utilização de recursos naturais, induzindo à menor geração de resíduos e à disposição final de forma ambientalmente adequada. O Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos indicou metas de redução, reutilização e reciclagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos - rsu’s, entre outras. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou analisar as bases de dados e informações disponíveis sobre os rsu’s no Brasil, a sua acessibilidade, seus pontos frágeis e possíveis interpretações referentes a três grupos distintos de municípios: os situados na faixa até 50 mil habitantes, entre 50 e 100 mil e acima de 100 mil habitantes, dando ênfase às variáveis que compõem os indicadores de cobertura do serviço de coleta de rsu’s; massa coletada per capita e formas de disposição final...

The institution of the National Solid Waste Policy from the Law No. 12,305/2010 and its regulations have targeted the reduction of pressure on the use of natural resources, leading to less waste generation and disposal in an environmentally appropriate way. The National Solid Waste Policy stated goals of reducing, reusing and recycling of urban solid waste - suw, among others. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the databases and available information on the solid urban waste in Brazil its accessibility and weaknesses. Besides, all the analyses and data interpretation are presented by three groups of municipalities organized by population range: until 50 thousand inhabitants, between 50 and 100 000 and above 100 000 inhabitants, emphasizing variables that are part of solid urban waste main indicators: indicators related to collection service; mass collected per capita and forms of final disposal...

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