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BACKGROUND: Gastroduodenal endoscopy and biopsy following positive specific serology is considered the gold standard to diagnose celiac disease (CeD) in adults. Whether upper endoscopy helps detect comorbid conditions is unknown. AIM: To investigate the prevalence of non-celiac endoscopic findings in patients in whom endoscopy was performed to confirm CeD diagnosis. METHODS: This is an observational, descriptive, multicenter, retrospective study that reports endoscopic findings obtained in adult patients enrolled in local registries from four tertiary centers. We collected data reported on first endoscopy, indicated for investigation of CeD. Diagnosis of CeD was performed by histology (≥ Marsh 2 type mucosal damage) and specific serology. Two European and one North American center included biopsy-confirmed CeD following positive serology. A fourth center (South America) included symptomatic patients undergoing endoscopy, irrespective of CeD serology. The latter cohort included a non-CeD control group. RESULTS: A total of 1328 patients (80% female; 35 years median age) were enrolled, of whom 95.6% had positive specific serology. In 135 patients, endoscopy revealed 163 abnormalities unrelated to CeD (prevalence: 10.1%). Erosive reflux esophagitis (6.4%), gastric erosions (2.0%), and suspicion of esophageal metaplasia (1.2%) were the most common findings. Biopsy-confirmed Barrett's esophagus was infrequent (0.2%). No endoscopic cancer was detected. Older patients (≥ 51 years of age) had a higher prevalence of endoscopic findings than those ≤ 50 (P < 0.01). Within the South American cohort, CeD was associated with a lower rate (8.2%) of comorbid endoscopic findings compared with controls (29.1%; P < 0.001). In the adjusted multivariate analysis of this cohort, having CeD was associated with a 72% reduction in the risk of any endoscopic abnormality (P < 0.0001), and having alarm symptoms was associated with a 37% reduction in the risk of finding at least one endoscopic lesion (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION: In this large multicenter study, young adults with positive CeD serology had few comorbid endoscopic findings. Although patients over 51 years had a high prevalence of non-CeD gastroduodenal mucosal damage, no malignancy or premalignant lesions were found.

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Resumen El dolor torácico es un motivo de consulta muy frecuente en el servicio de urgencias. El abordaje adecuado del paciente en el que se incluye el diligenciamiento de la historia clínica, el examen físico y la toma de paraclínicos iniciales son cruciales para determinar cuáles son los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales. A continuación, presentamos el caso de un paciente de 71 años que ingresa al servicio de urgencias por un dolor retroesternal intenso posterior al consumo de alimentos, en quien, ante la persistencia del dolor, biomarcadores cardíacos negativos y patología aórtica descartada, se realiza una endoscopia que evidencia un hematoma disecante del esófago. En general, el pronóstico es bueno, pero es de gran importancia una buena historia clínica para su sospecha.

Abstract Chest pain is a very common reason for consultation in the emergency department. An adequate approach to the patient, including medical history, physical examination and initial laboratory tests, is crucial for determining possible differential diagnoses. The following is the case of a 71-year-old patient that visited the emergency room due to severe retrosternal pain after food consumption. In view of the persistence of pain and negative cardiac biomarkers, and after ruling out aortic disease, the patient underwent an endoscopy that showed dissecting hematoma of the esophagus. The prognosis is generally favorable, but a thorough medical history is required to suspect it.

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Si bien no se encuentra entre las principales causas de disfagia u odinofagia, la lesión de la mucosa del esófago a causa de la medicación administrada como píldoras debe ser tenida en cuenta, en particular en algún grupo etario con patologías crónicas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer con dolor retroesternal de confuso diagnóstico y buena evolución con tratamiento conservador. El mecanismo preciso por el cual se producen las lesiones no está bien claro. La videoendoscopia digestiva alta es la herramienta clave para observar las lesiones producidas y realizar diagnóstico diferencial; además puede resolver algunas complicaciones. En la mayoría de los casos, el tratamiento es médico. Esta situación debe tenerse presente para realizar un correcto interrogatorio y examen endoscópico.

Dysphagia and odynophagia should be considered as symptoms of pill-induced esophageal injury, particularly in age groups with chronic diseases. We report a case of a female patient with retrosternal chest pain of unclear diagnosis and favorable outcome with conservative treatment. The precise mechanism of esophageal injury remains uncertain. Upper gastrointestinal videoendoscopy is the essential tool to examine the lesions, make differential diagnosis and treat some complications. Medical treatment is useful in most cases. This condition should be kept in mind for proper interrogation and endoscopic examination.

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Resumen Introducción: La acalasia es el trastorno motor primario más frecuente del esófago. El estándar de tratamiento actual es la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica. En los últimos años, el desarrollo de técnicas endoscópicas avanzadas ha permitido el posicionamiento de la técnica POEM (del inglés: per-oral endoscopic myotomy) como una nueva alternativa terapéutica con resultados promisorios. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia clínica, con descripción de la técnica utilizada, resultados perioperatorios y seguimiento a corto plazo en el desarrollo de esta alternativa terapéutica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de datos obtenidos en forma prospectiva de 15 pacientes intervenidos mediante POEM en 3 hospitales docentes asociados. Se recopilaron variables demográficas preoperatorias, detalle del intraoperatorio y registro de morbimortalidad operatoria. Se realizó un seguimiento clínico dirigido registrando el puntaje de Eckardt y la presencia de síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico. Resultados: Entre agosto de 2015 y noviembre de 2016 se realizaron 15 POEM. Seis de estos pacientes eran mujeres, y la edad promedio fue de 49 años. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 110 min; no hubo morbimortalidad operatoria. La estadía hospitalaria promedio fue de 2,8 días. El seguimiento fue de entre 1 y 15 meses. El puntaje de Eckardt promedio en el preoperatorio y en el postoperatorio fue de 10,5 y 0,4 puntos, respectivamente. Tres pacientes presentaban síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico al momento del seguimiento. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos en nuestra serie apoyan la efectividad y seguridad del POEM a corto plazo. Se requiere de un seguimiento mayor para determinar el rol definitivo de esta técnica.

Abstract Introduction: Achalasia is the most common primary motor disorder of the esophagus. The current standard of treatment is laparoscopic Heller's myotomy. Recently the development of advanced endoscopic techniques has allowed the positioning of the POEM (per-oral endoscopic myotomy) technique as a new therapeutic alternative with promising results. Objective: To present our clinical experience in POEM, with description of the technique used, peri-operative results and short-term follow-up in the development of this therapeutic alternative. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of data obtained prospectively from 15 patients undergoing POEM in three clinical centers in our country. Preoperative demographic variables, intraoperative detail, and operative morbidity and mortality were collected. Clinical follow-up was performed with controls recording Eckardt score and presence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Results: Between August 2015 and November 2016, 15 POEM were performed, six of these patients were women, average age was 49 years. The average operative time was 110 min, we did not have any perioperative morbimortality. Hospital stay was 2.8 days. Follow-up was between 1 and 15 months, Eckardt's preoperative and postoperative score was on average 10.5 and 0.4 points, respectively. Three patients had gastroesophageal reflux symptoms at the time of follow-up. Conclusion: Our results support the effectiveness and security of POEM in short-term follow up. Further monitoring is required to determine the definitive role of this technique.

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Introdução: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é muito frequente na população obesa. Atualmente, como tratamento cirúrgico para a obesidade e suas comorbidades, o bypass em Y-de Roux e a gastrectomia vertical tem sido as técnicas cirúrgicas mais utilizadas. Sabe-se que a endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) é o método de escolha para o diagnóstico das lesões causadas pela DRGE e para a avaliação da evolução dessa patologia antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Objetivos: Analisar a resolução dos achados endoscópicos de DRGE em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, comparando a gastrectomia vertical e o bypass em Y-de Roux, além de associar com a perda de peso e a alteração no IMC dos pacientes. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal observacional por conveniência dos prontuários de 53 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica com achados endoscópicos de DRGE no pré e/ou pós-operatório de 3 meses, no período de 2008 a 2013. Foram avaliadas a variação do peso, IMC e a presença ou não de esofagite no pré e pós-operatório através da classificação endoscópica de Los Angeles. Resultados/Conclusão: Não houve diferença na perda de peso em 3 meses pós-operatórios entre os pacientes submetidos ao bypass em Y-de Roux e à gastrectomia vertical. Entretanto, a piora dos achados endoscópicos de DRGE no pós-operatório de 3 meses foi 4 vezes maior na gastrectomia vertical quando em comparação com o bypass em Y-de Roux.

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is very common in the obese population. Currently, Y-of-Roux bypass and vertical gastrectomy have been the most common surgical techniques for treatment of obesity and its comorbidities,. It is known that upper digestive endoscopy (UDE) is the method of choice for diagnosing lesions caused by GERD and evaluating the evolution of this disorder before and after bariatric surgery. Aims: To analyze the resolution of endoscopic findings of GERD in patients undergoing bariatric surgery by comparing vertical gastrectomy and Y-of-Roux bypass, and to associate these with weight loss and change in patient BMI. Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study by convenience of 53 records from patients undergoing bariatric surgery with endoscopic findings of GERD preoperatively and/or during the 3-month post operative period, from 2008 to 2013. We evaluated change in weight, BMI and presence or absence of esophagitis preoperatively and postoperatively using the Los Angeles endoscopic classification. Results/Conclusion: There was no difference in weight loss between patients undergoing Y-of-Roux bypass and vertical gastrectomy during the 3-month post operative period. However, the worsening of endoscopic findings of GERD in this period was four times higher in vertical gastrectomy than in Y-of-Roux bypass.

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The presence of foam and bubbles during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) obscures the view of gastric lesions. Objective: To assess the confidence of a gastric cleansing scale in UGE. Methods: Prospective, multicenter study. The instrument was administered to patients undergoing a UGE examination. For the gastric visualization scale, the stomach was divided in 4 parts and a 1-4 scale was used to classify each part, with a total score of 4 (optimal view of gastric mucosa) and 16 (poor view of gastric mucosa), assessed by 2 independent endoscopists. An initial cleansing score was obtained and later, after cleansing of each studied section, and total. Inter-observer concordance was established by means of Kappa test, and the agreement on the global cleansing score was established with the Bland-Altman plot. Results: 53 patients went under UGE, with an average age of 48,7 years and 62,3 percent female subjects. The main indication for performing the UGE examination was gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (32.1 percent). Average duration of the procedure was 13.6 minutes. The average total gastrointestinal view before cleansing with water was 6.26 points (scale from 4 to 16) and 5.1 points (p < 0.001) after cleansing. 37.7 percent required at least 50 cc of water for cleansing. The difference in the pre and post cleansing score inter-observers was no different of 0. Kappa value obtained in gastric fundus, upper body, lower body and antrum before cleansing was 0.81; 0.71; 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. Kappa value obtained after cleansing of gastric fundus, upper body, lower body and antrum was 0.84; 0.65; 0.81 and 0.78; respectively. The mean difference between inter-observer scores before cleansing was 0.08 (p = 0.51), and after cleansing, 0.02 (p = 0.78)...

La presencia de espuma y burbujas durante la endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) es una limitante para la visualización de lesiones gástricas. Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad de una escala de clasificación de limpieza gástrica en EDA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico. Se aplicó el instrumento a pacientes que estaban agendados para EDA. Para la clasificación de visualización gástrica, el estómago se dividió en 4 porciones y se utilizó una escala de 1 a 4 por porción, sumando un puntaje total entre 4 (óptima visualización de la mucosa) y 16 (pobre visualización de ésta), evaluada por 2 endoscopistas independientes. Se obtuvo un puntaje de limpieza inicial y luego de la limpieza con agua de cada segmento estudiado y total. La concordancia inter-observador se estableció por medio del test de Kappa y el acuerdo para el puntaje global de limpieza fue establecido mediante el gráfico de Bland-Altman. Resultados: 53 pacientes fueron sometidos a EDA, con edad promedio de 48,7 años y 62,3 por ciento de sexo femenino. La principal indicación de EDA fue enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (32,1 por ciento). El tiempo promedio del procedimiento fue 13,6 min. El promedio de visualización gástrica total previo a limpieza con agua fue de 6,26 puntos (escala 4 a 16) y post limpieza 5,1 puntos (p < 0,001). Para la limpieza el 37,7 por ciento requirió al menos 50 cc de agua. La diferencia de puntaje de visualización pre y post limpieza inter observador no fue distinta de 0. En fondo gástrico, cuerpo alto, cuerpo bajo y antro se obtuvo un valor de Kappa previo a limpieza de 0,81; 0,71; 0,9 y 0,8, respectivamente. El valor de Kappa posterior a limpieza en fondo gástrico, cuerpo alto, cuerpo bajo y antro fue 0,84; 0,65; 0,81 y 0,78, respectivamente. La diferencia media de los puntajes inter-observadores previos a la limpieza gástrica fue de 0,08 (p = 0,51) y posterior a la limpieza gástrica fue de 0,02 (p = 0,78)...

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Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Chile. The development ofgastric adenocarcinoma its preceded by a histopathologic cascade composed of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia. Sydney protocol has been proposed as the standard method for diagnosingthese conditions. The aim of this research study was to establish whether Sydney protocol increase thedetection of premalignant gastric lesions, as gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, compared to non protocolizedendoscopies/biopsies. Methods: Upper gastroduodenal endoscopies (GDE) from Hospital Clí-nico Universidad Católica de Chile between April-May 2015 and April-May 2016 was analyzed. Patientswith histological study with 18 years-old or older were included. Patients with history of GC or malignantlesions at GDE where excluded. Detection of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and suggestive findingsof autoimmune gastritis where compared between Sydney protocol and non-protocolized endoscopies/biopsies...

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la principal causa de muertes por cáncer en Chile. El desarrollo del adenocarcinoma gástrico es precedido por una cascada histopatológica (gastritis; atrofia gástrica/AG; metaplasia intestinal/MI). Se ha propuesto la biopsia del cuerpo, ángulo y antro a través del protocolo de Sydney para la búsqueda de estas condiciones. Objetivo: Determinar la diferencia en la detección delesiones premalignas gástricas a través del protocolo de Sydney comparado con el estudio endoscópico habitual. Métodos: Se analizaron las endoscopias digestivas altas (EDA) realizadas en el Centro de Endoscopia Digestiva del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica en los períodos entre abril y mayo del 2015 y 2016. Se incluyeron las EDA de pacientes mayores de 18 años con estudio histológico. Fueron excluidos los pacientes con antecedente personal de CG o lesiones de aspecto maligno macroscópicas. Se comparó la detección de AG, MI y gastritis autoinmune (GA) en el estudio histológico entre los pacientes con protocolo Sydney y el estudio endoscópico no protocolizado...

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La enfermedad celiaca (EC) es una afección autoinmune multisistémica inducida por el gluten en personas genéticamente susceptibles. La presentación clínica clásica es con un síndrome diarreico crónico, aunque existen formas atípicas y silentes, lo cual dificulta el diagnóstico. El mismo se basa en la detección de diversos autoanticuerpos, sobre todo la IgA contra la transglutaminasa tisular, aunque la prueba de oro es el estudio anatomopatológico de biopsias duodenales obtenidas por endoscopia digestiva alta. La ausencia del gen HLA es una prueba que se utiliza para descartar la EC. La respuesta a la dieta sin gluten confirma esta afección, que de no diagnosticarse oportunamente y tratarse en forma adecuada puede llevar a complicaciones graves.

Celiac disease (CD) is a multisystem autoimmune condition induced by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The classical clinical presentation is the chronic diarrhea syndrome although there are atypical and silent forms, which rnay lead to diagnostic problems. Diagnosis is based on the detection of various autoantibodies, especially against tissue transglutaminase IgA, although the gold standard is the pathological examination of duodenal biopsies obtained by upper endoscopy. The absence of the HLA gene is a test used to rule CD. The response to gluten-free diet confirms this condition, which if not promptly diagnosed and properly treated can lead to serious complications.

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BACKGROUND: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common neoplasm among HIV-infected individuals. The frequency of involvement of KS in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the associated epidemiological, immune, endoscopic, and histopathological features in HIV-infected patients, were evaluated in this study. METHODS: A review of the medical and endoscopy reports of 1428 HIV-infected patients, who had undergone upper GI endoscopy at the Endoscopy Service, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto between January 1999 and June 2009, was performed. Clinical, epidemiological, immunological, endoscopic, and histological data were collected. RESULTS: Twenty-seven (1.9%) patients were diagnosed with GI KS. Patients were predominantly male (81.5%). Sexual activity was the main route of HIV transmission (81.5%). Cutaneous involvement was noted in 21 patients (78%). Fifteen patients (55%) received highly active antiretroviral therapy for a mean duration of 12.6 weeks (range 2-52 weeks) before endoscopy. GI lesions were mainly found in the stomach (55%). Analysis of the immunohistochemical methods HHV8 LNA-1, CD31, and CD34 for the diagnosis of gastric KS indicated high agreement (kappa=0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.32-0.94). There was no relationship between CD4 levels (p=0.34) or HIV viral load (p=0.99) and HHV8 LNA-1 positivity in gastric KS. CONCLUSIONS: GI KS is an infrequent finding in patients with HIV infection. Among those with GI KS, 80% had concomitant skin lesions. Immunohistochemical methods for CD31, CD34, and LNA-1 were important tools in the diagnostic assessment of lesions suggestive of KS in the GI tract. Further studies are required to confirm these data, and the need for routine endoscopic investigation of the GI tract in HIV-infected patients with cutaneous KS should be assessed.

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Objetivo: Definir la utilidad diagnóstica de la endoscopia digestiva alta en pacientes menores de 18 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo, basado en los hallazgos de la endoscopia digestiva alta e informes de los estudios histopatológicos resultantes de los procedimientos. Estos informes fueron encontrados en la base de datos de un centro de endoscopia hospitalario de referencia, de tercer nivel, en Bogotá, Colombia, entre enero de 2007 y enero de 2013. La población de origen fueron pacientes con edades entre los 5 y los 18 años, con un total de 113 pacientes, en los cuales se recolectó la información disponible sobre edad, género, diagnóstico endoscópico e histopatológico. Resultados: Durante el período de evaluación (entre enero 2007 y diciembre del 2012) se encontró un total de 113 registros en pacientes, entre los 5 y los 18 años de edad, con una distribución, según el género, de 61% (n=69) mujeres. El 16,8% (n = 19) del total de pacientes fueron menores de 12 años, por lo que requirieron de una sedación conducida por un anestesiólogo. Las indicaciones más frecuentes para la endoscopia fueron dolor abdominal 36% (n=40) y sangrado digestivo 19% (n=22); los diagnósticos endoscópicos más frecuentes fueron gastritis crónica antral 70% (n=79) y endoscopia normal 11,5% (n=13). De los pacientes, 9 presentaron úlcera péptica, pertenecientes a los 22 que consultaron por sangrado. Al 66% de los pacientes (n = 75) les realizaron biopsias durante el procedimiento endoscópico, cuyos análisis histopatológicos evidenciaron la presencia de Helicobacter pylori en un 71% (n=53) y de gastritis crónica en un 93% (n=70). En las muestras examinadas de este grupo de pacientes no se encontró metaplasia intestinal, atrofia gástrica o cáncer. Conclusión: Las indicaciones para realizar endoscopia digestiva alta diagnóstica en los niños deben ser consideradas y evaluadas críticamente, con el fin de aumentar el rendimiento diagnóstico y disminuir la exposición a riesgos inherentes al procedimiento, ya que la producción diagnóstica es muy baja, dado que los pacientes que consultaron por solo dolor abdominal no se les encontró ningún hallazgo relevante, en comparación con los del sangrado, que en el 41% (9/22) se les encontró úlcera.

Objective: The objective of this study was to define the diagnostic value of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for patients under 18 years of age. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study based on findings from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and resulting histopathology reports. These reports were found in the database of the endoscopy department at a third level medical center of referral in Bogotá, Colombia. Procedures were performs between January 2007 and January 2013. The study population consisted of 113 patients between the ages of five and seventeen years of age for whom all available information regarding age, gender and endoscopic and histopathological diagnoses was collected. Results: A total of 113 records of patients between 5 and 18 years old were found for the evaluation period between January 2007 and December 2012. Sixty one percent (n = 69) of these patients were female. 16.8% (n = 19) of the patients were under 12 years of age for which reason they required sedation administered by an anesthesiologist. The most common indications for endoscopy were abdominal pain (36 %, n = 40) and gastrointestinal bleeding (19 %, n = 22). The most common endoscopic diagnoses were chronic antral gastritis (70 %, n = 79) and normal endoscopy (11.5 %, n = 13). Of the 22 patients who underwent endoscopies because of bleeding, nine had peptic ulcers. Biopsies were taken from 66 % of the patients (n = 75). Histopathological analysis showed the presence of Helicobacter pylori in 71% (n = 53) of these patients and showed chronic gastritis in 93% (n = 70). The samples examined from this group of patients showed no signs of intestinal metaplasia, gastric atrophy or cancer. Conclusion: The indications for performing diagnostic upper endoscopy in children should be reconsidered and critically evaluated in order to increase the diagnostic yield and minimize exposure to inherent procedural risks. Current diagnostic yield is very low given that no relevant findings resulted from these procedures for many patients who consulted with a gastroenterologist simply because of abdominal pain, and ulcers were found in only 41% (9/22) of those who presented bleeding.

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Objetivo: Estimar la frecuencia del Helicobacter pylori y describir las características clínicas en menores de 18 años con endoscopía digestiva alta del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo - EsSalud. 2007 - 2010.Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo- retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas y la hoja de endoscopía de 93 pacientes menores de 18 años con endoscopía digestiva alta. Se usó estadística descriptiva; el procesamiento fue mediante Microsoft Excel 2010 y STATA v 10.0. Resultados: Hubieron 93 pacientes de los cuales 60 fueron mujeres (64,52%) y 33 varones (35,48%). La media de edad fue de 12 +/-4 años. La frecuencia de Helicobacter pylori fue de 68,82%. En los pacientes con Helicobacter pylori, la principal indicación para endoscopía fue "gastritis": 50,54% seguido por "dolor abdominal inespecífico":24,73%. En los pacientes HP positivos el diagnóstico endoscópico más frecuente fue: Gastritis nodular: 31 pacientes (33,33%) y el principal hallazgo histopatológico fue Gastritis crónica folicular moderada: 55 pacientes (59,14%); se encontró asociación entre Gastritis nodular (p.0,044) y Gastritis crónica folicular moderada (p<0,001) con la presencia de Helicobacter pylori. Conclusiones:La frecuencia de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en niños fue elevada; la gastritis nodular y la gastritis crónica folicular moderada fueron los hallazgos endoscópico y de biopsia más frecuentes; se halló asociación entre éstos hallazgos y la presencia de Helicobacter pylori.(AU)

Objetive: To determine the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection and describe the clinical characteristics of children with upper endoscopy from the service of Gastroenterology - Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo - ESSALUD: 2007 - 2010. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study in which the medical records and the endoscopy sheet of 93 patients younger than 18 years, were reviewed. Descriptive statistics was used. The processing of data was using Microsoft Excel 2010 and 10.0th STATA version. Results: There were 93 patients of whom 60 were women (64.52%) and 33 males (35.48%). The mean age was 12 +/- 4 years. The frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection was 68.82%. In patients with Helicobacter pylori infection the primary indication for endoscopy was "gastritis" followed by nonspecific abdominal pain. In HP positive patients, the principal indication for endoscopic was "gastritis" 50.54%, follow with Abdominal recurrent pain with 24.73%. The most frequent endoscopic diagnosis in HP patients was nodular gastritis: 31 patients (33.33%), the main histopathological finding was moderate chronic follicular gastritis: 55 patients (59.14%). Association between Nodular gastritis (p.0,044) and Chronic folicular moderate Gastritis (p< 0,001) with the presence of Helicobacter pylori, was found. Conclusions: Helicobacter pylori infection in children under 18 years was very frequent, being Nodular gastritis and Chronic follicular moderate gastritis the endoscopic and biopsy findings, more frequently found. We found an association within Helicobacter pylori infection with Nodular gastritis and Chronic moderate follicular gastritis.(AU)

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In the last few decades, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has become the most complementary test for investigation of esophageal diseases. Its accessibility and safety guarantee wide clinical utilization in patients with suspected benign and malignant diseases of the esophagus. Recent technological advances in endoscopic imaging and tissue analysis obtained from the esophagus have been useful to better understand and manage highly relevant diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, eosinophilic esophagitis and esophageal cancer. Using endoscopy to elucidate esophageal disorders in children has been another field of intensive and challenging research. This editorial highlights the latest advances in the endoscopic management of esophageal diseases, and focuses on Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, eosinophilic esophagitis, as well as esophageal disorders in the pediatric population.

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Objetivo: o Helicobacter pylori (HP) é um dos patógenos mais prevalentes, acometendo cerca da metade da população mundial, ocorrendo em qualquer faixa etária. Em adultos, é a principal causa de úlcera péptica, adenocarcinoma gástrico e linfoma gástrico primário. Todavia, a importância e prevalência deste patógeno em crianças ainda são incertas. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a prevalência da infecção pelo HP em uma população pediátrica atendida em uma clínica privada de Goiânia, correlacionando-o com a faixa etária e a presença de gastrite. Métodos: avaliamos os achados endoscópicos e histopatológicos de pacientes com idade de zero a quinze anos, submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta e que fizeram biópsia gástrica. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa. Resultados: o HP foi positivo em 33/492 (6,7%) dos casos (IC 95% variando de 4,7% a 9,7%). Não houve relação entre a presença de HP e o gênero (p=0,4). A média de idade dos pacientes com HP positivo foi de 9,2 +/- 3,9 anos e de 6,6 +/- 4,0 anos nos negativos (p=0,0005). Em 73/492 (14,8 %) pacientes encontramos achado histológico de gastrite, destes 33 (45,2%) apresentavam HP (p=0,0000001). Processo inflamatório acentuado, moderado e leve foi encontrado, respectivamente, em 1 (3,0%), 24 (72,8%) e 8 (24,2%) pacientes com HP positivo e em nenhum (0%), 3 (7,5%) e 37 (92,5%) dos com HP negativo. Conclusão: nossos achados mostram uma prevalência baixa de HP em pacientes pediátricos atendidos em uma clínica privada de Goiânia (6,7%). O risco de adquirir HP aumenta com a idade. E o processo inflamatório é mais acentuado nos pacientes com HP positivo.

Objective: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is one of the most prevalent pathogens worldwide, occurring at any age. It is estimated that affects half the world population. In adults is a major cause of peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and primary gastric lymphoma. However, the importance and prevalence of this pathogen in children are still uncertain. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a pediatric population treated at a private clinic in Goiânia, correlating it with age and the presence of gastritis. Methods: we evaluated the endoscopic and histopathological features of patients aged zero to fifteen years undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and gastric biopsy done. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee on human research at the Hospital Geral de Goiânia. Results: the HP was positive in 33/492 (6.7%) of cases (95% CI ranging from 4.7% to 9.7%). There was no relationship between the presence of HP and gender (p = 0.4). The average age of patients HP positive was 9.2 + / - 3.9 years and 6.6 + / - 4.0 years in the negative (p = 0.0005). In 73/492 (14.8%) patients histological findings of gastritis, 33 of these (45.2%) had HP (p = 0.0000001). Severe gastritis, moderate and mild was found, respectively, in 1 (3.0%), 24 (72.8%) and 8 (24.2%) patients with HP positive and none (0%), 3 (7 5%) and 37 (92.5%) of HP negative. Conclusion: our findings show a low prevalence of HP in pediatric patients treated at a private clinic in Goiânia (6.7%). The risk of acquiring HP increase with age. And the inflammatory process is more pronounced in patients HP positive.

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Atualmente, a endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) é um dos exames mais indicados para avaliar doenças do trato gastrointestinal. Considerando sua importância no diagnóstico e também na terapêutica de doenças do esôfago, estômago e duodeno, é de relevância a análise dos dados quantitativos desse exame no país, bem como calcular seu custo-benefício. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o número de EDA realizadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) durante o período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009 por estados e regiões do Brasil. Métodos: calculou-se o número de exames por 100 mil habitantes por ano, utilizando a população brasileira referente ao período de 2009, de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Para efeito de comparação utilizaram-se dados relativos a países com sistemas de saúde semelhantes ao SUS. Resultados: os estados onde mais se realizaram EDA foram: Piauí, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo e Paraíba; a região com maior número de EDA foi o Nordeste e a média nacional encontrada foi de 550 exames/100 mil habitantes/ano. Conclusão: quando se comparou a média nacional com países como Inglaterra, Holanda e Irlanda, notou-se que em nosso sistema público de saúde foi realizado a metade dos exames destes países.

Nowadays, Upper Gasrointestinal Endoscopy (UGE) is one of the most used procedures to evaluate disease of the Upper GI tract. Considering its diagnostic and therapeutic importance for esophageal, gastric and duodenal diseases, the analysis of Brazilian quantitative data, as well as the cost-effectiveness ratio, is of great importance. The objective of this report is to evaluate the number of UGE performed in the National Health System in the period from January, 2008 to December, 2009. Methodology: the rate of UGE per 100.000 habitants a year was calculated based on 2009 Brazilian population, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. As comparison subjects, countries with health systems similar to Brazilian were used. Results: were obtained: more UGE were performed in Piauí, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo e Paraiba; the geographical region with more performed tests was the Northeastern, and the national overall was 550 UGE/100.000 habitants/ year. Conclusion: correlation of the latter figure to countries such as England, Netherlands or Ireland, shown that, in Brazil, there were performed half of UGE than in those countries.

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Los pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica Estadio V (ERC) conocida como insuficiencia renal terminal pueden manifestar una serie de lesiones gastrointestinales y sufrir complicaciones. Investigar los hallazgos clínicos y endoscópicos en pacientes pediátricos con esta condición. Durante un período de 5 años (Enero de 2004 a Diciembre de 2008), fueron evaluados en el servicio de Gastroenterología practicándoseles endoscopia digestiva superior antes del trasplante renal. Se estudiaron 75 pacientes 37 femeninos, 38 masculinos, edad promedio 12 años; 42,7% fueron asintomáticos y 57,3% experimentaron síntomas: pirosis (23,2%), reflujo (23,2%), dolor abdominal (18,7%), distensión abdominal (14%), vómitos (9,3%), náuseas (7%) y hematemesis (4,6%). La endoscopia reportó normal en 18 pacientes (24%). Endoscopia anormal: gastropatía erosiva (43,9%), duodenitis (24,5%), gastropatía nodular (14%), esofagitis (14%) y hernia hiatal (3,5%). Presencia de Helicobacter pylori en 22,7%. Se determinó que la evaluación endoscópica debe ser incluida en pacientes con protocolo pretrasplante renal, ya que estos presentan alteraciones gastrointestinales variadas...

Patients with Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), may manifest a variety of gastrointestinal lesions and suffer complications. To investigate the clinical and endoscopic findings in pediatric patients with this condition. Over a period of 5 years (January 2004 to December 2008), the patients were evaluated in the pediatric gastroenterology service by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy before kidney transplant. We studied 75 patients: 37 female and 38 male, with a mean age of 12 years-old; 42.7% were asymptomatic and 57.3% experienced symptoms: heartburn (23.2%), reflux (23.2%), abdominal pain (18.6%), abdominal distension (14%), vomiting (9.3%), nausea (7%) and hematemesis (4.6%). Endoscopy reported normal in 18 patients (24%) and the remaining study was abnormal: erosive gastropathy (43.9%), duodenitis (24.5%), nodular gastropathy (14%), esophagitis (14%) and hiatal hernia (3.5%). Presence of Helicobacter pylori (22.7%). We determined that endoscopic evaluation should be included in patients with pre-renal transplant protocol, since they have various gastrointestinal disorders that may influence the evolution and prognosis of the transplant...

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Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is often accompanied by tachycardia which is known to be an important pathogenic factor in the development of myocardial ischemia. The pathogenesis of tachycardia is unknown but the condition is thought to be due to the endocrine response to endoscopy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of sedation on the endocrine response and cardiorespiratory function. Forty patients scheduled for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomized into 2 groups. While the patients in the first group did not receive sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the patients in the second group were sedated with intravenous midazolam at the dose of 5 mg for those under 65 years or 2.5 mg for those aged 65 years or more. Midazolam was administered by slow infusion. In both groups, blood pressure, ECG tracing, heart rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored during endoscopy. In addition, blood samples for the determination of cortisol, glucose and C-reactive protein levels were obtained from patients in both groups prior to and following endoscopy. Heart rate and systolic arterial pressure changes were within normal limits in both groups. Comparison of the two groups regarding the values of these two parameters did not reveal a significant difference, while a statistically significant reduction in SpO2 was found in the sedation group. No significant differences in serum cortisol, glucose or C-reactive protein levels were observed between the sedated and non-sedated group. Sedation with midazolam did not reduce the endocrine response and the tachycardia developing during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, but increased the reduction in SpO2.

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