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La aspergilosis es una infección fúngica causada por el microorganismo Aspergillus spp. Las manifestaciones clínicas dependen del estado inmunológico del paciente y de las alteraciones estructurales del parénquima pulmonar. Pese a su baja incidencia, siempre se debe considerar como diagnóstico diferencial en el contexto de pacientes con enfermedades pulmonares de base. Se presenta un caso de hombre de 66 años, agricultor, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, quien consultó por cuadro de 5 meses de disnea progresiva, fiebre, tos, hemoptisis y pérdida de peso. Los hallazgos imagenológicos fueron sugestivos de tuberculosis pulmonar asociado a aspergiloma, lo que fue confirmado por tinción de hidróxido de potasio (KOH) y cultivo de hongos positivo para Aspergillus fumigatus. El Gene Xpert fue positivo para Mycobacterium tuberculosis demostrando coinfección activa.

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by the microorganism Aspergillus spp. Clinical manifestations depend on the patient's immune status and structural alterations of the lung parenchyma. Despite its low incidence, it should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in the context of patients with underlying lung diseases. We present the case of a 66-year-old male farmer, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who presented with progressive dyspnea months, fever, cough, hemoptysis and weight loss for 5 months. Imaging findings were suggestive of aspergiloma- associated pulmonary tuberculosis, which was confirmed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) staining and positive fungal culture for Aspergillus fumigatus. Gene Xpert was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis showing active co-infection.

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Introducción. Las tasas de éxito del tratamiento de la tuberculosis continúan siendo subóptimas. Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados al tratamiento no exitoso para tuberculosis en pacientes con antecedentes de tratamiento para la tuberculosis. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo, analítico, de cohorte de pacientes que reingresaron a un programa de micobacterias en Cali, Colombia. Se incluyeron mayores de 15 años con tuberculosis pulmonar entre el 2015 y el 2019 con antecedentes de tratamiento para la tuberculosis. Se excluyeron los pacientes con tuberculosis resistente. Resultados. Ingresaron 605 pacientes con antecedentes de tratamiento, 60 % por tratamiento inconcluso y 40 % por recaída. En comparación con los pacientes que reingresaron por recaída (ORa= 2,34; IC=1,62-3,38), las variables que explicaron de manera independiente el no tener éxito con el tratamiento para la tuberculosis al egreso fueron: estar en situación de calle (ORa = 2,45; IC = 1,54-3,89), ser farmacodependiente (ORa = 1,95; IC=1,24-3,05), tener coinfección tuberculosis/VIH (ORa = 1,69; IC =1,00- 2,86) o diabetes (ORa =1,89; IC=1,29-2,77), y el incumplimiento de un tratamiento previo por pérdida de seguimiento, abandono u otras causas. Las variables programáticas que favorecieron el éxito del tratamiento fueron la asesoría de la prueba voluntaria de VIH (p < 0,001) y la realización de la prueba de VIH (p < 0,001). Conclusión. Estar en situación de calle, ser farmacodependiente, tener coinfección de tuberculosis y VIH, o diabetes, así como el incumplimiento del tratamiento previo por pérdida del seguimiento, abandono o fracaso del mismo, dificultaron el éxito del tratamiento antituberculoso. En la primera atención al reingreso de los pacientes con tuberculosis se deben identificar y abordar estas características.

Introduction. The success rates in the treatment of tuberculosis are suboptimal. Objective. To identify associated factors with the lack of success of antituberculosis treatment in patients with a tuberculosis treatment history. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective, analytical, observational, and cohort study of patients reentering the Mycobacterium program in Cali, Colombia. We included patients over 15 years old with pulmonary tuberculosis between 2015 and 2019 and a history of tuberculosis treatment. Patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis were excluded. Results. A total of 605 patients with a treatment history were included, 60% due to unfinished treatment and 40% due to relapse. Compared to patients reentering due to relapse (ORa=2.34, CI=1.62-3.38), the independent variables associated with treatment failure at discharge were homelessness (ORa=2.45, CI=1.54-3.89), substance dependence (ORa=1.95, CI=1.24-3.05), tuberculosis/HIV coinfection (ORa=1.69, CI=1.00-2.86), diabetes (ORa=1.89, CI=1.29-2.77), and unfinished previous tuberculosis treatment due to follow-up loss, abandonment, or other causes. Programmatic variables favoring treatment success were voluntary HIV testing counseling (p<0.001) and HIV testing (p<0.001). Conclusion. Homelessness, substance dependence, tuberculosis/HIV coinfection, diabetes, and incomplete previous treatment due to loss to follow-up, abandonment, or treatment failure hindered the success of antituberculosis. These characteristics should be identified and addressed during the initial care of patients reentering treatment for tuberculosis.

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La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) es un espectro de enfermedades crónicas inmunomediadas que afectan tanto el tracto gastrointestinal, como otros sistemas extraintestinales, comportándose como una enfermedad sistémica. Los fenómenos tromboembólicos son una complicación frecuente en la EII, como consecuencia de los estados de hipercoagulabilidad que se asocian con la actividad de la enfermedad, y su aparición tiene un impacto negativo tanto en el pronóstico como en la sobrevida de los pacientes. Debido a ello, el control de la actividad inflamatoria de la EII es uno de los pilares en el control de los eventos tromboembólicos. Los medicamentos biológicos se asocian al control rápido del cuadro inflamatorio, sin embargo, siempre se discute el tema de seguridad para la reactivación de infecciones latentes, en particular tuberculosis. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 37 años que debutó con trombosis venosa profunda en el miembro inferior izquierdo y posteriormente con tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo. Luego de investigar la etiología y ampliar la historia clínica se le diagnosticó Enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Al realizar los estudios previos al uso de biológicos, las pruebas de PPD y quantiferon resultaron positivas, luego de la discusión del caso se decidió iniciar tratamiento con ustekinumab.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a spectrum of chronic immune-mediated diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract and other extraintestinal systems, behaving as a systemic disease. Thromboembolic phenomena are a frequent complication in IBD, because of hypercoagulability states associated with disease activity, and their presence has a negative impact on prognosis and patient survival. Due to this, the control of the inflammatory activity of IBD is one of the pillars in the control of thromboembolic events. Biological drugs are associated with rapid control of the inflammatory process, however, the security profile for the reactivation of latent infections, particularly tuberculosis, is always discussed. We present the case of a 37-year-old patient who presented with deep vein thrombosis in the left lower limb and later with massive pulmonary thromboembolism. During his evaluation, he was diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD). When carrying out the studies prior to the use of biologics, PPD and quantiferon tests were positive. After discussing the case, we decided to start treatment with ustekinumab.

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Introducción. En el contexto de la pandemia por la COVID-19 es escasa la información de factores asociados al cumplimiento del tratamiento antituberculoso en las zonas de alta prevalencia de tuberculosis. Objetivo. Evaluar si existe asociación entre el apoyo social, la preocupación por el contagio de COVID-19 y el conocimiento de la tuberculosis, frente al incumplimiento del tratamiento antituberculoso. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio transversal de pacientes en tratamiento antituberculoso durante los meses de enero a marzo del 2022 en centros ubicados en áreas de alta prevalencia de tuberculosis en Lima. Se utilizó el cuestionario de Morisky Green-Levine para evaluar el cumplimiento del tratamiento como variable dependiente; las variables independientes se evaluaron usando el Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey para determinar el apoyo social percibido y la preocupación por la infección de COVID-19, y el test de Batalla para evaluar el conocimiento del paciente sobre su enfermedad. Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para determinar la asociación entre las variables. Resultados. De un total de 101 participantes (73,3 % hombres y edad media 35,1 ± 16 años), el 51,5 % no observaron el tratamiento antituberculoso. El nivel de preocupación medio o alto de contagiarse y desarrollar COVID-19 se asoció con una mayor prevalencia de incumplimiento del tratamiento (razón de prevalencia: 1,68; intervalo de confianza del 95 %: 1,09-2,57) (ajustada por las variables de confusión consideradas). Conclusiones. El incumplimiento del tratamiento antituberculoso es una condición frecuente entre los pacientes de una zona de alta prevalencia de tuberculosis en Lima especialmente entre aquellos con mayor preocupación al contagio por el virus de SARS- CoV-2, causante de la COVID-19.

Introduction. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, information on factors associated with adherence to antituberculosis treatment in areas with high prevalence of tuberculosis is scarce. Objective. To evaluate whether there is an association between social support, concern about COVID-19 infection and knowledge about tuberculosis, and non-adherence to antituberculosis treatment. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients under antituberculosis treatment, from January to March, 2022, in centers located in areas with a high prevalence of tuberculosis in Lima. We used the Morisky Green-Levine questionnaire to assess adherence to treatment as the dependent variable; the independent variables were evaluated using the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey for perceived social support and concern about COVID-19 infection, and the Battle Test to assess patients' knowledge about their disease. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to evaluate the association between the independent variables and the dependent one. Results. Out of 101 participants (73.3% male with an average age of 35.1 ±16 years), 51.5% were non-adherent to antituberculosis treatment. Medium or high level of concern about getting COVID-19 was associated with a higher prevalence of non-adherence to treatment (odds ratio: 1.68; 95 % confidence interval: 1.09-2.57) (adjusted for considered confounding variables). Conclusions. Non-adherence is a frequent condition among patients living in an area with a high prevalence of tuberculosis in Lima, especially among those with a higher concern for COVID-19 infection.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze Primary Health Care professionals' perceptions about the access of people with pulmonary tuberculosis to government social support and income transfer programs. Methods: multicenter/qualitative study, carried out in Family Health Units in four Brazilian capitals: Belém/Pará, Campo Grande/Mato Grosso do Sul, Recife/Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro. Fifty-eight professionals participated (social workers, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, physicians and nursing technicians), who provided assistance to people with pulmonary tuberculosis. Individual interviews were conducted, and the content analysis technique was used. Results: among the participants, 45/77.6% were women and 33/56.9% were between 25 and 40 years old. Two thematic categories were organized, demonstrating the perceptions about the possibilities of access to government programs by people with pulmonary tuberculosis in vulnerable situations and the obstacles inherent to this context. Final considerations: it is necessary to move forward in improving patient access to social programs.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as percepções dos profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde sobre o acesso de pessoas com tuberculose pulmonar aos programas sociais governamentais de suporte e de transferência de renda. Métodos: estudo multicêntrico/qualitativo, realizado em Unidades de Saúde da Família de quatro capitais brasileiras: Belém/Pará, Campo Grande/Mato Grosso do Sul, Recife/Pernambuco e Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro. Participaram 58 profissionais (assistentes sociais, dentistas, enfermeiros, farmacêuticos, médicos e técnicos de enfermagem), que prestavam assistência às pessoas com tuberculose pulmonar. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais, e utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: entre os participantes, 45/77,6% eram mulheres e 33/56,9% tinham entre 25 e 40 anos. Organizaram-se duas categorias temáticas, demonstrando as percepções acerca das possibilidades de acesso aos programas governamentais por pessoas com tuberculose pulmonar em situação de vulnerabilidade e os obstáculos inerentes a esse contexto. Considerações finais: é necessário avançar na melhoria do acesso dos doentes aos programas sociais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las percepciones de los profesionales de la Atención Primaria de Salud sobre el acceso de las personas con tuberculosis pulmonar a los programas gubernamentales de apoyo social y transferencia de ingresos. Métodos: estudio multicéntrico/cualitativo, realizado en Unidades de Salud de la Familia en cuatro capitales brasileñas: Belém/Pará, Campo Grande/Mato Grosso do Sul, Recife/Pernambuco y Rio de Janeiro/Rio de Janeiro. Participaron 58 profesionales (trabajadores sociales, odontólogos, enfermeros, farmacéuticos, médicos y técnicos de enfermería) que brindaron asistencia a personas con tuberculosis pulmonar. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales y se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: entre los participantes, 45/77,6% eran mujeres y 33/56,9% tenían entre 25 y 40 años. Se organizaron dos categorías temáticas, demostrando las percepciones sobre las posibilidades de acceso a los programas gubernamentales por parte de las personas con tuberculosis pulmonar en situación de vulnerabilidad y los obstáculos inherentes a este contexto. Consideraciones finales: es necesario avanzar en mejorar el acceso de los pacientes a los programas sociales.

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Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of death due to infection around the world. Although tuberculosis frequently involves lung parenchyma, tuberculoma is a rare complication. We describe an atypical pulmonary presentation of tuberculosis. A 15-month-old girl, previously healthy, was referred to the pulmonology department due to fever, poor weight gain, and a 2-months persistent lung image on chest x-ray despite antibiotic therapy. She had been in frequent contact with a respiratory symptomatic subject. She was admitted to the hospital with a TST of 13 mm and a heterogeneous bulky mass in the left upper lobe at chest computed tomography. Three gastric lavages were Masa pulmonar como manifestación primaria de tuberculosis en pediatría: reporte de un caso Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as a lung mass in children: case report done and the patient underwent exploratory thoracoscopy and lung biopsy, with positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculoma was confirmed, and the patient received standard anti- tuberculosis therapy with a favorable evolution.

La tuberculosis es una de las principales causas infecciosas de muerte en el mundo y es endémica en Argentina. La mayoría de los casos de tuberculosis son de localización pulmonar; el tuberculoma una complicación infrecuente. Se describe un caso clínico de presentación pulmonar atípica de tuberculosis. Se trata de una niña de 15 meses, previamente sana, derivada a neumología por fiebre, mal progreso de peso e imagen persistente por 2 meses en la radiografía de tórax a pesar de haber recibido antibioticoterapia. Antecedente de contacto estrecho con persona sintomática respiratoria. Se internó para estudio, mostró una PPD de 13 mm y una masa voluminosa heterogénea en el lóbulo superior izquierdo en la tomografía computada de tórax. Se realizaron tres lavados gástricos y toracoscopia exploratoria con biopsia pulmonar con rescate de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en cultivos. Se diagnosticó tuberculoma pulmonar y realizó tratamiento estándar con fármacos antituberculosos con evolución favorable.

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La tuberculosis es una de las principales causas infecciosas de muerte en el mundo y es endémica en Argentina. La mayoría de los casos de tuberculosis son de localización pulmonar; el tuberculoma una complicación infrecuente. Se describe un caso clínico de presentación pulmonar atípica de tuberculosis. Se trata de una niña de 15 meses, previamente sana, derivada a neumología por fiebre, mal progreso de peso e imagen persistente por 2 meses en la radiografía de tórax a pesar de haber recibido antibioticoterapia. Antecedente de contacto estrecho con persona sintomática respiratoria. Se internó para estudio, mostró una PPD de 13 mm y una masa voluminosa heterogénea en el lóbulo superior izquierdo en la tomografía computada de tórax. Se realizaron tres lavados gástricos y toracoscopia exploratoria con biopsia pulmonar con rescate de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en cultivos. Se diagnosticó tuberculoma pulmonar y realizó tratamiento estándar con fármacos antituberculosos con evolución favorable.

Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of death due to infection around the world. Although tuberculosis frequently involves lung parenchyma, tuberculoma is a rare complication. We describe an atypical pulmonary presentation of tuberculosis. A 15-month-old girl, previously healthy, was referred to the pulmonology department due to fever, poor weight gain, and a 2-months persistent lung image on chest x-ray despite antibiotic therapy. She had been in frequent contact with a respiratory symptomatic subject. She was admitted to the hospital with a TST of 13 mm and a heterogeneous bulky mass in the left upper lobe at chest computed tomography. Three gastric lavages were done and the patient underwent exploratory thoracoscopy and lung biopsy, with positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculoma was confirmed, and the patient received standard anti- tuberculosis therapy with a favorable evolution.

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Introducción. Hay consenso global en que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces de la tuberculosis pueden acelerar su control y mitigar sus consecuencias. En Honduras, la tasa de mortalidad por la enfermedad aumentó gradualmente entre 2014 y 2018, a lo que se suman las reformas en el sistema de salud del 2014 y la implementación parcial de la estrategia "Fin a la TB". Objetivo. Analizar las barreras y los elementos facilitadores del diagnóstico y el tratamiento que afectan la cobertura del programa nacional de tuberculosis, con el fin de brindar herramientas para la implementación efectiva de la estrategia "Fin a la TB" en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 2015-2019. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio mixto secuencial y explicativo de pacientes mayores de 18 años con tuberculosis pulmonar positivos en la baciloscopia. Se revisaron las fichas de notificación de la enfermedad y las historias clínicas en dos establecimientos de salud de primer nivel y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal de salud, los pacientes y los familiares. Resultados. En el 74,6 % (297/398) de los casos no hubo diagnóstico oportuno. En este grupo, se encontró una mayor proporción de hombres (62,3 %; 185/297) y de adultos (80,8 %; 240/297); predominó un nivel de escolaridad inferior a la secundaria (53,7 %; 108/297); el 49,2 % (123/297) de los pacientes tenía alguna ocupación, y el 98,2 % había recibido tratamiento oportuno. Se detectaron las siguientes barreras: condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, desarticulación del sistema de salud público y privado, y límites fronterizos entre maras y pandillas. Los elementos facilitadores fueron la buena atención y la actitud del personal de salud, y la disponibilidad y reserva de tratamiento. Conclusiones. La falta de oportunidad en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis afectó la cobertura del programa nacional como resultado de las barreras culturales y de atención en salud.

Introduction: There is a global consensus that early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can accelerate its control and mitigate its consequences. The gradual increase in the TB mortality rate from 2014 to 2018 in Honduras, the reform of the health system in 2014, and the partial implementation of the "End TB" strategy motivated this study. Objective: To analyze barriers to and facilitators of diagnosis and treatment affecting the national TB program coverage using data from 2015 to 2019 and provide tools for the effective implementation of the "End TB" strategy in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Materials and methods: This was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study on smear-positive pulmonary TB patients older than 18 years of age. TB notification sheets and medical records from two primary health care facilities were reviewed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with health care providers, patients, and their families. Results: A total of 74.6% of the cases (297/398) did not receive a timely diagnosis; 62.3% (185/297) were men, 80.8% (240/297) were adults, 53.7% (108/297) had less than high school education, 49.2% (123/297) had some occupation, and 98.2% of participants received timely treatment. Identified barriers included low socioeconomic conditions, lack of coordination between public and private health systems, and boundaries set by gangs. Identified facilitators included good care and attitude of the health care personnel and the availability of medications. Conclusions: The lack of opportunity to diagnose the disease affected the coverage of the national TB program due to cultural and health care barriers.

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Background: India accounts for the highest number of TB cases globally (almost one-fifth of the global burden and almost two-thirds of the cases in South East Asia. Furthermore, the development of drug resistance of varying levels such as multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB), extensively-drug resistance TB (XDR-TB) and total-drug resistant TB (TDR-TB) has been on the increase, and now India also features in the 27 high-MDRTB-burden countries. Almost parallel to these developments, in the last few years, we have been encountering less common morphological forms of pulmonary TB (PTB) at autopsies. With these less common manifestations of the disease, we undertook this study to examine the changing trends in the morphological pattern of pulmonary TB over the recent years. Methods: In this 3-year retrospective study, adult autopsy cases of PTB (that significantly contributed to the final cause of death) were studied in detail. HIV-positive cases were excluded from the study. The clinical details, gross appearances of the pulmonary lesions, microscopic pattern and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining were studied. Extrapulmonary involvement and causes of death were documented. Results: Pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of death at autopsy was seen in 130 adult patients over 3 years. The age range was between 12 to 70 years. Anti-tuberculous therapy had been administered in 33 of them, but only one patient had taken complete therapy. Dyspnea was the commonest respiratory symptom seen in 51 cases (39.2%). Tuberculous bronchopneumonia was the commonest lesion (45.3%), miliary lesions (including localized miliary) accounted for 26% while fibrocavitary lesions (including the ones not involving apex) were seen in 13% cases. Other morphologies included nodular forms of TB (13%), localized miliary lesions (11.9%), and fibrocavitary lesions, not necessarily involving the apex (11.7% of all fibrocavitary cases), and predominant pleuritis with underlying lung involvement by TB in 1 case. Many cases of TB bronchopneumonia had a bronchocentric pattern of distribution (14.7%). On microscopy, caseating granulomas were seen in 93% cases, only caseation necrosis was seen in 4.6% cases, and necrotizing granulomas with abscess-like reaction in 11.5% cases. ZN staining was positive in 92 cases (70.7%). All the extrapulmonary lesions showed caseating granulomas histologically. The final cause of death was found to be primarily tuberculous in 106 cases (81.5%), whereas in 24 cases (19.5%) pulmonary TB was attributed to the secondary cause of death. Conclusion: The typical apical involvement of secondary TB was not seen in most of our cases. This could indicate a difference in the morphology and the pattern of lung involvement in recent years. The difference in gross morphology does not affect the pattern of involvement of the lung. In our study, we have observed both; a change in morphology, i.e., more cases of TB bronchopneumonia, and a change in the pattern of involvement like nodular forms, localized miliary forms, and fibrocavitary lesions not necessarily involving the apex. We postulate that this less common manifestation of pulmonary TB is closely related to the development of multi-drug and microbial resistance posing serious medical challenges.

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BACKGROUND: The interpretation of the chest radiograph may vary because it depends on the reader and due to the non-specificity of findings in tuberculosis (TB). We aim to assess the reproducibility of a standardized chest radiograph reading protocol in contacts of patients with pulmonary TB under the 5 years of age. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with children under the age of five, household contacts of patients with confirmed pulmonary TB from Medellín, Bello and Itagüí (Colombia) between Jan-01-2015 and May-31-2016. Standardized reading protocol: two radiologists, blinded independent reading, use of template (Dr. Andronikou design) in case of disagreement a third reading was performed. Kappa coefficient for intra and inter observer agreement, and prevalence ratio were estimated of sociodemographic characteristics, TB exposure and interpretation of chest X-ray. RESULTS: From 278 children, standardized reading found 255 (91.7%) normal X-rays, 10 (3.6%) consistent with TB, and 13 (4.7%) other alterations. Global agreement was 91.3% (Kappa = 0.51). Inter-observer agreement between readers 1-2 was 90.0% (Kappa = 0.59) and 1-3 93.2% (Kappa = 0.59). Intra-observer agreement for reader 1 was 95.5% (Kappa = 0.86), 2 84.0% (Kappa = 0.51), and 3 94.7% (Kappa = 0.68). Greater inter-observer disagreement was between readers 1-2 for soft tissue density suggestive of adenopathy (4.6%), airspace opacification (1.17%) and pleural effusion (0.58%); between readers 1-3 for soft tissue density suggestive of adenopathy (4.2%), opacification of airspace (2.5%) and cavities (0.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Chest radiographs are an affordable tool that contributes to the diagnosis of TB, so having a standardized reading protocol showed good agreement and improves the reproducibility of radiograph interpretation.

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Introducción: Uno de los problemas de salud pública en Perú es la tuberculosis pulmonar, conocer la realidad desde diferentes ópticas permitirá el abordaje apropiado para la terapéutica, así como la atención a la persona. Objetivo: Determinar la relación que existe entre el apoyo social y el autocuidado de los pacientes de un hospital de Lima ­ Este, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal. La población fue de 114 pacientes pertenecientes al PNCT. Se utilizó el muestreo no probabilístico por intención, aplicando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se obtuvo la muestra constituída por 100 pacientes. Se aplicó el Test MOS de Apoyo Social y el Test de Autocuidado. En la recolección de datos se tomó en cuenta las consideraciones éticas. Los datos fueron procesados en el software SPSS-24, y analizados con Estadística descriptiva utilizando frecuencias y porcentajes. Para el análisis inferencial se utilizó Chi cuadrado. Resultados: El sexo, la edad, el grado de instrucción y el estado civil, no tienen relación con el autocuidado de los pacientes con TB con p-valor >0,05. El 69,2% de los pacientes que recibía esquema de tratamiento para TB MDR presentaron un autocuidado inadecuado. El 100% de los pacientes que recibía tratamiento para TB sensible presentaron un autocuidado adecuado, con relación significativa con un p-valor de 0,000. El 83,3% de los pacientes que percibieron un apoyo adecuado presentaron un autocuidado adecuado, el 76,9% que percibió un apoyo escaso, calificó su autocuidado como inadecuado con relación significativa con un p-valor de 0,000. Resultados similares se observan para las dimensiones del apoyo social con un p-valor <0,05. Conclusión: Los pacientes se caracterizan por ser jóvenes, varones, solteros y recibir tratamiento para TB sensible. Existe relación significativa entre un adecuado apoyo social y un adecuado autocuidado. Un esquema de tratamiento para TB resistente se relaciona con un inadecuado autocuidado.

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is considered one of the major public health issues in Peru, thus understanding its real condition from different points of view will allow choosing the most appropriate therapeutic approach and patient care. Objective: To determine the relationship between social support and self-care in patients in the Lima Este Hospital, Peru. Materials and Methods: A quantitative correlational cross-sectional study was conducted with 114 patients participating in the NTCP program. Non-probability purposive sampling was built with 100 patients for which inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The MOS Social Support Survey and Self-Care Questionnaire were administered. Ethical considerations were considered for data collection. Data was processed using SPSS-24 software and later analyzed using descriptive statistics with frequencies and percentages. The chi-squared test was used for inferential analysis. Results: Sex, age, educational level and marital status had no relationship (p>0.05) with self-care in TB patients. Inappropriate self-care was found in 69.2% of patients receiving MDR-TB treatment. 100% of patients receiving drug-susceptible TB treatment showed appropriate self-care with a significant relationship (p-value of 0.000). 83.3% of patients who perceived appropriate support showed appropriate self-care, 76.9% of patients who perceived poor support rated their self-care as inappropriate with a significant relationship (p-value of 0.000). Similar findings were found for the social support dimension with a p-value of <0.05. Conclusions: Patients were characterized as young, male and single under drug-susceptible TB treatment. A significant relationship was found between appropriate social support and appropriate self-care. A schedule for drug-susceptible TB treatment is related to inappropriate self-care.

Introdução: Um dos problemas de saúde pública no Peru é a tuberculose pulmonar, e compreender a realidade a partir de diferentes perspectivas permitirá uma abordagem adequada à terapia e cuidados para o indivíduo. Objetivo: Determinar a relação entre apoio social e autocuidado dos pacientes em um hospital em Lima - Este, Peru. Materiais e Métodos: Um estudo quantitativo, correlacional e transversal. A população era de 114 pacientes pertencentes ao Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose (PNCT). A amostragem não-probabilística por intenção foi utilizada, aplicando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, a amostra consistiu em 100 pacientes. Foram aplicados a Escala de Apoio Social MOS e o Teste de Autocuidado. As considerações éticas foram levadas em conta na recolha de dados. Os dados foram processados no software SPSS-24, e analisados com estatísticas descritivas utilizando frequências e percentagens. O qui-quadrado foi usado para análise inferencial. Resultados: Sexo, idade, nível de escolaridade e estado civil não tiveram relação com o autocuidado de pacientes com TB com valor de p >0,05. 69,2% dos pacientes que receberam o regime de tratamento da TB MDR tinham um autocuidado inadequado. 100% dos pacientes que receberam tratamento para a tuberculose sensível mostraram um autocuidado adequado, com uma relação significativa com um valor p de 0,000. 83,3% dos pacientes que perceberam apoio adequado tinham autocuidado adequado, 76,9% que perceberam apoio deficiente classificaram seu autocuidado como inadequado com uma relação significativa com um valor p de 0,000. Resultados semelhantes foram observados para as dimensões de apoio social com um valor p<0,05. Conclusão: Os pacientes caracterizam-se por serem jovens, homens, solteiros e receberem tratamento para a tuberculose sensível. Existe uma relação significativa entre o apoio social adequado e o autocuidado adequado. Um regime de tratamento para a TB resistente está associado a um autocuidado inadequado.

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RESUMEN La tuberculosis pulmonar puede afectar cualquier órgano y sus manifestaciones clínicas son variables. Se presenta un caso de tuberculosis pulmonar con diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento en la Atención Primaria de Salud. La paciente de 52 años de edad, dispensarizada como adulto grupo III, riesgo de tuberculosis pulmonar, hipertensa y diabética, fue atendida en su consultorio médico de la familia por presentar malestar general, tos productiva y persistente mayormente en horario de la noche, anorexia y astenia. Había convivido durante cinco años con dos familiares diagnosticados de tuberculosis pulmonar. El examen radiológico y el estudio microbiológico confirmaron el diagnóstico. El tratamiento logró la mejoría, evidente desde el punto clínico y radiológico; así como la disminución de la codificación en la baciloscopia. La confirmación del diagnóstico resulta fundamental, sobre todo en aquellos pacientes con factores de riesgo. La radiografía de tórax y la baciloscopia garantizan el seguimiento. La imagen radiográfica cavitaria extendida, también conocida como signo de la raqueta de tenis o punta de flecha, se observa con poca frecuencia en el diagnóstico en la comunidad.

ABSTRACT Pulmonary tuberculosis can affect any organ and its clinical manifestations are variable. A case of pulmonary tuberculosis with diagnosis, treatment and follow-up in Primary Health Care is presented. The 52-years-old patient, discharged as a group III adult, at risk of pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertensive and diabetic, was treated at her family doctor's office due to physical discomfort, productive and persistent cough mainly at night, anorexia and asthenia. She had lived for five years with two relatives diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Radiological examination and microbiological study confirmed the diagnosis. The treatment achieved the improvement, evident from the clinical and radiological point of view; as well as the decrease in the coding in the bacilloscopy. Confirmation of the diagnosis is essential, especially in those patients with risk factors. Chest X-ray and smear microscopy guarantee follow-up. The extended cavitary radiographic image, also known as the tennis racket or arrowhead sign, is rarely seen at diagnosis in the community.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: El Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) ha mejorado dramáticamente el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis (TBC). Con él ha nacido la categoría de trazas, que es la menor carga bacilar detectable por este examen. OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con presencia de trazas en el Ultra y evaluar la confirmación de la TBC como diagnóstico clínico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de serie de casos. Se extrajo la información de fichas clínicas de pacientes con positividad a trazas. Se confrontaron datos clínicos, microbiológicos e histopatológicos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 21 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 52 años. Todos los casos presentaron baciloscopias negativas. Cuatro cultivos en medio líquido MGIT fueron positivos, dos en pleura parietal, uno en líquido pleural y otro en expectoración. En pleura parietal, tres casos presentaron granulomas con necrosis caseosa y un granuloma esbozos de necrosis. En tejido pulmonar se observaron dos casos con granulomas con esbozos de necrosis y dos con granulomas no necrotizantes. Tres pacientes tenían el antecedente de TBC previa, se interpretó la positividad de trazas en ellos como falsos positivos. Finalmente se diagnosticaron 13 casos como TBC activa, donde cinco de ellos fueron TBC pleurales. La mayor concordancia clínica, microbiológica e histopatológica fue en muestras de líquido y tejido pleural. DISCUSIÓN: Se debe interpretar con cautela los hallazgos de esta prueba en muestras de vía aérea; el análisis multidisciplinario (clínica, imágenes, microbiología, histología) es crucial en las decisiones de nuestras conductas clínicas futuras. El hallazgo de trazas en pleura tiene, a nuestro parecer, un alto valor diagnóstico en el estudio de la tuberculosis en esta localización.

INTRODUCTION: Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra has dramatically changed the diagnosis of tuberculosis. A new category called traces appeared, which is the smallest amount of bacillar load detectable. OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical characteristics of patients that present traces in Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra test, and to evaluate the confirmation of tuberculosis as clinical diagnosis. METHODS: We perform a descriptive case series study. Information was recovered from clinical records of patients with positive test for traces. Clinical, histopathological and microbiological results were confronted. RESULTS: Twenty one patients were analyzed. The mean age was 52 years-old. All cases had negative smear microscopy and four MGIT cultures were positive, two in pleural fluid and another in sputum. In parietal pleura, three cases presented granulomas with caseous necrosis, and one showed granuloma with very little necrosis. In pleural tissue we observed two cases of granulomas with traces of necrosis and two with non-necrotizing granulomas. Three patients had history of previous tuberculosis and positive traces, the test was interpreted as a false positive result. Finally, active tuberculosis was diagnosed in 13 cases, and five of them were pleural tuberculosis. The highest clinical, microbiological and histopathological agreement was in fluid and pleural tissue samples. DISCUSSION: The findings of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra in airway samples must be interpreted carefully. Multi-disciplinary analysis is crucial in future clinical decisions. The finding of traces in pleura has, in our opinion, a high diagnostic value in the study of tuberculosis in this location.

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A doença de Crohn é uma patologia caracterizada pela inflamação transmural do trato gastrointestinal, compondo o espectro das doenças inflamatórias intestinais. Nos casos mais graves, dispõe de tratamento com uso de agentes biológicos e imunomoduladores que podem à reativação ou exacerbação de doenças infecciosas preexistentes. Este relato de caso trata de uma paciente do sexo feminino de 24 anos, diagnosticada com Doença de Crohn há 10 anos, evoluindo com necessidade de tratamento com infliximab e, após período de menos de 1 ano, apresentou odinofagia progressiva, dor abdominal e diarreia, além de perda ponderal, sudorese noturna e febre diária. Tomografia computadorizada de tórax evidenciou árvore em brotamento, sendo confirmado diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar pelo Teste Rápido Molecular no escarro e provável tuberculose laríngea e intestinal.

Crohn's disease is a pathology characterized by transmural inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, comprising the spectrum of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. In the most severe cases, treatment using biological agents and immunomodulators may be available, which can lead to the reactivation or exacerbation of preexisting infectious diseases. This case report is about a 24-year-old female patient, diagnosed with Crohn's disease 10 years ago, evolving in need of treatment with Infliximab and, after a period of less than 1 year, she presented progressive odynophagia, abdominal pain and diarrhea, in addition to weight loss, night sweats and daily fever. Chest computer tomography showed a tree in bud, and the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed by the Rapid Molecular Test in the sputum and probable laryngeal and intestinal tuberculosis.

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Introducción: La tuberculosis laríngea es una entidad sumamente rara en países del primer mundo, sin embargo, en nuestro medio no es extraño, como país latinoamericano, sospechar esta patología como una de las causas de disfonía y lesiones granulomatosas en la actualidad. La tuberculosis laríngea debe considerarse dentro de las patologías en pacientes con disfonía de larga evolución que no responden al tratamiento común, esta entidad puede ser confundida con neoplasias. Reporte de caso: Se presenta el caso de una mujer en la cuarta década de la vida con disfonía crónica de 6 meses de evolución, que fue remitida para laringoscopia. Se localizaron neoformaciones granulomatosas acompañadas de edema en ambas cuerdas vocales, sometidas a biopsia, con resultados con la tinción de hematoxilina-eosina de células gigantes multinucleadas de Langhans y la tinción Zielh-Nielsen fue positiva para bacilo alcohol ácido resistente. La radiografía de tórax mostró lesiones reticulonodulares sugestivas de tuberculosis pulmonar. Conclusión: Un alto nivel de sospecha y un diagnóstico temprano pueden limitar las complicaciones y facilitar un manejo oportuno de estos casos. Es necesario sospechar de tuberculosis laríngea en pacientes que presentan disfonía crónica, especialmente cuando se asocia con síntomas constitucionales, aunque no siempre los presentan, por otro lado, en algunos casos, no existe asociación con inmunodeficiencia.

Introduction: Laryngeal tuberculosis is an extremely rare entity in first world countries, however, it is not strange in our environment as a Latin American country to suspect this pathology as one of the causes of dysphonia and granulomatous lesions today. Laryngeal tuberculosis should be considered within the pathologies in patients with long-standing dysphonia that do not respond to common treatment, this entity can be confused with neoplasms. Case report: We present the case of a female in the fourth decade of life with chronic dysphonia of six months of evolution, who was referred for laryngoscopy, granulomatous neoformations accompanied by edema in both vocal cords were located, subjected to biopsy with results with hematoxylin staining. Langhans multinucleated giant cell eosin and Zielh-Nielsen staining were positive for acid-fast bacillus. Chest X-ray showed reticule-nodular lesions suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: A high level of suspicion and an early diagnosis can limit complications and facilitate timely management of these cases. It is necessary to suspect laryngeal tuberculosis in patients with chronic dysphonia, especially when associated with constitutional symptoms, although they do not always present them; on the other hand, in some cases, there is no association with immunodeficiency

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the contributions of educational technologies used during the guidelines for sputum collection from pulmonary tuberculosis. Method: Systematic review guided by Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews with protocol registered in the database International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, with number CRD42020208162. The search was performed in the Cinahl, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Lilacs, CENTRAL, CAPES, Proquest, OpenGrey databases and manual search in the reference list. The search, selection of studies, data extraction, and methodological evaluation using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool were performed by two independent reviewers. Results: A total of 2,488 studies were evidenced, with seven being selected and analyzed, of which four used structured lectures; three, educational booklet; and one, an educational video, used alone or together, impacting the bacteriological confirmation of tuberculosis. The studies had a low risk of bias. Conclusion: Scientific evidence has shown that educational technologies contribute to increasing the quality, volume, and appearance of the sputum sample, which improves the bacteriological confirmation of the disease.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Evaluar las contribuciones de las tecnologías educativas utilizadas durante las orientaciones para colecta de esputo de la tuberculosis pulmonar. Método: Revisión sistemática guiada por el Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews con protocolo registrado en la base International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, bajo el número CRD42020208162. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos Cinahl, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Lilacs, CENTRAL, CAPES, Proquest, OpenGrey y búsqueda manual en la lista de referencias. La búsqueda, selección de los estudios, extracción de los datos y evaluación metodológica por la herramienta del Riesgo de Sesgo Cochrane fueron realizadas por dos revisores independientes. Resultados: Se evidenciaron 2488 estudios, siendo siete seleccionados y analizados, de los cuales cuatro utilizaron palestras estructuradas, tres folder educativo y un vídeo educativo, utilizados de forma aislada o conjunta, impactando en la confirmación bacteriológica de la tuberculosis. Los estudios presentaron bajo riesgo de sesgo. Conclusión: Las evidencias científicas demostraron que las tecnologías educativas presentan como contribuciones el aumento de la calidad, volumen y aspecto de la muestra de esputo, lo que proporciona el perfeccionamiento de la confirmación bacteriológica de la enfermedad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as contribuições das tecnologias educativas utilizadas durante as orientações para coleta de escarro da tuberculose pulmonar. Método: Revisão sistemática guiada pelo Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews com protocolo registrado na base International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, sob o número CRD42020208162. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Cinahl, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Lilacs, CENTRAL, CAPES, Proquest, OpenGrey e busca manual na lista de referências. A busca, seleção dos estudos, extração dos dados e avaliação metodológica pela ferramenta do Risco de Viés da Cochrane foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes. Resultados: Evidenciaram-se 2488 estudos, sendo sete selecionados e analisados, dos quais quatro utilizaram palestras estruturadas; três, folder educativo; e um, vídeo educativo. Todos foram utilizados de forma isolada ou em conjunto, impactando na confirmação bacteriológica da tuberculose. Os estudos apresentaram baixo risco de viés. Conclusão: As evidências científicas demonstraram que as tecnologias educativas apresentam como contribuições o aumento da qualidade, volume e aspecto da amostra de escarro, o que proporciona a melhoria da confirmação bacteriológica da doença.

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RESUMEN Objetivo. Adaptar y validar el instrumento EMPODERA-TB para medir el empoderamiento en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar. Métodos. Se adaptó y validó un instrumento, diseñado inicialmente para medir el empoderamiento en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas, para medir el empoderamiento en pacientes con tuberculosis. Para ello, se seleccionaron y adaptaron los ítems aplicables a los pacientes con tuberculosis. La validación se realizó mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, con base en los datos de una muestra de 49 pacientes de origen mexicano con diagnóstico de tuberculosis pulmonar. Resultados. El instrumento se integró por 19 ítems agrupados en tres dimensiones: adquisición de conocimientos, habilidades para compartir información y para la toma de decisiones. Se observó un ajuste aceptable (SRMR: 0,124; CD: 0,999), mientras que la consistencia interna para las dimensiones fue de 0,878; 0,879 y 0,808, respectivamente, y para el instrumento completo fue de 0,885. Conclusiones. El instrumento mostró índices de ajuste de bondad aceptables y consistencia interna adecuada, por lo que permite medir el empoderamiento en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar. Este instrumento será de utilidad en la práctica clínica y epidemiología de tuberculosis en países latinoamericanos de habla hispana, y permitirá implementar estrategias que mejoren el conocimiento y el apego al tratamiento, así como la interacción con pacientes o individuos en riesgo de contagio y, con ello, establecer estrategias de prevención.

ABSTRACT Objective. Adapt and validate EMPODERA-TB in order to measure empowerment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Methods. An instrument initially designed to measure empowerment of patients with chronic diseases was adapted and validated to measure empowerment of patients with tuberculosis. The items applicable to patients with tuberculosis were selected and adapted. Validation was performed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, based on data from a sample of 49 patients of Mexican origin diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Results. The instrument comprised 19 items grouped into three dimensions: knowledge acquisition, information-sharing skills, and decision-making skills. Acceptable goodness-of-fit was observed (SRMR: 0.124; CD: 0.999); internal consistency for the three dimensions was 0.878, 0.879, and 0.808, respectively, and for the instrument overall it was 0.885. Conclusions. The instrument showed acceptable goodness-of-fit and adequate internal consistency, making it possible to measure empowerment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. This instrument will be useful in TB clinical practice and epidemiology in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. It will allow implementation of strategies that improve knowledge and adherence to treatment, interactions with patients or individuals at risk of infection, and development of prevention strategies.

RESUMO Objetivo. Adaptar e validar o instrumento EMPODERA-TB para medir o empoderamento em pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar. Métodos. Um instrumento elaborado inicialmente para medir o empoderamento em pacientes com doenças crônicas foi adaptado e validado para medir o empoderamento em pacientes com tuberculose. Para tanto, foram selecionados e adaptados os itens aplicáveis aos pacientes com tuberculose. A validação foi realizada por meio de análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, e a consistência interna foi analisada por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, com base em dados de uma amostra de 49 pacientes de origem mexicana com diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar. Resultados. O instrumento foi composto por 19 itens, agrupados em três dimensões: aquisição de conhecimento, habilidade de compartilhar informações e habilidade para a tomada de decisão. Observou-se um ajuste aceitável (SRMR: 0,124; CD: 0,999), enquanto a consistência interna para as dimensões foi de 0,878, 0,879 e 0,808, respectivamente, e para o instrumento como um todo foi de 0,885. Conclusões. O instrumento apresentou índices de bondade de ajuste aceitáveis e consistência interna adequada; portanto, permite mensurar o empoderamento em pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar. Este instrumento será útil para a prática clínica e epidemiológica da tuberculose nos países latino-americanos de língua espanhola, e permitirá a implementação de estratégias que melhorem o conhecimento e a adesão ao tratamento, bem como a interação com pacientes ou indivíduos em risco de contágio e, portanto, o estabelecimento de estratégias de prevenção.

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La tuberculosis es la principal causa de muerte por un agente infeccioso a nivel mundial y se estima que un 6% de los casos nuevos corresponde a tuberculosis infantil. La presencia de tuberculosis en niños es una señal de la existencia de transmisión del agente en la comunidad. Esta investigación busca describir las características epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis infantil en Chile entre 2011 y 2020. METODOLOGÍA: estudio descriptivo de los casos de tuberculosis infantil registrados en Chile entre los años 2011 y 2020. RESULTADOS: se registraron 544 casos de tuberculosis en menores de 15 años en el período analizado, con una tasa de incidencia anual entre 1,1 y 2,2 casos por 100.000. Se observa un importante aumento de casos en los últimos tres años, especialmente en el grupo de menores de 5 años. 63,2% corresponden a tuberculosis pulmonar, y de ellos 62,3% fueron confirmados por bacteriología. La mayoría de los casos no presenta comorbilidades que impliquen inmunosupresión y la incidencia de meningitis tuberculosa en menores de 5 años es baja. La proporción de contactos es de 29% y la de extranjeros de 17%, ambas variables en aumento en los últimos años. CONCLUSIÓN: La tuberculosis en niños sigue siendo un problema de salud poco frecuente en Chile. Sin embargo, su aumento en los últimos años debe alertar sobre un incremento de la transmisión comunitaria de la enfermedad, por lo que se debe reforzar la detección oportuna de casos contagiantes, la investigación de contactos y el tratamiento preventivo.

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide and it is estimated that 6% of new cases are children. Childhood tuberculosis reflects ongoing transmission within communities. This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of childhood tuberculosis in Chile between 2011 and 2020. METHODOLOGY: descriptive study of the cases of tuberculosis under 15 years-old registered in Chile from 2011 to 2020. RESULTS: 544 cases were registered in the period analyzed, with an annual incidence rate between 1.1 and 2.2 cases per 100,000. A significant increase in cases is observed in the last three years, especially in the group under 5 years-old. 63.2% correspond to pulmonary tuberculosis, and among them 62.3% are confirmed by bacteriology. Most of the cases do not have comorbidities and the incidence of tuberculous meningitis in children under 5 years is low. Contacts are 29% of the cases and foreigners are 17%, both percentages are increasing in the last years. CONCLUSION: Childhood tuberculosis remains a low frequency health problem in Chile. However, its increase in recent years implies an increase in the community transmission. Active case finding, contact tracing and preventive treatment should be reinforced.

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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It can affect any organ, but the pulmonary form is the most common manifestation. Not only humans can be affected by tuberculosis, and animals are also commonly infected. This disease can be transmitted to humans usually by inhalation of aerosols or by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or dairy products. We report the case of a zoo worker. He reported an epidemiological context of contact with sea lions and dolphins, of which he takes care, with tuberculosis in the last 4 months. He sought permanent medical care for a 3-week history of cough, fever, sweating, and weight loss. Bronchial lavage was positive for acid-alcohol resistant bacilli. Lavage cultures were positive for the M. tuberculosis complex. The patient was referred for treatment with antituberculosis drugs. Tuberculosis is a major public health problem worldwide. In the occupational setting, tuberculosis remains a matter of great concern and attention, most often in the hospital environment or among health care professionals. However, the case reported here shows another, less usual occupational setting in which this type of contact can also occur. It is expected that the warning of this case can be used by occupational health teams, namely those who are responsible for periodic surveillance of workers' health in the animal sector.

A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa causada por bactérias do Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Pode atingir qualquer órgão, sendo a forma pulmonar a mais frequente. Não só os humanos podem ser atingidos pela tuberculose, sendo também muito comum a existência de infecção de animais. Essa patologia pode espalhar-se para os humanos, normalmente pela inalação de aerossóis ou pela ingestão de leite ou derivados não pasteurizados. Trata-se do caso de um trabalhador de zoológico, com contexto epidemiológico de contato com leões-marinhos com tuberculose nos últimos 4 meses. Recorreu a atendimento permanente por história de 3 semanas de tosse, febre, sudorese e perda ponderal. A pesquisa de bacilos resistentes a álcool-ácido no lavado brônquico revelou-se positiva. Quanto ao exame cultural do lavado, concluiu-se positivo para M. tuberculosis complex. Foi, então, realizado o devido encaminhamento, e o paciente iniciou tratamento com antibacilares. A tuberculose constitui um importante problema de saúde pública em nível global. No contexto ocupacional, mantém-se como um motivo de grande preocupação e atenção, mais frequentemente em meio hospitalar ou entre os profissionais de saúde. No entanto, este caso mostra outro contexto ocupacional, menos óbvio, em que este tipo de contato também pode acontecer. Espera-se que o alerta do presente caso possa ser utilizado pelas equipas de saúde ocupacional, nomeadamente as que realizam vigilância periódica a trabalhadores do setor animal.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify and synthesize the scientific knowledge produced regarding the effectiveness of the GeneXpert test in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in people living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS Integrative literature review, which was searched on Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cinahl, Academic Search Premier, Socindex, and LILACS platforms, in December 2019. The studies surveyed went through two stages of selection: reading of titles and abstracts by two reviewers independently; using the Rayyan platform and reading. Nineteen primary studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish that answered the study's guiding question were included: How effective is the GeneXpert test in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in people living with HIV/AIDS? RESULTS The use of GeneXpert substantially increased the detection of TB cases among the population co-infected with HIV/AIDS, with sensitivity ranging from 68% to 100%, superior to sputum smear microscopy. Specificity ranged from 91.7% to 100%; the positive predictive value from 79.2% to 96.1%; and the negative predictive value from 84.6% to 99.3%. These values were considered similar to sputum smear microscopy by most studies. We also compared these results with different ways of performing culture and other molecular tests, being considered inferior only to the Xpert Ultra. CONCLUSION It is possible to affirm that places with a high incidence of HIV/AIDS would benefit from the implementation of the GeneXpert test, entailing effectiveness in diagnosing pulmonary TB in this population when compared to sputum smear microscopy, a widely used test for detection of cases.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar e sintetizar o conhecimento científico produzido a respeito da efetividade do teste GeneXpert no diagnóstico da tuberculose (TB) pulmonar em pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids. MÉTODOS Revisão integrativa da literatura, cuja busca foi feita nas plataformas Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cinahl, Academic Search Premier, Socindex e Lilacs, em dezembro de 2019. Os estudos levantados passaram por duas etapas de seleção: leitura dos títulos e resumos por dois revisores de forma independente, utilizando a plataforma Rayyan e leitura integral dos mesmos. Foram incluídos 19 estudos primários em inglês, português e espanhol que respondiam à pergunta norteadora do estudo: Qual é a efetividade do teste GeneXpert no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids? RESULTADOS A utilização do GeneXpert aumentou substancialmente a detecção de casos de TB entre a população coinfectada com HIV, com sensibilidade que variou de 68% a 100%, sendo superior à baciloscopia. A especificidade variou de 91,7% a 100%; o valor preditivo positivo, de 79,2% a 96,1%; e o valor preditivo negativo, de 84,6% a 99,3%, valores considerados semelhantes à baciloscopia pela maioria dos estudos. O teste também foi comparado com as diferentes formas de realização da cultura e outros testes moleculares, sendo considerado inferior apenas ao Xpert Ultra. CONCLUSÃO É possível afirmar que locais com alta incidência de HIV se beneficiariam com a implantação do teste GeneXpert, uma vez que sua efetividade no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar nessa população é expressiva quando comparada à baciloscopia, teste que foi por muito tempo amplamente utilizado para a detecção dos casos.

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