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INTRODUCTION: The tumor lysis syndrome is a medical emergency. Its presentation can be spontaneous or secondary, as a consequence of the established treatment. The diagnosis and treatment of the tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) has become a crucial goal to the evolution and improvement of treatments and targeted therapies. METHODS: Between January 2014 and December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed inpatients aged over 18 years with hematological neoplasms from a tertiary hospital in Brazil. We identified 112 episodes of TLS in 97 patients. The incidence was 10.5% and the median OS was 13.0 months (95%CI 6.2 - 19.7). The median age was 56 years (IQR 39.5 - 64). The most frequent diagnoses were multiple myeloma (18.6%), acute myeloid leukemia (17.5%) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (17.5%). All patients received intravenous (IV) hydration. The management also included the administration of allopurinol in 76% of the cases and rasburicase in eight patients. Renal replacement therapy was necessary in 37% of the cases. In the multivariate analysis, age, HIV status and ICU treatment were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSION: The TLS is a serious complication in the setting of hematological malignancies. The use of scores for risk stratification, as well as the inclusion of prophylactic measures and prompt treatment with frequent laboratory monitoring, is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in the comprehensive treatment of these patients.

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Introducción:El síndrome de lisis tumoral (SLT) es una emergencia oncológica, que produce alteraciones en el metabolismo, causando manifestaciones clínicas y trastornos bioquímicos que ponen en peligro la vida del paciente.El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar las características clínicas, de laboratorio y tratamiento del SLT, en pacientes pediátricos onco-lógicos, del Instituto del Cáncer SOLCA-Cuenca, en el periodo 2010 ­2020.Materiales y métodos:En este estudio se identificó las características del SLT, en pacientes pediátricos oncológicos, del Instituto del Cáncer SOLCA-Cuenca, en el periodo 2010 ­2020, a través de un estudio de tipo descriptivo-observacional.Resultados:Seincluyó 463 historias clínicas, en el cual se obtuvo que el SLT tuvo una frecuen-cia del 5.61 %, con predominio del sexo masculino (57.7%) y con una edad media de 7 ± 1.29 años. La presentación clínica más observada fue la deshidratación con náusea, vómito y dia-rrea (57.7%). Las alteraciones de laboratorio más frecuentes fueron la hiperuricemia y la hi-pocalcemia, con un 76.9 %y un 73.1 %respectivamente. La Leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) fue el diagnósticooncológico con más casos (61.5 %). Los pilares del tratamiento fue-ron la hiperhidratación y el uso de alopurinol, utilizados en el 100% y un 80.8 %respectiva-mente.Conclusión:El SLT afectó más frecuentemente a varones, con diagnóstico de leucemia, ma-nifestaciones clínicas digestivas y alteraciones de laboratorio (hiperuricemia e hipocalcemia). El tratamiento empleado resultó eficaz y se basó en lo recomendado por la literatura médica

Introduction:Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncological emergency that results in meta-bolic alterations, causing clinical manifestations and biochemical disorders that endanger pa-tients' lives. The objective of the present study was to identify the clinical, laboratory, and treat-ment characteristics of TLSsin pediatric oncology patients at the SOLCA-Cuenca Cancer Ins-titute from 2010­2020.Materials and methods: In this study, the characteristics of TLS were identified in pediatric oncology patients at the SOLCA-Cuenca Cancer Institute from 2010 to 2020 through a des-criptive observational study.Results: A total of463 medical records were included. TLSs were associated witha frequency of 5.61%, with a predominance of males(57.7%) and a mean age of 7 ± 1.29 years. The most commonclinical presentation was dehydration with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (57.7%). The most frequent laboratory alterations were hyperuricemia and hypocalcemia, with 76.9% and 73.1%,respectively. The oncological diagnosis was acutelymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in most patients(61.5%). The pillars of treatment were hyperhydration and allopurinol, used in 100% and 80.8%, respectively.Conclusion: TLSsmore frequently affectmen with a diagnosis of leukemia, digestive clinical manifestations, orlaboratory alterations (hyperuricemia and hypocalcemia). The treatment used was effective and based on what the medical literature recommended

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Resumen: la leucemia congénita neonatal se presenta en los primeros 30 días de vida y es una enfermedad muy poco frecuente en este grupo etario, pero sí de mayor presencia entre los pacientes con síndrome de Down. Su etiología es principalmente genética, pero también se asocia con el consumo de alcohol, la marihuana y el tabaquismo. Se debe hacer diagnóstico diferencial con el desorden mieloproliferativo transitorio, que es una entidad benigna y se resuelve de forma espontánea. Se presenta un caso clínico de un paciente recién nacido a término, de 16 días, que inicialmente presenta sintomatología sugestiva de enterocolitis necrotizante. Sin embargo, al ingresar a unidad neonatal, se evidencia abdomen muy distendido con hepatoesplenomegalia severa con hemograma con hiperleucocitosis severa, anemia y trombocitopenia asociado a blastos del 100 % y paraclínicos de extensión, sugestivo de síndrome de lisis tumoral, por lo que se inicia manejo con hiperhidratación, alopurinol y rasburicasa, sin mejoría. Por esta razón se adiciona citarabina. La citometría de flujo reporta patrón megaloblástico, es decir, un patrón de leucemia mieloide. Requiere hospitalización por mes y medio; luego de este tiempo pueden presentarse complicaciones esperadas. No obstante, se consideró que el recién nacido cursó con trastorno mieloide transitorio, en razón a evolución clínica satisfactoria, con disminución de sintomatología y de leucocitosis severa.

Abstract: Neonatal congenital leukemia manifests within the first 30 days of life and is exceedingly rare in this age group, but more prevalent among patients with Down syndrome. Its etiology is primarily genetic but is also linked to alcohol consumption, marijuana, and smoking. Differential diagnosis should be made with transient myeloproliferative disorder, a benign condition that resolves spontaneously. We present a clinical case of a full-term newborn, 16 days old, initially displaying symptoms suggestive of necrotizing enterocolitis. However, upon admission to the neonatal unit, the patient exhibited a greatly distended abdomen with severe hepatosplenomegaly, severe leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, accompanied by 100% blasts and laboratory findings consistent with tumor lysis syndrome. Management was initiated with hyperhydration, allopurinol, and rasbu-ricase, but there was no improvement. Therefore, cytarabine was added. Flow cytometry indicated a megaloblastic pattern, indicative of myeloid leukemia. The patient required hospitalization for a month and a half, during which expected complications might arise. However, it was considered that the newborn experienced transient myeloid disorder, given the satisfactory clinical evolution, with reduced symptoms and severe leukocytosis.

Resumo: a leucemia congênita neonatal ocorre nos primeiros 30 dias de vida e é uma doença pouco frequente nesse grupo etário, no entanto, ela é mais comum entre pacientes com síndrome de Down. Sua etiologia é principalmente genética, mas também está associada ao consumo de álcool, maconha e tabagismo. Deve-se fazer um diagnóstico diferencial com o distúrbio mieloproliferativo transitório, que é uma condição benigna e se resolve espontaneamente. Apresentamos um caso clínico de um recém-nascido, com 16 dias de idade, que inicialmente apresentou sintomas sugestivos de enterocolite necrosante. No entanto, ao ser admitido na unidade neonatal, foi evidenciado um abdômen muito distendido com hepatosplenomegalia grave, com hemograma mostrando hiperleucocitose grave, anemia e trombocitopenia, associado a 100% de blastos e resultados de extensão sugestivos de síndrome de lise tumoral. Portanto, foi iniciado tratamento com hiperidratação, alopurinol e rasburicasa, sem melhora. Por esse motivo, a citarabina foi adicionada. A citometria de fluxo relatou um padrão megaloblástico, ou seja, um padrão de leucemia mieloide. O paciente necessita, então, de hospitalização por um mês e meio; após esse tempo, complicações esperadas podem ocorrer. No entanto, considerou-se que o recém-nascido teve um distúrbio mieloide transitório, devido à evolução clínica satisfatória, com diminuição dos sintomas e da hiperleucocitose.

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A síndrome de lise tumoral (SLT) é uma emergência onco-hematológica, associada à alta mortalidade e morbidade, que pode ocorrer espontaneamente ou em resposta à quimioterapia ou bioterapia anticâncer. A rasburicase é uma droga urato oxidase recombinante, a qual reduz o ácido úrico sanguíneo liberado, prevenindo e tratando a lesão renal aguda, que representa a principal complicação da SLT. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a eficácia da rasburicase na prevenção e no tratamento da SLT, contribuindo para melhor compreensão do manejo dessa frequente síndrome em pacientes oncológicos. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sistematizada por meio de busca no banco de dados do PubMed e uptodate, de novembro de 2021 a janeiro de 2022, utilizando-se os descritores: prevention [title/abstract] AND prophylaxis [title/abstract] AND tumor lysis syndrome [title/abstract]. Dos 212 artigos encontrados, após exclusão por título, abstract e leitura completa, apenas nove foram selecionados. Os estudos mostraram, em sua maioria, uma redução do ácido úrico plasmático com o uso da rasburicase em pacientes com alto risco para SLT. A rasburicase foi eficaz para prevenção e tratamento da hiperuricemia em pacientes com risco de SLT. Apesar dos estudos analisados serem positivos para eficácia da rasburicase na prevenção e no tratamento da síndrome, nenhum deles trouxe como desfecho principal a redução de mortalidade. Torna-se relevante, portanto, a realização de mais estudos multicêntricos, prospectivos e com emprego de instrumentos validados sobre o tema desta revisão sistemática.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an onco-hematological emergency associated with high mortality and morbidity, of spontaneous onset or in response to chemotherapy or anticancer biotherapy. Rasburicase is a recombinant urate oxidase drug that reduces blood uric acid released, preventing and treating acute kidney injury, considered the main TLS complication. This systematic literature review sought to evaluate the rasburicase effectiveness in preventing and treating tumor lysis syndrome, to better understand how to manage this frequent syndrome in cancer patients. Bibliographic search was conducted on the PubMed database from November 2021 to January 2022, using the following descriptors: prevention [title/abstract] AND prophylaxis [title/abstract] AND tumor lysis syndrome [title/abstract]. After exclusion by title, abstract and full reading, only nine papers were selected from the 212 found. Most studies showed reduced plasma uric acid by rasburicase use in high-risk patients for TLS. Rasburicase effectively prevented and treated hyperuricemia in patients at risk for tumor lysis syndrome. Despite these positive outcomes, none of the studies showed reduced mortality as the main outcome. Thus, further multicenter prospective studies using validated instruments are needed on the subject.

El síndrome de lisis tumoral (SLT) es una urgencia oncohematológica, asociada a una alta mortalidad y morbilidad, que puede presentarse de forma espontánea o en respuesta a quimioterapia o bioterapia anticancerígena. La rasburicasa es un fármaco de urato oxidasa recombinante, que reduce el ácido úrico sanguíneo liberado mediante la prevención y el tratamiento de la lesión renal aguda, que representa la principal complicación del SLT. El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar la efectividad de la rasburicasa en la prevención y tratamiento del SLT, lo que contribuye a una mejor comprensión del manejo de este síndrome frecuente en pacientes oncológicos. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed y actualizada de noviembre de 2021 a enero de 2022, utilizando los descriptores de PubMed: prevention [title/abstract] AND prophylaxis [title/abstract] AND tumor lysis syndrome [title/abstract]. De los 212 artículos encontrados, después de la exclusión por título, resumen y lectura completa, solo 9 fueron seleccionados. La mayoría de los estudios mostraron una reducción del ácido úrico plasmático con el uso de rasburicasa en pacientes con alto riesgo de SLT. La rasburicasa fue eficaz para la prevención y el tratamiento de la hiperuricemia en pacientes con riesgo de síndrome de lisis tumoral. A pesar de que los estudios analizados fueron positivos para la eficacia de la rasburicasa en la prevención y tratamiento del síndrome, ninguno de ellos trajo como desenlace principal la reducción de la mortalidad. Por lo tanto, es relevante realizar más estudios prospectivos multicéntricos utilizando instrumentos validados sobre el tema de esta revisión sistemática.

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ElsíndromedeDownpredisponeatrastornosmieloproliferativos. Se estima que del 5 % al 30 % de los neonatos con esta condición desarrollarán mielopoyesis anormal transitoria. El tratamiento no está estandarizado; la exanguinotransfusión y la citarabina podrían ser efectivos. Se describen dos casos de pacientes con síndrome de Down, quienes durante el período neonatal presentaron leucemia mieloide aguda y mielopoyesis anormal transitoria, los tratamientos utilizados y sus desenlaces. Se considera que la sospecha y el diagnóstico temprano de esta entidad son factores determinantes en el pronóstico.

Down syndrome predisposes to haematological disorders. It is estimated that 5-30% of neonates with this condition will develop transient abnormal myelopoiesis. Treatment is not standardized; exchange transfusion and the use of cytarabine could be effective. We present two clinical cases of patients with Down syndrome, who during the neonatal period showed acute myeloid leukemia and transient abnormal myelopoiesis, the treatments used and their outcomes. Suspicion and early diagnosis of this entity are considered determining factors in prognosis.

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Down syndrome predisposes to haematological disorders. It is estimated that 5-30% of neonates with this condition will develop transient abnormal myelopoiesis. Treatment is not standardized; exchange transfusion and the use of cytarabine could be effective. We present two clinical cases of patients with Down syndrome, who during the neonatal period showed acute myeloid leukemia and transient abnormal myelopoiesis, the treatments used and their outcomes. Suspicion and early diagnosis of this entity are considered determining factors in prognosis.

El síndrome de Down predispone a trastornos mieloproliferativos. Se estima que del 5 % al 30 % de los neonatos con esta condición desarrollarán mielopoyesis anormal transitoria. El tratamiento no está estandarizado; la exanguinotransfusión y la citarabina podrían ser efectivos. Se describen dos casos de pacientes con síndrome de Down, quienes durante el período neonatal presentaron leucemia mieloide aguda y mielopoyesis anormal transitoria, los tratamientos utilizados y sus desenlaces. Se considera que la sospecha y el diagnóstico temprano de esta entidad son factores determinantes en el pronóstico.

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Las urgencias oncológicas son complicaciones comunes de la evolución natural del tumor o de su manejo. Algunas pueden presentarse de manera sutil y ser pasadas por alto, lo que aumenta la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es recopilar información actualizada de las principales complicaciones oncológicas, para ello se realizó una revisión de artículos originales, revisiones sistemáticas y narrativas en bases de datos como Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect y en el buscador Google Scholar. Se seleccionaron 63 referencias que mostraran información relevante acerca de las urgencias oncológicas planteadas para el desarrollo del artículo. En la revisión se discute que las complicaciones pueden clasificarse de acuerdo con su origen en infecciosas (neutropenia febril), metabólicas (síndrome de lisis tumoral e hipercalcemia maligna) y obstructivas (síndrome de vena cava superior, obstrucción intestinal, compresión medular y taponamiento cardiaco). El diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha, el médico debe tener la capacidad resolutiva y el conocimiento necesarios para el manejo y hacer uso racional de los recursos diagnósticos. Es necesario adoptar medidas terapéuticas que impacten positivamente en el pronóstico y que reduzcan la morbimortalidad.

Oncological emergencies are common complications resulting from the natural evolution of the tumor or its management; however, some of them may be subtle or even overlooked, which contributes to greater morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to gather updated information on the main oncological complications. A narrative literatura review was performed by searching for original articles, systematic reviews and narratives, in databases such as Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and in the Google Scholar search engine. 63 references were selected that addressed relevant information about the oncological emergencies raised for the development of the article. According to their origin, complications can be classified into infectious (febrile neutropenia), metabolic (tumor lysis syndrome and malignant hypercalcemia) and obstructive (superior vena cava syndrome, intestinal obstruction, spinal cord compression and cardiac tamponade). Facing these complications requires a high level of suspicion; the physician must be able to resolve each complication and have the necessary knowledge to approach each case, with a rational use of diagnostic resources. It is also necessary to adopt therapeutic measures that positively impact patients. patient prognosis, decreasing morbidity and death.

As urgências oncológicas são complicações comuns da evolução natural do tumor ou do seu manejo. Algumas podem apresentar-se de maneira sutil e ser passadaspor encima, o que aumenta a morbimortalidade. O objetivo desta revisão narrativa é recopilar informação atualizada das principais complicações oncológicas, para isso se realizou uma revisão de artigos originais, revisões sistemáticas e narrativas em bases de dados como Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect e no buscador Google Scholar. Se selecionaram 63 referências que mostraram informação relevante sobre às urgências oncológicas apresentadas para o desenvolvimento do artigo. Na revisão se discuteque as complicações podem classificar-se de acordo com a sua origem em infecciosas (neutropenia febril), metabólicas (síndrome de lise tumoral e hipercalcemia maligna) e obstrutivas (síndrome de veia cava superior, obstrução intestinal, compressão medular e entupimento cardíaco). O diagnóstico requere um alto índice de suspeita, o médico deve ter a capacidade resolutiva e o conhecimento necessário para o manejo e fazer uso racional dos recursos diagnósticos. É necessário adotar medidas terapêuticas que impactem positivamente no prognóstico e que reduzam a morbimortalidade.

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El síndrome de lisis tumoral es una complicación potencialmente letal y constituye, junto con las infecciones, la emergencia oncológica más frecuente. En pediatría, este cuadro puede ser secundario a enfermedades neoplásicas, y los corticoides son un factor desencadenante. En este trabajo se presenta el caso de una paciente adolescente, sin neoplasias conocidas o evidentes, que desarrolló un síndrome de lisis tumoral luego de la administración de corticoides por sospecha de una infección respiratoria. Se discute la forma de presentación y los diagnósticos diferenciales del cuadro clínico inicial. Se hace especial foco en la administración de corticoides en cuadros clínicos en los que no existe evidencia científica que respalde fuertemente su indicación. El uso de corticosteroides sistémicos en infecciones respiratorias agudas debe ser evaluado en el contexto clínico y solo debe indicarse en situaciones con probada efectividad.

Tumor lysis syndrome is a potentially lethal complication and constitutes with infections the most frequent oncological emergency. In children, this condition can be secondary to neoplastic diseases, with corticosteroids being a triggering factor. This paper presents the case of an adolescent patient, without known or obvious neoplasms, who developed a tumor lysis syndrome after the administration of corticosteroids due to suspected respiratory infection.The clinical presentation and differential diagnoses are discussed. Special focus is placed on the administration of corticosteroids in clinical conditions with weak scientific evidence. The use of systemic corticosteroids in acute respiratory infections should be evaluated in the clinical context and only indicated in situations with proven effectiveness.

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Tumor lysis syndrome is a potentially lethal complication and constitutes with infections the most frequent oncological emergency. In children, this condition can be secondary to neoplastic diseases, with corticosteroids being a triggering factor. This paper presents the case of an adolescent patient, without known or obvious neoplasms, who developed a tumor lysis syndrome after the administration of corticosteroids due to suspected respiratory infection. The clinical presentation and differential diagnoses are discussed. Special focus is placed on the administration of corticosteroids in clinical conditions with weak scientific evidence. The use of systemic corticosteroids in acute respiratory infections should be evaluated in the clinical context and only indicated in situations with proven effectiveness.

El síndrome de lisis tumoral es una complicación potencialmente letal y constituye, junto con las infecciones, la emergencia oncológica más frecuente. En pediatría, este cuadro puede ser secundario a enfermedades neoplásicas, y los corticoides son un factor desencadenante. En este trabajo se presenta el caso de una paciente adolescente, sin neoplasias conocidas o evidentes, que desarrolló un síndrome de lisis tumoral luego de la administración de corticoides por sospecha de una infección respiratoria. Se discute la forma de presentación y los diagnósticos diferenciales del cuadro clínico inicial. Se hace especial foco en la administración de corticoides en cuadros clínicos en los que no existe evidencia científica que respalde fuertemente su indicación. El uso de corticosteroides sistémicos en infecciones respiratorias agudas debe ser evaluado en el contexto clínico y solo debe indicarse en situaciones con probada efectividad.

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Tumor lysis syndrome is a well-characterized and potentially deadly complication of spontaneous or treatment-related tumor destruction, and it is most commonly associated with hematologic malignancies. Our case illustrates a rare example of fatal tumor lysis syndrome in the setting of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma treated with radiation therapy. This case highlights the critical importance of identifying patients with solid organ malignancies at risk for tumor lysis syndrome and of early recognition and treatment of this syndrome.

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Tumor lysis syndrome is a well-characterized and potentially deadly complication of spontaneous or treatment-related tumor destruction, and it is most commonly associated with hematologic malignancies. Our case illustrates a rare example of fatal tumor lysis syndrome in the setting of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma treated with radiation therapy. This case highlights the critical importance of identifying patients with solid organ malignancies at risk for tumor lysis syndrome and of early recognition and treatment of this syndrome.

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Objetivo: analisar a produção científica sobre a lesão renal aguda causada pela síndrome da Lise tumoral no paciente internado em unidade de terapia intensiva, bem como o conhecimento do enfermeiro sobre tal patologia. Método: Trata-se de um artigo de revisão integrativa realizado através da leitura de 30 artigos científicos retirados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. Resultados: Identificouse a ocorrência da lesão renal aguda e síndrome de lise tumoral através das alterações metabólicas e hemodinâmicas nos pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva e observou-se que não há publicações com relatos do enfermeiro sobre o conhecimento desta patologia. Conclusão: Apesar dos estudos atuais e a busca constante pelo conhecimento, sabe-se que a lesão renal aguda e Síndrome de Lise Tumoral é uma emergência oncológica com alta taxa de morbidade, onde a principal estratégia para melhorar a evolução de pacientes é estabelecer medidas profiláticas e o tratamento adequado com urgência. Deve existir uma análise contínua do enfermeiro, bem como de toda equipe, estratificação dos riscos e elaboração de protocolos de controles hidroeletrolíticos e laboratoriais para estabilização hemodinâmica do paciente oncológico na unidade de terapia intensiva.

Objective: to analyze the scientific production on acute kidney injury caused by tumor lysis syndrome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit, as well as the nurses' knowledge about such pathology. Method: This is an integrative review article carried out by reading 30 scientific articles taken from the Virtual Health Library. Results: The occurrence of acute kidney injury and tumor lysis syndrome was identified through metabolic and hemodynamic changes in patients admitted to the intensive care unit and it was observed that there are no publications with nurses' reports on the knowledge of this pathology. Conclusion: Despite current studies and the constant search for knowledge, it is known that acute kidney injury and Tumor Lysis Syndrome is an oncological emergency with a high morbidity rate, where the main strategy to improve the evolution of patients is to establish prophylactic measures and appropriate urgent treatment. There must be a continuous analysis of the nurse, as well as the entire team, risk stratification and elaboration of hydroelectrolytic and laboratory control protocols for hemodynamic stabilization of the cancer patient in the intensive care unit.

Objetivo: analizar la producción científica sobre la lesión renal aguda por síndrome de lisis tumoral en pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, así como el conocimiento de los enfermeros sobre dicha patología. Método: Se trata de un artículo de revisión integradora realizada mediante la lectura de 30 artículos científicos extraídos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Resultados: Se identificó la ocurrencia de daño renal agudo y síndrome de lisis tumoral a través de cambios metabólicos y hemodinámicos en pacientes ingresó en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y se observó que no existen publicaciones con informes de enfermeras sobre el conocimiento de esta patología. Conclusión: a pesar de los estudios actuales y la búsqueda constante de conocimiento, se sabe que la lesión renal aguda y el síndrome de lisis tumoral es una emergencia oncológica con una alta morbilidad, donde la principal estrategia para mejorar la evolución de los pacientes es establecer medidas profilácticas. y tratamiento urgente apropiado. Se debe realizar un análisis continuo de la enfermera, así como de todo el equipo, estratificación de riesgo y elaboración de protocolos de control hidroelectrolítico y de laboratorio para la estabilización hemodinámica del paciente oncológico en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

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Neuroblastoma (NB) is a solid tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, most commonly found in childhood, standing for 7% of all pediatric malignancies. The incidence in adults is markedly smaller: 1 case per 10 million adults per year. We report the case of a previously healthy 27-year-old woman who started with lumbar pain, asthenia, and abdominal distension over the last month. A chest and abdomen tomography scan showed a huge mass in the upper left hemithorax and marked hepatomegaly. The diagnosis was confirmed by hepatic and lung biopsies. On day 4, after admission, the patient started chemotherapy. On the following days, she had severe vaginal bleeding, epistaxis, worsening of the hepatic function markers, refractory shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. She died on the twelfth day of admission. We also present a review of adult cases of NB reported in the past 5 years.

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El síndrome de lisis tumoral representa una complicación potencialmente letal provocada por la liberación masiva de ácidos nucleicos, potasio y fosfato hacia la circulación como resultado de la lisis de células neoplásicas, las cuales se caracterizan por una rápida capacidad de proliferación y alta sensibilidad a fármacos. Esto puede ocurrir de forma espontánea antes del inicio del tratamiento y agravarse luego de haberse iniciado la quimioterapia. Presenta una alta mortalidad. Su prevención continúa siendo la medida terapéutica más importante. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por la existencia de trastornos del metabolismo hidroelectrolítico, en particular, hipercalemia, hiperfosfatemia e hiperuricemia y por la aparición de una lesión renal aguda. Una adecuada intervención terapéutica implica hidratación intravenosa y medidas para prevenir o corregir las alteraciones metabólicas. En este artículo, se proponen lineamientos para seguir tanto en la etapa diagnóstica como en el tratamiento de esta complicación.

The tumor lysis syndrome represents a potentially lethal complication caused by the massive release of nucleic acids, potassium and phosphate into the circulation as a result of the lysis of neoplastic cells, which are characterized by a rapid proliferation capacity and high sensitivity to drugs. This may occur spontaneously prior to the start of treatment, becoming worse after the initiation of chemotherapy. It presents a high mortality; its prevention continues being the most important therapeutic measure. The clinical picture is characterized by the existence of hydroelectrolytic metabolism disorders, in particular hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hyperuricemia and by the appearance of an acute renal lesion. Adequate therapeutic intervention involves intravenous hydration and measures to prevent or correct metabolic alterations. This article proposes guidelines to follow both in the diagnostic stage and in the treatment of this complication.

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The tumor lysis syndrome represents a potentially lethal complication caused by the massive release of nucleic acids, potassium and phosphate into the circulation as a result of the lysis of neoplastic cells, which are characterized by a rapid proliferation capacity and high sensitivity to drugs. This may occur spontaneously prior to the start of treatment, becoming worse after the initiation of chemotherapy. It presents a high mortality; its prevention continues being the most important therapeutic measure. The clinical picture is characterized by the existence of hydroelectrolytic metabolism disorders, in particular hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hyperuricemia and by the appearance of an acute renal lesion. Adequate therapeutic intervention involves intravenous hydration and measures to prevent or correct metabolic alterations. This article proposes guidelines to follow both in the diagnostic stage and in the treatment of this complication.

El síndrome de lisis tumoral representa una complicación potencialmente letal provocada por la liberación masiva de ácidos nucleicos, potasio y fosfato hacia la circulación como resultado de la lisis de células neoplásicas, las cuales se caracterizan por una rápida capacidad de proliferación y alta sensibilidad a fármacos. Esto puede ocurrir de forma espontánea antes del inicio del tratamiento y agravarse luego de haberse iniciado la quimioterapia. Presenta una alta mortalidad. Su prevención continúa siendo la medida terapéutica más importante. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por la existencia de trastornos del metabolismo hidroelectrolítico, en particular, hipercalemia, hiperfosfatemia e hiperuricemia y por la aparición de una lesión renal aguda. Una adecuada intervención terapéutica implica hidratación intravenosa y medidas para prevenir o corregir las alteraciones metabólicas. En este artículo, se proponen lineamientos para seguir tanto en la etapa diagnóstica como en el tratamiento de esta complicación.

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Neuroblastoma (NB) is a solid tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, most commonly found in childhood, standing for 7% of all pediatric malignancies. The incidence in adults is markedly smaller: 1 case per 10 million adults per year. We report the case of a previously healthy 27-year-old woman who started with lumbar pain, asthenia, and abdominal distension over the last month. A chest and abdomen tomography scan showed a huge mass in the upper left hemithorax and marked hepatomegaly. The diagnosis was confirmed by hepatic and lung biopsies. On day 4, after admission, the patient started chemotherapy. On the following days, she had severe vaginal bleeding, epistaxis, worsening of the hepatic function markers, refractory shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. She died on the twelfth day of admission. We also present a review of adult cases of NB reported in the past 5 years.

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RESUMO

Tumor lysis syndrome (SLT) is a rare and potentially fatal entity. It represents an oncological emergency. It can be diagnosed by its clinical presentation and also by laboratory results. In most cases it is presented as a complication of the chemotherapeutic treatment of oncohematological diseases with large tumor mass. Less frequently, a syndrome of spontaneous tumor lysis has been described, or secondary to the use of corticosteroids, hydroxyurea and radiotherapy. In its most severe forms it may require hospitalization in intensive care units and invasive therapeutic measures such as hemodialysis. We report four cases of SLT with unusual presentation characteristics admitted to our Medical Research Institute.

El síndrome de lisis tumoral (SLT) es una entidad poco frecuente y potencialmente fatal. Representa una emergencia oncológica. Puede diagnosticarse por su forma de presentación clínica y también por los resultados de laboratorio. En la mayoría de los casos se presenta como complicación del tratamiento quimioterapéutico de enfermedades oncohematológicas con gran masa tumoral. Con menor frecuencia se ha descrito un síndrome de lisis tumoral espontáneo, o secundario al uso de corticoides, hidroxiurea y radioterapia. En sus formas más graves puede requerir internación en unidades de terapia intensiva y medidas terapéuticas invasivas como la hemodiálisis. Comunicamos cuatro casos de SLT con características de presentación inusual internados en nuestro Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El síndrome de lisis tumoral (SLT) es una entidad poco frecuente y potencialmente fatal. Representa una emergencia oncológica. Puede diagnosticarse por su forma de presentación clínica y también por los resultados de laboratorio. En la mayoría de los casos se presenta como complicación del tratamiento quimioterapéutico de enfermedades oncohematológicas con gran masa tumoral. Con menor frecuencia se ha descrito un síndrome de lisis tumoral espontáneo, o secundario al uso de corticoides, hidroxiurea y radioterapia. En sus formas más graves puede requerir internación en unidades de terapia intensiva y medidas terapéuticas invasivas como la hemodiálisis. Comunicamos cuatro casos de SLT con características de presentación inusual internados en nuestro Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas.

Tumor lysis syndrome (SLT) is a rare and potentially fatal entity. It represents an oncological emergency. It can be diagnosed by its clinical presentation and also by laboratory results. In most cases it is presented as a complication of the chemotherapeutic treatment of oncohematological diseases with large tumor mass. Less frequently, a syndrome of spontaneous tumor lysis has been described, or secondary to the use of corticosteroids, hydroxyurea and radiotherapy. In its most severe forms it may require hospitalization in intensive care units and invasive therapeutic measures such as hemodialysis. We report four cases of SLT with unusual presentation characteristics admitted to our Medical Research Institute.

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RESUMO

Massive lysis of tumor mass in cancer patients under chemotherapy regimens generates high levels of uric acid, leading to what is known as tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase, converts urate to allantoin, which is readily excreted by the kidneys. Even though there is a high production of allantoin from urate in cancer patients following rasburicase treatment, there are no studies on how allantoin excess could interfere with chemotherapy. We have evaluated allantoin interference with cisplatin efficiency on the lung cancer cell line H460 in vitro. The cells were treated with cisplatin (33 µM), with or without allantoin, for 48 h, in the presence or absence of UV light, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) for 24 h. Cell viability, cell cycle, ROS production, apoptosis and immunoblot assays were performed. We showed that allantoin reduced the apoptosis induced by cisplatin in the H460 cell line. However, the activity of carboplatin and oxaliplatin, betulinic acid, TIBA, UV and H2O2 was not affected by allantoin. NMR spectroscopy showed that allantoin reduces cisplatin activity through direct interaction with cisplatin.

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Assuntos