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We describe the case of a 61-year-old male patient with a history of hemophilia A and previous hepatitis C virus infection with sustained virological response and no previous documentation of cirrhosis, who was admitted for variceal bleeding. He was taken for endoscopic evaluation with evidence of active variceal hemorrhage requiring rubber band ligation. Patients with congenital coagulation disorders, such as hemophilia A, are excluded from international guidelines for gastrointestinal bleeding, making their management and counseling challenging. In this article, we describe the specific interventions to be performed in patients with hemophilia A and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, specifically variceal bleeding, focusing on pre-endoscopic and endoscopic management.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥2, in-hospital onset, albumin <2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥2, steroid use score in predicting mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and compare it with the Glasgow-Blatchford score; the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score; the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score; and Complete Rockall score. METHODS: The data of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding who visited the emergency department during the study period were obtained from the hospital automation system by using the classification of disease codes and analyzed in this retrospective study. Adult patients with endoscopically confirmed nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the study. Patients with bleeding from the tumor, bleeding after endoscopic resection, or missing data were excluded. The prediction accuracy of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score was calculated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and compared with that of Glasgow-Blatchford score, the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score, the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score, and Complete Rockall score. RESULTS: A total of 805 patients were included in the study, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 6.6%. The performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.812, 95%CI 0.783-0.839) was better than Glasgow-Blatchford score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.683, 95%CI 0.650-0.713, p=0.008), and similar to the the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.829, 95%CI 0.801-0.854, p=0.563), the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.794, 95%CI 0.764-0.821, p=0.672), and Complete Rockall score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.761, 95%CI 0.730-0.790, p=0.106). CONCLUSION: The performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score in predicting in-hospital mortality for our study population is better than Glasgow-Blatchford score and similar to the the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score, the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score, and Complete Rockall score.

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ABSTRACT Background Rockall score is the most widely used prognostic scale for assessing risk of complications from non-varicose upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Several studies have been conducted in adult populations with non-varicose UGIB in different parts of the world, with conflicting findings regarding the extent of association between the score and some morbidity and mortality outcomes. Also, there is controversy regarding the best cut-off point for the score. Moreover, no studies validating this score in Colombia have been carried out. Objective To assess the diagnostic performance of the Rockall score in predicting rebleeding and mortality in patients with non-varicose UGIB. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in patients requiring upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) for non-varicose bleeding. The pre-and post-endoscopy Rockall scores were calculated and outcomes, including mortality, UGIB-associated mortality and in hospital rebleeding were determined at the 1 and 3-month time points. The association between the scores and these outcomes was assessed using the chi2 or the Fisher test, whereas the discrimination ability of the score was determined using the areas under the ROC curve (AUC). High discrimination ability was considered to exist in cases in which an AUC ≤0.7 with α=0.05 could be rejected. Results Overall, 177 patients were analyzed. In-hospital outcomes at 1 and 3 months were 12%, 17% and 23% for general mortality, 6%, 12% and 15% for UGIB mortality, and 19%, 30% and 37% for rebleeding. The post-endoscopy Rockall score was associated with the three outcomes at the three time points assessed, while the pre-endoscopy score was only associated with general mortality at the three time points, and rebleeding at 1 and 3 months. Regarding discrimination ability, although the AUC was greater than expected by randomness (0.5) in all cases, only one AUC ≤0.7 was rejected in the post-endoscopy score for in-hospital UGIB mortality (AUC=0.901; 95%CI: 0.845—0.958), at 1 month (AUC=0.836; 95%CI: 0.717—0.954) and at 3 months (AUC=0.869; 95%CI: 0.771—0.967), and for rebleeding at 1 month (AUC=0.793; 95%CI: 0.725—0.861) and at 3 months (AUC=0.806; 95%CI: 0.741—0.871). Conclusion An association was found between the Rockall score and rebleeding and mortality in patients with non-varicose UGIB. Only the post-endoscopy score had a high predictive ability for rebleeding and UGIB mortality.

RESUMO Contexto O escore de Rockall é a escala de prognóstico mais amplamente usada para avaliar o risco de complicações de sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso. Vários estudos foram conduzidos em populações adultas com sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso em diferentes partes do mundo, com achados conflitantes quanto à extensão da associação entre o escore e alguns desfechos de morbimortalidade. Há também controvérsias em relação ao melhor ponto de corte para a pontuação. Além disso, não foram realizados estudos que validem essa pontuação na Colômbia. Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho diagnóstico do escore de Rockall na previsão de ressangramento e mortalidade em pacientes com sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso. Métodos Um estudo de coorte prospectivo foi conduzido em pacientes que necessitaram de endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) para sangramento não varicoso. Os escores de Rockall pré e pós-endoscopia foram calculados e os resultados, incluindo mortalidade, mortalidade associada ao sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso e ressangramento intra-hospitalar foram determinados nos pontos de tempo de 1 e 3 meses. A associação entre os escores e esses desfechos foram avaliados pelo teste de chi2 ou Fisher, enquanto a habilidade de discriminação do escore foi determinada pelas áreas sob a curva ROC (AUC). Alta capacidade de discriminação foi considerada existente nos casos em que uma AUC ≤0,7 com α=0,05 poderia ser rejeitada. Resultados No geral, 177 pacientes foram analizados. Os desfechos hospitalares em 1 e 3 meses foram de 12%, 17% e 23% para mortalidade geral, 6%, 12% e 15% para mortalidade com hemorragia digestiva alta e 19%, 30% e 37% para ressangramento. O escore de Rockall pós-endoscopia foi associado aos três desfechos nos três momentos avaliados, enquanto o escore pré-endoscopia foi associado apenas à mortalidade geral nos três momentos, e ressangramento em 1 e 3 meses. Em relação à capacidade de discriminação, embora a AUC fosse maior do que o esperado pela aleatoriedade (0,5) em todos os casos, apenas uma AUC ≤0,7 foi rejeitada no escore pós-endoscopia para mortalidade com hemorragia digestiva alta intra-hospitalar (AUC =0,901; 95%IC: 0,845—0,958), em 1 mês (AUC =0,836; 95%IC 0,717—0,954) e em 3 meses (AUC =0,869; 95%IC: 0,771—0,967), e para ressangramento em 1 mês (AUC =0,793; 95%IC: 0,725—0,861) e aos 3 meses (AUC =0,806; 95%IC: 0,741—0,871). Conclusão Foi encontrada associação entre o escore de Rockall, ressangramento e mortalidade em pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta não varicosa. Apenas o escore pós-endoscopia teve alta capacidade preditiva para ressangramento e mortalidade por sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso.

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Abstract Introduction: Toothbrush swallowing, whether voluntary or accidental, is a rare event and must be handled as an emergency, because these foreign bodies, due to their length and hardness, are not expected to pass completely through the digestive tract and may cause serious complications. Case presentation: A 22-year-old woman with an eating disorder (bulimia nervosa) involuntarily swallowed a toothbrush while inducing vomiting. Unfortunately, after the initial assessment in the emergency department, and due to the lack of symptoms, her psychiatric history, and the fact the toothbrush was not observed in imaging studies, she was discharged. Due to the patient's insistence that she was telling the truth, she was referred to a secondary healthcare institution by her treating physician, where the successful endoscopic extraction of the toothbrush was performed 36 hours after it was swallowed. The procedure was carried out with the patient under sedation and by experts in digestive extraction who used an overtube, foreign body forceps, and polypectomy loops. Conclusion: Cases of toothbrush swallowing are rarely reported and occur mainly in people with mental illnesses, such as eating disorders involving self-induced vomiting. Therefore, in these cases, physicians should always believe what these patients say, even in the absence of symptoms and imaging findings, as this enables their timely referral to a digestive service to confirm whether the toothbrush was swallowed or not and to perform the endoscopic extraction as soon as possible, since it can cause serious complications due to its characteristics.

Resumen Introducción. La ingesta de cepillos de dientes, voluntaria o accidental, es una situación poco frecuente que requiere ser tratada como una emergencia, pues por su longitud y dureza, no se espera que estos cuerpos extraños tengan un tránsito completo por el tracto digestivo, lo que puede causar graves complicaciones. Presentación del caso. Mujer de 22 años con trastorno alimentario (bulimia nerviosa) quien al inducirse vomito ingirió involuntariamente un cepillo de dientes. Lamentablemente, después de la valoración inicial en el servicio de urgencias, debido a que no presentaba síntomas, a su antecedente psiquiátrico y a la no identificación del cepillo en estudios de imagen, fue dada de alta. Ante la insistencia de la paciente de decir la verdad, fue remitida por su médico tratante a una institución de salud de segundo nivel, donde, a las 36 horas de la ingesta, se realizó la extracción endoscópica exitosa del cepillo. El procedimiento fue realizado bajo sedación por expertos en extracción digestiva usando un sobretubo, pinzas para cuerpos extraños y asas de polipectomía. Conclusión. Los casos de ingesta de cepillos de dientes son raramente reportados y ocurren principalmente en personas con trastornos psiquiátricos como desórdenes alimentarios que involucran la inducción de vómito. Por tanto, en estos casos siempre se debe creer la versión del paciente, incluso en ausencia de síntomas y hallazgos imagenológicos, pues esto posibilita una remisión oportuna al servicio digestivo para confirmar la ingesta y realizar la extracción endoscópica lo más pronto posible, ya que, por sus características, pueden causar graves complicaciones.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Many scoring systems for predicting mortality, rebleeding and transfusion needs among patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) have been developed. However, no scoring system can predict all these outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To show whether the perfusion index (PI), compared with the Rockall score (RS), helps predict transfusion needs and prognoses among patients presenting with UGIB in emergency departments. In this way, critical patients with transfusion needs can be identified at an early stage. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study in an emergency department in Turkey, conducted between June 2018 and June 2019. METHODS: Patients' demographic parameters, PI, RS, transfusion needs and prognosis were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients were included. Blood transfusion was performed in 174 patients (79.4%). The PI cutoff value for prediction of the need for blood transfusion was 1.17, and the RS cutoff value was 5. The area under the curve (AUC) value for PI (AUC: 0.772; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.705-0.838; P < 0.001) was higher than for RS (AUC: 0.648; 95% CI: 0.554-0.741; P = 0.002). 185 patients (84.5%) were discharged, and 34 patients (15.5%) died. The PI cutoff value for predicting mortality was 1.1, and the RS cutoff value was 7. The AUC value for PI (AUC: 0.743; 95% CI: 0.649-0.837; P < 0.001) was higher than for RS (AUC: 0.725; 95% CI: 0.639-0.811; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PI values for patients admitted to emergency departments with UGIB on admission can help predict their need for transfusion and mortality risk.

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Resumen Introducción: La hemorragia digestiva alta es frecuente, con diversas etiologías, métodos de diagnóstico y tratamiento para el manejo de estos pacientes, además, cuenta con escalas de predicción clínica. Objetivo: Describir aspectos clave relacionados con la etiología, diagnóstico, factores de riesgo y escalas de evaluación que se han usado en pacientes con esta entidad. Metodología de búsqueda: Fueron incluídos artículos publicados en idiomas español e inglés, la mayoría entre 2013 y 2019 que tengan contenido relacionado con el objetivo del presente manuscrito. Conclusiones: La hemorragia digestiva alta es la principal emergencia gastroenterológica, con diferentes etiologías y métodos de diagnóstico y tratamiento orientados a mejorar la supervivencia de estos pacientes, actualmente se recomiendan diferentes escalas de evaluación para predecir desenlaces de estos pacientes, pero los estudios han tenido diferencias en los resultados encontrados, lo que sucita una oportunidad de investigación para beneficio de los pacientes y la práctica clínica. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(3):9-20

Abstract Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding it's a frequent clinical situation, has different etiologies, diagnostic methods and treatments for the management of these patients, in addition, has clinical scales to predict outcomes in those patients. Objective: To describe key points related to the etiology, diagnosis, risk factors, and evaluation scales that have been used in patients with this entity. Methodology: Articles published in spanish and english were included, the majority between 2013 and 2019 that have content related to the objective of this manuscript. Conclusions: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is the main gastroenterological emergency, with different etiologies and methods of diagnosis and treatment aimed at improving the survival of these patients; currently, different evaluation scales are recommended to predict outcomes in these patients, but studies have differences in the results between them, which creates an opportunity of clinical research for patients and clinical practice benefit. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(3):9-20.

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La enfermedad de Dieulafoy constituye menos del 2 % de las causas de hemorragia digestiva alta. Corresponde a la presencia de un vaso sanguíneo arterial de trayecto tortuoso, que protruye a través de un defecto mucoso localizado, generalmente, proximal en el estómago. Se presenta como una hematemesis masiva, a veces recu-rrente, con inestabilidad hemodinámica. La endoscopia es el método diagnóstico y terapéutico de elección. Si esta fracasa, está indicado practicar una angiografía selectiva que permita identificar el punto sangrante y producir un embolismo. En algunas ocasiones, ninguna de estas dos técnicas consigue detener la hemorragia, en cuyo caso está indicada una cirugía urgente. Se deben practicar resecciones gástricas limitadas (gastrectomías en cuña o tubulares) a la zona sangrante localizada mediante las pruebas anteriores; así, se evitan grandes gastrectomías que implican la práctica de anastomosis por el gran riesgo de dehiscencia que estas últimas cuando hay inestabilidad hemodinámica.Se presenta el caso de un paciente con hemorragia digestiva alta secundaria a enfermedad de Dieulafoy, que precisó intervención quirúrgica urgente por la imposibilidad de resolver el sangrado mediante endoscopia. Se describen el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Dieulafoy como causa de hemorragia digestiva alta en el adulto, y se presenta una revisión de la literatura científica

Dieulafoy's disease constitutes less than 2% of the causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It corresponds to the presence of a tortuous arterial blood vessel which protrudes through a localized mucosal defect, usually proximal in the stomach. It presents as a massive hematemesis, sometimes recurrent, with hemodynamic instability.Endoscopy is the diagnostic and therapeutic method of choice. If this fails, it is indicated to perform a selective angiography to identify the bleeding point and embolize it. In some cases, none of these two techniques manages to stop the bleeding, in which case urgent surgery is indicated. Limited gastric resections (wedge or tubular gastrectomies) should be performed to the bleeding area, thus avoiding large gastrectomies that involve anastomosis due to the high leak risk they have in hemodynamically unstable patients.We present the case of a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to Dieulafoy's disease, who required urgent surgical intervention due to the impossibility of resolving the bleeding endoscopically. The diagnosis and treatment of Dieulafoy's disease as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults are described and a review of the scientific literature is presented

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Introducción: Las lesiones subepiteliales (LSE) son hallazgos incidentales en las endoscopias. Algunas tienen potencial maligno. Objetivos: Valorar la prevalencia, características endoscópicas y manejo diagnóstico/terapéutico de LSE en video-gastroscopias (VGC). Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron todas las VGC del periodo enero 2011-junio 2018. Los casos con datos faltantes fueron excluidos. Donde se identificó una LSE se consignó: indicación, edad, sexo, tamaño, ubicación e histología, hallazgos de la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE), punción-aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) y resección quirúrgica. Resultados: Se evidenciaron 54 LSE en 7.983 pacientes (0,7 %). 72 % eran mujeres y la indicación más común fue dispepsia (26 %). La localización más frecuente fue en el estómago (74 %). El tamaño medio fue de 16 mm (5-50 mm) y la mitad fueron menores a 10 mm. Siete presentaban mucosa ulcerada, 4 se ubicaban en el cuerpo gástrico y 86 % eran referidos por hemorragia digestiva/anemia. En 26 casos de 54 (48 %) se realizaron biopsias estándar y en 6 de los 54 (11 %) biopsias sobre biopsias, con rendimiento diagnóstico nulo. En un 11 % de ellos se realizó USE, todas mayores de 10 mm: 2 páncreas ectópicos, una lesión compatible con leiomioma, 2 lesiones de la muscular propia (leiomioma/GIST) y 1 compresión extrínseca. No se realizó ninguna PAAF. Todas las LSE fueron manejadas de forma conservadora. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio nacional sobre prevalencia de LSE del tracto gastrointestinal superior y resultó comparable al de otras series. El rendimiento diagnóstico de la biopsia fue nulo. En la mayoría de los casos las lesiones se manejaron según las recomendaciones de las guías internacionales.

Introduction: Subepithelial lesions (SELs) are incidental findings in endoscopy procedures. Most are benign, but some have malignant potential. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence, endoscopic characteristics and diagnostic / therapeutic management of SELs in upper GI endoscopy. Materials and methods: All upper GI endoscopy from January 2011 to June 2018 were included. Cases with missing data were excluded. Indication, age, sex, size, location and histology, findings of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), fine needle aspiration (FNA) and surgical resection were recorded in patients with SELs. Results: There were 54 SELs in 7983 patients (0.7 %). 72 % were women, and the most frequent indication was dyspepsia (26 %). The most frequent location was stomach (74 %). The average size was 16 mm (5-50 mm), half were less than 10 mm. Seven had ulcerated mucosa, 4 were located in the gastric body and 86 % were referred for digestive hemorrhage/anemia. In 26 of 54 (48 %) standard biopsies and in 6 of 54 (11 %) bite-on-bite biopsy were performed, with no diagnostic yield. In 11 % of the cases EUS was performed, all of them larger than 10 mm: 2 ectopic pancreas, one lesion compatible with leiomyoma, 2 lesions of the muscularis propria (leiomyoma/GIST) and 1 extrinsic compression. No FNA was performed. All SELs were managed conservatively. Conclusions: This is the first national study of the prevalence of SELs in the upper gastrointestinal tract and was comparable to that of other series. Biopsy diagnostic yield was zero. In most cases, lesions were managed according to international guidelines.

Introdução: lesões subepiteliais (LSE) são achadas incidentais em endoscopias. A maioria são benignas, mas algumas têm potencial maligno. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência, características endoscópicas e manejo diagnóstico/terapêutico das LSE em vídeo-gastroscopias (VGC). Materiais e métodos: Foram incluídos todas VGC do período de janeiro de 2011 a junho de 2018. Foram excluídos os casos com dados ausentes. Quando uma LSE foi identificada, foram indagados: indicação, idade, sexo, tamanho, localização e histologia, achados da ultrassonografia endoscópica (USE), aspiração por agulha fina (PAAF) e ressecção cirúrgica. Resultados: 54 LSE foram evidenciadas em 7.983 pacientes (0,7 %). 72 % eram mulheres e a indicação mais freqüente foi dispepsia (26 %). A localização mais freqüente foi estômago (74 %). O tamanho médio era de 16 mm (5-50 mm), a metade era menor que 10 mm. Sete tinham mucosa ulcerada, quatro estavam localizadas no corpo gástrico e 86% foram referidos por sangramento/anemia gastrointestinal. Em 26 de 54 (48 %) foram realizadas biópsias padrão e em 6 de 54 (11 %) biópsias sobre biópsias, com um desempenho diagnóstico nulo. Em 11 %, foi realizado uma USE, todas maiores que 10 mm: 2 pâncreas ectópico , uma lesão compatível com leiomioma, 2 lesões musculares (leiomioma/GIST) e 1 compressão extrínseca. Não foi realizada nenhuma PAAF. Todas as LSE foram manejadas de forma conservadora. Conclusões: Este é o primeiro estudo nacional de prevalência de LSE no trato gastrointestinal superior e foi comparável ao de outras séries. O rendimento diagnóstico da biópsia foi nulo. Na maioria dos casos, as lesões foram tratadas de acordo com as recomendações das diretrizes internacionais.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Variceal bleeding remains important cause of upper gastrointestinal bleed. Various risk scores are used in risk stratification for non-variceal bleed. Their utility in variceal bleeding patients is not clear. This study aims to compare probability of these scores in predicting various outcomes in same population. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare probability of these scores in predicting various outcomes in same population. To study characteristics and validate AIMS65, Rockall, Glasgow Blatchford score(GBS), Progetto Nazionale Emorragia Digestiva (PNED) score in variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed (UGIB) patients for predicting various outcomes in our population. METHODS: Three hundred subjects with UGIB were screened prospectively. Of these 141 patients with variceal bleeding were assessed with clinical, blood investigations and endoscopy and risk scores were calculated and compared to non-variceal cases. All cases were followed up for 30 days for mortality, rebleeding, requirement of blood transfusion and need of radiological or surgical intervention. RESULTS: Variceal bleeding (141) was more common than non variceal (134) and 25 had negative endoscopy. In variceal group, cirrhosis (85%) was most common etiology. Distribution of age and sex were similar in both groups. Presence of coffee coloured vomitus (P=0.002), painless bleed (P=0.001), edema (P=0.001), ascites (P=0.001), hemoglobin <7.5 gms (P<0.001), pH<7.35 (P<0.001), serum bicarbonate level <17.6 mmol/L (P<0.001), serum albumin<2.75 gms% (P<0.001), platelet count <1.2 lacs/µL (P<0.001), high INR 1.35 (P<0.001), BUN >25mmol/L (P<0.001), and ASA status (P<0.001), high lactate >2.85 mmol/L (P=0.001) were significant. However, no factor was found significant on multivariate analysis. Rockall was found to be significant in predicting mortality and rebleed. AIMS65 was also significant in predicting mortality. GBS was significant in predicting blood transfusion and need of intervention. PNED score was significant in all events except mortality. CONCLUSION: All four scores had lower predictive potential in predicting events in variceal bleed. However, AIMS65 & Rockall score were significant in predicting mortality, while GBS in predicting need of transfusion and intervention. PNED score was significant in all events except mortality.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O sangramento varicoso permanece como importante causa de sangramento gastrointestinal superior. Vários escores são utilizados na estratificação do risco para sangramento não varicoso. Sua utilidade em pacientes de sangramento varicoso não é clara. OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar a probabilidade desses escores em prever vários desfechos na mesma população. Estudar característica e validar o AIMS65, o Rockall, a Pontuação de Glasgow Blatchford (GBS), o escore Progetto Nazionale Emorragia Digestiva (PNED), na pontuação em hemorragia gastrointestinal varicosa superior (UGIB) em pacientes para prever vários resultados em nossa população. MÉTODOS: Um total de 300 indivíduos com UGIB foram rastreados prospectivamente. Destes, 141 pacientes com sangramento varicoso foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, hematológica e endoscopia tendo seus escores de risco calculados e comparados aos casos não-varicosos. Todos os casos foram acompanhados por 30 dias para mortalidade, necessidade de transfusão sanguínea por ressangramento ou de necessidade de intervenção radiológica ou cirúrgica. RESULTADOS: O sangramento varicoso (141) foi mais comum do que não varicoso (134) e em 25 teve endoscopia negativa. No grupo varicoso, a cirrose foi a etiologia mais comum (85%). A distribuição da idade e do sexo foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Presença de vômito colorido em borra de café (P=0,002), sangramento indolor (P=0,001), edema (P=0,001), ascite (P=0,001), hemoglobina <7,5 GMS (P<0,001), pH <7,35 (P<0,001), nível de bicarbonato sérico <17,6 mmol/L (P<0,001), albumina sérica <2,75 GMS% (P<0,001), contagem plaquetária <1,2 Lacs/μL (P<0,001), INR elevada 1,35 (P<0,001), Bun >25 mmol/L (P<0,001) e estado ASA (P<0,001), lactato elevado >2,85 mmol/L (P=0,001) foram significativos. Entretanto, nenhum fator foi encontrado como significativo na análise multivariada. Rockall foi significativo em prever a mortalidade e ressangrar. O AIMS65 também foi significante na predição da mortalidade. O GBS foi significativo na predição de transfusão sanguínea e necessidade de intervenção. O escore de PNED foi significante em todos os eventos, exceto mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: Todos os quatro escores apresentaram menor potencial preditivo na predição de eventos em sangramento varicoso. Entretanto, o AIMS65 e o escore de Rockall foram significantes na predição da mortalidade, enquanto o GBS na predição da necessidade de transfusão e intervenção. O escore de PNED foi significante em todos os eventos, exceto mortalidade.

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Crohn's disease with involvement of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum has a prevalence of 0.5% to 4% in symptomatic adult patients, but some studies have shown that these results may be underestimated, since upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is not performed routinely in the initial evaluation of the disease in adult patients, as it is in the pediatric population. In general, involvement of the upper gastrointestinal tract in Crohn's disease occurs concomitantly with involvement of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The diagnosis depends on clinical, endoscopic, histological and radiological evaluation. The presence of aphthoid ulcers, longitudinal ulcers, bamboo-joint-like appearance, stenoses and fistulas are endoscopic findings suggestive of the disease, and it is important to exclude the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. The primary histological findings, which facilitate the diagnosis, are the presence of a chronic inflammatory process with a predominance of lymphoplasmacytic cells and active focal gastritis. The presence of epithelioid granuloma, although less frequent, is highly suggestive of the disease in the absence of chronic granulomatous disease. Treatment should include the use of proton pump inhibitors associated with corticosteroids, immunomodulators and biological therapy according to the severity of the disease.

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Background: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the most widespread chronic human infection worldwide and the most important pathogenic factor of gastric cancer. The calculated prevalence at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile from 2002 to 2005 was 44.9%. Aim: To determine the current prevalence of HP in patients undergoing an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI) and analyze its distribution according to age and endoscopic findings. Material and Methods: We reviewed 3.433 UGI performed during the year 2015, selecting those in which rapid urease test (RUT) was done. A positive RUT or a positive gastric biopsy (GB) were considered as HP infection. Results: RUT was done in 1862 UGI (55%) performed in patients aged 51 ± 17 years, (66% women). In 23% of these endoscopies, the RUT was positive. A GB was obtained 43% of endoscopies and 30% were positive for HP. In 105 patients the RUT was negative and the GB positive (rendering a 19.5% false negative rate). HP was detected by RUT and GB in 29% of endoscopies. The highest prevalence of infection (38.1%) was found between 40 and 49 years. HP infection had odds ratio of 4.24 for nodular gastropathy, 2.63 for gastric ulcer and 2.14 for duodenal ulcer (p < 0.05). Conclusions: HP prevalence in our center decreased significantly from 44.9% to 28.9% in 11 years. False negative RUT results may bias this finding. The use of proton pump inhibitors and antimicrobials that can interfere with the detection of HP should be registered to properly analyze the results of the RUT.

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Corkscrew esophagus (also referred as rosary bead esophagus) is a classic finding of diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) in barium studies reflecting abnormal contractions, leading to compartmentalization and curling of the esophagus, ultimately giving an appearance similar to a corkscrew or rosary beads. We review the pathophysiology of this finding, correlating it to corkscrew and rosary images that originated this classic description.

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Background: Postoperative leaks are the most undesirable complication of bariatric surgery and upper gastrointestinal (GI) series are routinely ordered to rule them out. Despite the published literature recommending against its routine use, it is still being customarily used in Chile. Aim: To examine the usefulness of routine upper GI series using water-soluble iodinated contrast media for the detection of early postoperative leaks in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Material and Methods: A cohort of 328 patients subjected to bariatric surgery was followed from October 2012 to October 2013. Most of them underwent sleeve gastrectomy. Results: Upper GI series on the first postoperative day were ordered to 308 (94%) patients. Postoperative leaks were observed in two patients, with an incidence of 0.6%. The sensitivity for upper GI series detection of leak was 0% and the negative predictive value was 99%. Conclusions: Routine upper GI series after bariatric surgery is not useful for the diagnosis of postoperative leak, given the low incidence of this complication and the low sensitivity of the technique.

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La estenosis pilórica hipertrófica primaria en adultos es una enfermedad poco frecuente, de etiología desconocida, en la cual el diagnóstico solo puede establecerse después de la exclusión de las causas más comunes de obstrucción de la salida gástrica. El abordaje terapéutico, aunque muy diverso, puede estar encaminado a la dilatación o apertura pilórica. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 62 años de edad que ingresó al Hospital San Rafael de Tunja con síntomas de obstrucción gástrica. En esta paciente solo fue posible dar un diagnóstico correcto de estenosis pilórica hipertrófica primaria por medio de estudios imaginológicos, para ofrecer finalmente un tratamiento adecuado.

Primary pyloric stenosis in adults is a rare disease, with an unknown etiology in which the diagnosis can only be established after excluding the most common obstruction causes of gastric transit. The treatment, although very diverse, can be geared towards dilatation or pyloric opening. In this article, we present the case of a 62-year old patient who entered the Hospital San Rafael in Tunja with symptoms of gastric obstruction. In this patient, it was only possible to give a correct diagnosis of primary hypertrophic pyloric stenosis through imaging studies, in order to finally provide adequate treatment.

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Introducción. Los protocolos de la cirugía con recuperación acelerada (fast-track surgery) han demostrado disminución de la estancia hospitalaria y los costos médicos en cirugía colorrectal. La evidencia sobre su aplicación en cirugía general es escasa si se compara con otras especialidades quirúrgicas. En este estudio se revisa la evidencia científica sobre la estrategia fast-track en cirugía gastrointestinal alta. Métodos. Se revisaron PubMed y Medline con el término "fast track surgery" y "ERAS surgery". Se incluyeron estudios clínicos controlados de asignación aleatoria que contaran con un grupo de control de pacientes con cuidado convencional. Se excluyeron trabajos no relacionados con cirugía gastrointestinal alta. Se analizaron las diferencias de medias sopesadas, tomando como puntos finales la estancia hospitalaria, la morbilidad, la mortalidad y la rehospitalización. Resultados. Cinco estudios clínicos de asignación aleatoria cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Cuatro estudios de gastrectomías y uno de perforación de úlcera duodenal. De un total de 385 pacientes, se compararon 197 (51 %) en el grupo con cuidado convencional y 188 (49 %) en grupo con fast-track. Al comparar el cuidado convencional con el fast-track, la estancia hospitalaria fue de 7,5 Vs. 5,7 días, (p=0,019), y la morbilidad, de 22 % Vs. 14 % (p=0,017), respectivamente. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad (p=0.347) ni en las rehospitalizaciones (p=0.954) entre los dos grupos. Conclusión. La estrategia fast-track disminuye la estancia hospitalaria, y puede implementarse en forma segura en pacientes que requieren cirugía gastrointestinal alta, sin incrementar la morbilidad, la mortalidad ni las rehospitalizaciones.

Introduction: Fast-track surgery protocols (FT) have demonstrated reduction in hospital length of stay (LOS) and medical costs in colorectal surgery. The evidence on FT applied to general surgery is sparse. This study reviews the scientific evidence of FT strategy in upper gastrointestinal surgery (UGIS). Methods: PubMed and Medline databases were reviewed with the term "Fast Track surgery" and "ERAS surgery". Randomized clinical trials (RCT) regarding FT strategies in UGIS were included only if a control group with conventional care (CC) was compared. Studies not related to UGIS were excluded. The differences in weighted means were analyzed using as end points the LOS, morbility, mortality, and hospital readmission. Results: Five RCT met the inclusion criteria: four randomized clinical studies on gastrectomies, and one on perforated duodenal ulcer From a total of 385 patients, 197 (51%) included the CC group and 188 (49%) in FT group were compared. The LOS of CC vs. FT groups was 7.5 and 5.7 days, respectively (p=0.019), and morbidity of 22% vs. 14%. Respectively (p=0.019). No significance differences were obtained on mortality (p=0.347) or hospital readmission (p=0.954) between the two groups. Conclusion: Fast-Track strategy decreases length of hospital stay, and could be safely implemented in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal surgery, without increasing morbidity, mortality or readmission rates.

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En diferentes estudios diagnósticos realizados en la práctica clínica encontramos de manera incidental divertículos o pseudodivertículos del tracto gastrointestinal. Este artículo presenta una revisión detallada de la patología diverticular del tracto digestivo superior y se analizan sus aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos y los diferentes hallazgos por imagen, haciendo hincapié en su apariencia por tomografía computarizada multidetector (TCMD).

Diverticulum and pseudodiverticula of the gastrointestinal tract are incidentally found in different diagnostic studies performed in clinical practice. This article presents a detailed review of the diverticular disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract and its clinical, epidemiological aspects are discussed, as well as different imaging findings are discussed. A special emphasis is made on its appearance through Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT).

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Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva de los pacientes mayores de 18 años a los que se les practicó endoscopia del tracto digestivo superior en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Clínica Popular "Simón Bolívar" del Estado Carabobo, en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el periodo de enero del 2010 a diciembre del 2012, con vistas a comprobar si existía infección por Helicobacter pylori en esta porción del sistema digestivo, según algunas variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y endoscópicas de interés. Entre los resultados sobresalientes de la casuística figuró la infección por dicha bacteria, que fue más frecuente en las edades de 31-60 años y en el sexo femenino; de igual modo, la epigastralgia y la pangastritis eritematosa erosiva estuvieron mayormente asociadas al microorganismo. Pudo concluirse que la endoscopia es el pilar para el diagnóstico del Helicobacter pylori.

A descriptive and retrospective investigation of the patients older than 18 years to whom an endoscopy of the higher digestive duct was practiced in the Gastroenterology Service from "Simón Bolívar" People's Clinic Hospital, in Carabobo State, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was carried out in the period of January, 2010 to December, 2012, aimed at checking if there was infection due to Helicobacter pylori in this zone of the digestive system, according to some clinical, epidemiological and endoscopic variables of interest. Among the excellent results of the case material there was the infection caused by this bacteria which was more frequent in the 31-60 years age group and in the female sex; also, the epigastralgia and the erosive erythematous pangastritis were mostly associated with the microorganism. It could be concluded that the endoscopy is the key stone for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori.

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Objetivo: avaliar as características clínicas, epidemiológicas e endoscópicas dos pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão, SC, e assim determinar as principais etiologias, mortalidade intra-hospitalar e possíveis fatores que possam contribuir para a mortalidade. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado por meio de formulário construído para esta pesquisa, contendo as variáveis clínicas, epidemiológicas e endoscópicas dos pacientes que foram submetidos à EDA devido ao episódio de HDA, no período de janeiro a agosto de 2012. Resultados: foram registrados 60 casos, a idade média foi de 63,80 anos, 74,5% eram do sexo masculino. A principal causa de HDA foi úlcera péptica (56,4%), seguida por varizes esofágicas (20%). A média do tempo de internação de todos os pacientes foi de 12,2 dias. Dos 43 pacientes com HDA não varicosa, 37,1% foram submetidos à terapêutica endoscópica, a maioria escleroterapia, enquanto que naqueles com HDA varicosa, 83,3% foram tratados endoscopicamente (todos com ligadura elástica). Ressangramento relatado em 18,2%. A mortalidade global foi de 10,9%. Os pacientes que apresentaram ressangramento intra-hospitalar tiveram maiores tempo de internação e mortalidade. Conclusão: a HDA pode trazer um risco à vida e a terapêutica endoscópica é um recurso importante para redução de mortalidade, de ressangramento e a de necessidade de cirurgia. Com a assistência adequada, os desfechos desfavoráveis ficam em torno de pacientes mais idosos e com múltiplas doenças.

Objective: evaluate the clinical, epidemiological and endoscopic features of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão-SC, and thus determine the main causes, and possible hospital mortality factors that may contribute to mortality. Methods: cross-sectional study using a questionnaire constructed for this research, containing the clinical, epidemiological and endoscopic characters of patients who underwent EGD due to UGB episode, from January 2012 to August 2012. Results: 60 cases were reported, the mean age was 63.80 years, 74.5% were male. The main cause of UGB was peptic ulcer (56.4%), followed by esophageal varices (20%). The average length of stay for all patients was 12.2 days. Of the 43 patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 37.1% underwent therapeutic endoscopic, most sclerotherapy. While those with varicose UGB, 83.3% were treated treated endoscopically (all with ligation). New bleeding was reported in 18.2%. The overall mortality was 10.9%. Patients who had rebleeding had higher length of stay and mortality. Conclusion: UGB has a life-threatening, endoscopic therapy is an important feature in reducing mortality, rebleeding and the surgery. With appropriate assistance, the unfavorable outcomes, are around older patients with multiple diseases.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the usefulness of the Forrest classification and the complete Rockall score with customary cut-off values for assessing the risk of adverse events in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGI-B) subject to after-hours emergency oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (E-EGD) within six hours after admission. METHODS: The medical records of patients with non-variceal UGI-B proven by after-hours endoscopy were analysed. For 'high risk' situations (Forrest stage Ia-IIb/complete Rockall score > 2), univariate analysis was conducted to evaluate odds ratio for reaching the study endpoints (30-day and one-year mortality, re-bleeding, hospital stay > 3 days). RESULTS: During the study period (75 months), 86 cases (85 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Patients' age was 66.36 ± 14.38 years; 60.5% were male. Mean duration of hospital stay was 15.21 ± 19.24 days. Mortality rate was 16.7% (30 days) and 32.9% (one year); 14% of patients re-bled. Univariate analysis of post-endoscopic Rockall score > 2 showed an odds ratio of 6.09 for death within 30 days (p = 0.04). No other significant correlations were found. CONCLUSION: In patients with UGI-B subject to after-hours endoscopy, a 'high-risk'Rockall score permits an estimation of the risk of death within 30 days but not of re-bleeding. A 'high-risk'Forrest score is not significantly associated with the study endpoints.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la utilidad de la clasificación de Forrest y la puntuación de Rockall completa con los valores límites habituales a fin de evaluar el riesgo de eventos adversos en los pacientes con hemorragia gastrointestinal alta (HGIA) sometidos a una esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) de urgencia dentro de seis horas después del ingreso. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con HGIA de origen no varicoso comprobada por endoscopia de urgencia. Para las situaciones de 'alto riesgo' (etapa Forrest Ia- IIb/puntuación de Rockall completa >2), se realizó un análisis univariado para evaluar las probabilidades de riesgo (oddsratio) y llegar a los criterios de valoración del estudio (mortalidad de 30 días y un año, resangrado, estancia hospitalaria > 3 días). RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio (75 meses), 86 casos (85 pacientes) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La edad de los pacientes fue de 66.36 ± 14.38 años; 60.5% eran varones. La duración promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue de 15.21 ± 19.24 días. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 16.7% (30 días) y 32.9% (1 año); el 14% de los pacientes volvió a tener sangramiento. El análisis univariado de la puntuación Rockall postendoscópica > 2 mostró un odds-ratio de 6.09 por muerte en 30 días (p = 0.04). No se encontraron otras correlaciones significativas. CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes con HGIA sometidos a endoscopía de urgencia, una puntuación Rockall de 'alto riesgo'permite una estimación del riesgo de muerte dentro de 30 días, pero no de resangrado. Una puntuación Forrest de 'alto riesgo' no es significativa con respecto a los criterios de valoración del estudio.

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Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de los 1 742 pacientes mayores de 18 años en los que se realizó de forma satisfactoria la videoendoscopia del tracto digestivo superior en el Centro Médico de Diagnóstico de Alta Tecnología "Las Heroínas de Mérida" del Estado Mérida (Venezuela), desde el 2008 hasta el 2011, con vistas a describir los hallazgos a través de dicho procedimiento. En la casuística predominaron el sexo femenino (63,3 %) y el grupo etario de 46-61 años, con una edad promedio de 55,8 años; además, 30,6 % de las pruebas resultaron normales. El dolor epigástrico (48,6 %), la dispepsia (43,5 %) y el reflujo gastroesofágico (8,6 %) fueron las principales causas de remisión, en tanto la gastritis (32,4 %) constituyó el diagnóstico endoscópico más frecuente, específicamente sus variedades eritematosa y eritemato-erosiva, con 66,0 y 13,0 %, respectivamente. Del total, 10 pacientes presentaron cáncer gástrico y 9, cáncer esofágico. Se pudo concluir que el procedimiento permitió el diagnóstico preciso de las enfermedades del tracto digestivo superior, así como una atención terapéutica adecuada.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 1 742 patients over 15 years, in whom the video endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract was successfully performed at the Diagnostic Medical Center of High Technology "Las Heroínas de Mérida" of Mérida state (Venezuela), from 2008 to 2011, with the purpose of describing the findings through this procedure. Female sex (63.3%) and age group of 46-61 years with a mean age of 55.8 years predominated in the case material, and 30.6% of the tests were normal. Epigastric pain (48.6%), dyspepsia (43.5%) and gastroesophageal reflux (8.6%) were the main reasons for referrals, while gastritis (32.4%) constituted the most frequent endoscopic diagnosis, specifically its erythematous and erythematous-erosive varieties, with 66.0 and 13.0%, respectively. Of the total, 10 patients had gastric cancer and 9, esophageal cancer. It was concluded that the procedure allowed accurate diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases as well as an appropriate therapeutic care.