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INTRODUCTION: Identification of intertwin anastomosis may be challenging during fetoscopy in cases with complete anterior placenta. The aim of this study was to describe the technique, feasibility, and outcomes of flexible video fetoscopy for laser coagulation in monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancies with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) presenting with inaccessible anterior placenta. METHODS: From April 2021 to March 2022, a prospective cohort of consecutive MC twin pregnancies complicated with TTTS presenting with anterior placenta after 20 weeks was recruited. Cases with inaccessible anterior placenta during standard technique were converted into flexible video fetoscopy for completion of laser coagulation of placental anastomoses using a 270° flexible video endoscope through the same uterine port. Descriptive analysis includes feasibility, remaining anastomoses requiring laser photocoagulation, and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 45 pregnancies with TTTS were treated with fetoscopic laser therapy during the 1-year study period. Twenty-one pregnancies presented with anterior placenta after 20 weeks, in which an inaccessible vascular equator was observed in 33.3% (7/21). Flexible video fetoscopy was successfully performed in all 7 cases at a median gestational age of 22+2 (20+0-27+1) weeks+days. Visualization of the entire placental surface, coagulation of selected vessels, and exploration of the entire vascular equator were achieved in all cases. Six cases (85.7%) required additional laser coagulation due to either vascular patency despite initial coagulation with conventional fetoscopy (1/6, 16.7%) and/or remaining noncoagulated anastomoses (5/6, 83.3%). Perinatal survival of at least one twin and both twins was achieved in 85.7% and 57.1%, respectively. DISCUSSION: Flexible video fetoscopy for completion of laser coagulation of placental anastomoses is feasible and represents a good option for TTTS cases presenting after 20 weeks with inaccessible anterior placenta.
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Transfusão Feto-Fetal , Terapia a Laser , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/cirurgia , Placenta/cirurgia , Placenta/irrigação sanguínea , Fetoscopia/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos de Viabilidade , Fotocoagulação a Laser/métodos , Idade GestacionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neurodevelopmental outcome at age 2 and 5 years in survivors of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) treated with fetoscopic laser surgery and born premature and/or small for gestational age. STUDY DESIGN: At 2 and 5 years of age, standardized neurologic, motor, and cognitive assessments were performed by a neonatologist, a pediatric physical therapist, and a psychologist. Behavior was assessed using a validated questionnaire completed by parents. RESULTS: Neurodevelopmental assessment at both time points was available for 73 survivors of TTTS. Mild to moderate neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was detected in 34% of survivors (25 of 73) at 5 years, compared with 25% (18 of 73) at 2 years (P = .178). Severe NDI was observed in 12% (9 of 73) at 5 years and in 3% (2 of 73) at 2 years (P = .035). Mean cognitive score was lower at the 5-year follow-up (90.7 ± 12.3 vs 95.6 ± 13.1 at 2 years; P = .001), and more children were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment at 5 years (29% vs 11% at 2 years; P = .007). When comparing individual outcomes at both time points, 35% (25 of 71) moved from a normal outcome or mild to moderate impairment at 2 years toward more severe impairment at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of mild to moderate cognitive impairment and severe NDI at age 5 years was not identified at age 2 years. Our data highlight the importance of longitudinal follow-up of survivors of TTTS beyond age 2 years and emphasize the precautions that should be taken when diagnosing an absence of impairment before school age.
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Transfusão Feto-Fetal/cirurgia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Sobreviventes , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Fetoscopia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Fotocoagulação a Laser , Masculino , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/diagnóstico , GravidezRESUMO
El síndrome de transfusión feto fetal es una complicación grave de las gestaciones gemelares monocoriales. Su etiología se debe a la transfusión crónica de sangre del feto donante, al feto receptor; a través de las anastomosis vasculares entre los territorios placentarios de ambos. El cuadro clínico característico se evidencia en ambos fetos: receptor y donante, lo cual es consecuencia directa de las alteraciones en la volemia que padece cada uno. En el feto receptor, se observa un polihidramnios relacionado con la poliuria derivada de un estado de hipervolemia constante, que evoluciona hacia una insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva. En el feto donante, el cuadro es inverso; caracterizado por oligoamnios, oliguria, crecimiento intrauterino retardado e hipovolemia, con tasas de mortalidad sin tratamiento de entre 80-100 por ciento de los casos, que varían en función del grado de transfusión. El diagnóstico se basa en el estudio ecográfico exhaustivo de ambos fetos, procurando un diagnóstico precoz y un estadiaje correcto, ya que el pronóstico se verá muy influenciado por la actuación temprana. El tratamiento de elección es la coagulación láser de las anastomosis vasculares por fetoscopia, idealmente entre la semana 18 y 26 de embarazo. El pronóstico es variable, en función de la disponibilidad de terapia fetal y de la edad gestacional en el momento del diagnóstico; al ser, en general, de muy mal pronóstico sin tratamiento efectivo(AU)
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is one of the most serious complications of monochorionic multiple gestations. Its etiology is due to a chronic blood transfusion from de donor twin to the recipient twin through the vascular anastomoses between the placental territories of both fetuses. The characteristic clinical presentation appears in both donor and recipient fetuses, as a direct consequence of altered volemia in each one. Polyhydramnios related to polyuria resulting from a state of constant hypervolemia is observed in the recipient twin, finally evolving into congestive heart failure. The clinical presentation in the donor twin is reversed and characterized by oligoamnios, oliguria, retarded intrauterine growth and hypovolemia, with untreated mortality rates ranging 80-100 percent of all cases, which may vary depending on the severity of the transfusion. The diagnosis is based on exhaustive echographic examination of both fetuses to make an early diagnosis and correct staging, since the prognosis depends very much on early action. The treatment of choice is fetoscopic laser coagulation of vascular anastomoses between 18 and 26 weeks of gestation. The prognosis is variable, depending on the availability of fetal therapy and the gestational age at diagnosis, being prognosis generally very poor without an effective treatment(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/complicações , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Fetoscopia/métodos , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Doenças Fetais/cirurgiaRESUMO
Abstract Mirror syndrome is a rare disease with unknown pathophysiology that can be present in different diseases that can cause fetal hydrops. The prognosis is usually bad with a high perinatal mortality. We report an unusual form of mirror syndrome that manifested itself only after a successful treatment for fetal hydrops (caused by twin-twin transfusion syndrome, in Quinteros stage IV) was performed. This syndrome was controlled by medical treatment, and despite the usually bad prognosis seen in these cases, we could extend the pregnancy from the 23rd to the 34th week of gestation, resulting in the birth of 2 live infants.
Resumo A síndrome do espelho é uma doença rara, de fisiopatologia desconhecida, que se manifesta em situações obstétricas responsáveis pela presença de hidrópsia fetal. Habitualmente o prognóstico é reservado, uma vez que se associa a elevadas taxas de mortalidade perinatal. O presente caso clínico trata de uma situação de síndrome do espelho que se manifestou, atipicamente, após o tratamento eficaz para a hidrópsia fetal associada à síndrome de transfusão feto-fetal. Apesar do mau prognóstico associado a estas situações, conseguiu-se controlar a situação apenas com tratamento médico e, desta forma, prolongar a gravidez durante 12 semanas.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Edema/etiologia , Fetoscopia/efeitos adversos , Fetoscopia/métodos , Hidropisia Fetal/cirurgia , Terapia a Laser/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , SíndromeRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Entre 15-20% de los embarazos gemelares monocoriales biamnióticos se complican con el síndrome de transfusión feto/fetal el cual se asocia con mortalidad superior a 90% y morbilidad significativa en el 50% del gemelo sobreviviente. La técnica láser que coagula la superficie de la placa coriónica entre los principales canales a lo largo del ecuador (técnica de Solomon), se ha sugerido para disminuir la recurrencia, prevenir complicaciones secundarias sin incrementar resultados adversos. Métodos: REVISIÓN de la literatura existente en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EBSCO, OVID, PROQUEST, COCHRANE, Lilacs, SciELO, desde el año 2000 al 2015. Se incluyeron los artículos de revisión e investigaciones originales que compararon la técnica estándar de fotocoagulación secuencial con láser y la técnica de Solomon, el resultado primario fue la reducción de la incidencia Secuencia Anemia Policitemia, recurrencia del síndrome de transfusión feto/fetal, mortalidad perinatal y morbilidad neonatal severa. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 200 artículos, se seleccionaron seis: 1 ensayo clínico y su análisis secundario, 2 estudios de cohorte retrospectivos, 1 revisión sistemática y un estudio que compara los resultados del neurodesarrollo. Los estudios sugieren una mejoría en la sobrevida de algunos de los fetos con la técnica Solomon, menor recurrencia del síndrome de transfusión feto/fetal y Secuencia Anemia Policitemia, sin la presencia de eventos adversos. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica de Solomon mejora la sobrevida de algunos gemelos, sin embargo no puede concluirse que haya mejoría en la mortalidad pues los estudios no tienen el suficiente poder para determinarlo.
INTRODUCTION: Between 15 to 20% of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies are complicated by the twin-twin transfusion syndrome. It has a mortality greater than 90% and a significant morbidity, 50% in the surviving twin. The Solomon technique (laser photocoagulation of the main vascular channels of the chorio-nic plate surface along the entire vascular equator) has been suggested to reduce the recurrence, and pre-vent secondary complications without increasing adverse results. METHODS: Systematic review of electronic searches of the literature from 2000 to 2015 (MEDLINE, EBSCO, OVID, PROQUEST, COCHRANE, Lilacs, and SciELO). We included review articles and original investigations comparing the standard photocoagulation technique with laser ablation against the Solomon technique. The primary results were reduction of Anemia Polycythemia Sequence incidence, twin-twin transfusion syndrome recurrence, perinatal mortality and severe neonatal morbidity. RESULTS: Of 200 articles, we selected six: one clinical essay and its secondary analysis, two retrospective cohort studies, one systematic review and a study comparing neurodeve-lopmental outcomes. The studies suggested a survival improvement in some fetuses using the Solomon technique, less twin-twin transfusion syndrome recurrence and Anemia Polycythemia Sequence without the presence of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Solomon technique improves the survival of some twins, although we cannot conclude there is mortality improvement, because the studies do not have enough power to determine that.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Fotocoagulação a Laser/métodos , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/cirurgia , Policitemia/etiologia , Síndrome , Gêmeos , Resultado da Gravidez , Resultado do Tratamento , Transfusão Feto-Fetal/complicações , Fetoscopia , Anemia/etiologia , FotocoagulaçãoRESUMO
Objetivos: Revisar el síndrome de transfusión feto fetal (STFF) en relación al diagnóstico, tratamiento y resultados comparativos de sobrevivencia y complicaciones por las técnicas utilizadas, y la situación actual del manejo de esta complicación en el Perú. Métodos: Se revisó publicaciones en fuentes bibliográficas especializadas y se analizó la experiencia en Perú y Chile sobre el manejo del síndrome. Resultados: El STFF es una complicación poco frecuente en el embarazo gemelar monocoriónico, pero con alta repercusión en la salud de ambos fetos. Existe evidencia científica clara de que el tratamiento de elección en casos severos (Quintero I-IV) es la coagulación láser de las anastomosis superficiales y profundas mediante fetoscopia entre las 18 y 26 semanas de gestación. En el Perú se presentan alrededor de 140 casos al año, siendo necesaria la implementación de esta técnica. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de elección en casos severos de STFF es la coagulación láser de las anastomosis superficiales y profundas mediante fetoscopia entre las 18 y 26 semanas de gestación. Es necesaria la implementación de esta técnica en el Perú.
Objectives: To review twin-twin transfusion syndrome (mS) comparative results by techniques used in regards to diagnosis, treatment, survival and complications, as well as current management of this complication in Peru. Methods: Articles published in specialized bibliographic sources were revised, and experience in Peru and Chile on management of this syndrome was analyzed. Results: ms is an uncommon complication of monochorionic twin pregnancy with major repercussion on the health of both fetuses. Treatment of choice of severe cases (Quintero I-IV) is fetoscopic laser photocoagulation of superficial and deep anastomoses at 18-26 weeks of pregnancy. About 140 cases per year occur in Peru and implementation ofthis technique is necessary. Conclusions: Elective treatment of severe cases of ms is fetoscopic laser photocoagulation of superficial and deep anastomoses between 18-26 weeks of gestation. This technique should be implemented in Peru.
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OBJECTIVE: To document perinatal outcomes following use of the 'Solomon technique' in the selective photocoagulation of placental anastomoses for severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). METHODS: Between January 2010 and July 2012, data were collected from 102 consecutive monochorionic twin pregnancies complicated by severe TTTS that underwent fetoscopic laser ablation at four different centers. We compared outcomes between subjects that underwent selective laser coagulation using the Solomon technique (cases) and those that underwent selective laser coagulation without this procedure (controls). RESULTS: Of the 102 pregnancies examined, 26 (25.5%) underwent the Solomon technique and 76 (74.5%) did not. Of the 204 fetuses, 139 (68.1%) survived up to 30 days of age. At least one twin survived in 82 (80.4%) pregnancies and both twins survived in 57 (55.9%) pregnancies. When compared with the control group, the Solomon-technique group had a significantly higher survival rate for both twins (84.6 vs 46.1%; P < 0.01) and a higher overall neonatal survival rate (45/52 (86.5%) vs 94/152 (61.8%); P < 0.01). Use of the Solomon technique remained independently associated with dual twin survival (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 11.35 (95% CI, 3.11-53.14); P = 0.0007) and overall neonatal survival rate (aOR, 4.65 (95% CI, 1.59-13.62); P = 0.005) on multivariable analysis. There were no cases of recurrent TTTS or twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS) in the Solomon-technique group. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the Solomon technique following selective laser coagulation of placental anastomoses appears to improve twin survival and may reduce the risk of recurrent TTTS and TAPS. Our data support the idea of performing a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the Solomon technique.
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Transfusão Feto-Fetal/cirurgia , Fetoscopia/métodos , Fotocoagulação a Laser/métodos , Adulto , Anastomose Arteriovenosa/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Placenta/irrigação sanguínea , Placenta/cirurgia , Policitemia/prevenção & controle , Poli-Hidrâmnios/prevenção & controle , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Gravidez de Gêmeos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Prevenção SecundáriaRESUMO
Objetivo: relatar um caso de síndrome de transfusão feto-fetal (STFF), demonstrando a importância do correto eprecoce diagnóstico ultrassonográfico e quando necessário a indicação da fotocoagulação a laser fetoscópica(FCLF) como melhor conduta terapêutica. Relato do caso: mulher 18 anos, secundigesta, gestação gemelarmonocoriônica diamniótica com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico tardio de STFF, devido não realização de prénatal.Realizados dois procedimentos de amniodrenagem como medida paliativa, evoluindo para partoprematuro no oitavo dia de internação. Um dos gêmeos evoluiu a óbito na UTI neonatal. Considerações finais:percebe-se a necessidade de uma melhor assistência pré-natal, treinamento dos profissionais médicos para arealização do diagnóstico ultrassonográfico correto e de investimentos em centros de Medicina fetal no Parápara tratamento adequado
Objective: to report a case of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), demonstrating the importance of correctand early ultrasound diagnosis and when necessary the indication of laser photocoagulation fetoscópica (FCLF)as the best therapeutic approach. Case report: 18 years woman, in her second, diamniótica monochorionic twinpregnancy with late diagnosis of TTTS, because failure to carry out prenatal care. Evolved into premature laborafter cesarean with indication of two procedures amniodrenagem. After a cesarean section withoutcomplications was death of the twins in the NICU. Final considerations: we perceive the need to support theadequacy of prenatal care, training of medical professionals to perform the correct ultrasound diagnosis andinvestments in fetal medicine centers in Pará.
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OBJECTIVE: To report our initial institutional experience with fetoscopic laser photocoagulation of placental anastomoses in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome using a 1.0 mm endoscope. METHODS: Between July 2006 and June 2008, 19 monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies complicated by severe TTTS (Quintero stages III and IV) underwent fetoscopic laser therapy. Perinatal data were prospectively collected and compared according to the Quintero stages. RESULTS: Nine patients were classified as stage III and ten as stage IV. The Mean gestational ages at diagnosis and procedure were 20 (range: 17-25) and 22.0 (range: 19.0-26.0) weeks, respectively, with no statistical difference between the two groups. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes occurred in two cases (10.5 percent), and spontaneous preterm delivery in eight (42.1 percent). Overall mean gestational age at delivery was 32.1 (range: 26.0-38.0) weeks. Prematurity was more severe in stage IV patients (p<0.01). Among all cases, the overall survival rate was 52.6 percent, and the percentages of pregnancies with survival of both babies and at least one twin were 26.3 percent and 78.9 percent, respectively. In the case of stage III patients, the overall survival rate was 61.1 percent. Of the stage III pregnancies, 33.3 percent resulted in both babies surviving, and 88.9 percent of these pregnancies resulted in at least one surviving twin. For stage IV, as the corresponding statistics were 45.0 percent, 20.0 percent and 70.0 percent respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial institutional experience with 1.0 mm fetoscopic laser therapy for severe TTTS showed results similar to those reported in the literature for larger endoscopes.