RESUMO

In this study, the possibility of using Babassu (Orbignya phalerata) and Mofumbo (Combretum leprosum) leaves for lambs feed was verified. Performance, biochemical and haematological parameters, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient apparent digestibility and enteric production of methane (CH4 ) were evaluated. The experimental treatments included diets with forage-to-concentrate ratios of 50:50, with the leaves of the experimental plants replacing 33% of the Cynodon dactylon (Tifton-85) hay with three treatments: control (no hay replacement) and substitution with Babassu or Mofumbo. For the performance study, 24 Santa Inês lambs were used, in a randomized experimental design with eight repetitions (5 male and 3 female) for each treatment and 48 days of experimental trial. After this period, for nine days, six animals from each treatment were allocated in metabolic cages to determine the apparent nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance. Simultaneously, enteric CH4 was measured in vivo. The control group showed higher (p < 0.05) apparent digestibility of acid detergent fibre. Enteric CH4 production of lambs fed Mofumbo leaves did not differ from that of the control group, but was lower (p < 0.05) than in those fed with Babassu. The inclusion of Babassu and Mofumbo leaves showed no negative effects on animal health and did not compromise performance. Mofumbo also presented CH4 mitigating potential, indicating that those plants can be used as ingredients in the composition of lamb diets with the advantage of reducing methane production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The effects of different thermal (raw, autoclaving or boiling for 5 and 20min) and soaking (with or without) treatments on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of protein were investigated for selected legumes (Canavalia brasiliensis; Lablab purpureus; pink, red and white colour hulls Vigna unguiculata). Each legume preparation underwent in vitro simulated gastrointestinal tract digestion comprising either pepsin (120min) or pepsin/pancreatin (120/240min) digestion. The DH was determined based on the amount of free amino groups released. Autoclaving for 5min increased the pepsin/pancreatin DH for all the unsoaked and soaked legumes (+20% to 46% units) except Canavalia, while boiling for 5min only increased DH for two soaked legumes (+12% to 28% units). Extending boiling from 5 to 20min increased the DH for three soaked legumes (+5% to 29% units). In conclusion, autoclaving, in general, extensively increased the sequential pepsin/pancreatin DH, while boiling only increased it for selected legumes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Although signal exchange between legumes and their rhizobia is among the best-known examples of this biological process, most of the more characterized data comes from just a few legume species and environmental stresses. Although a relative wealth of information is available for some model legumes and some of the major pulses such as soybean, little is known about tropical legumes. This relative disparity in current knowledge is also apparent in the research on the effects of environmental stress on signal exchange; cool-climate stresses, such as low-soil temperature, comprise a relatively large body of research, whereas high-temperature stresses and drought are not nearly as well understood. Both tropical legumes and their environmental stress-induced effects are increasingly important due to global population growth (the demand for protein), climate change (increasing temperatures and more extreme climate behavior), and urbanization (and thus heavy metals). This knowledge gap for both legumes and their environmental stresses is compounded because whereas most temperate legume-rhizobia symbioses are relatively specific and cultivated under relatively stable environments, the converse is true for tropical legumes, which tend to be promiscuous, and grow in highly variable conditions. This review will clarify some of this missing information and highlight fields in which further research would benefit our current knowledge.

RESUMO

As amostras de Clitoria ternatea L. foram cortadas aos 35, 50, 70 e 90 dias após o corte de uniformização na área experimental. O experimento foi projetado como um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com total de 18 unidades experimentais (parcelas). A matéria seca (MS) e a produção de matéria seca (PMS) da planta inteira foram separadas quantitativamente em folhas, hastes e vagens para cada idade de corte. As análises bromatológicas e cinéticas de produção de gás in vitro realizadas avaliaram a qualidade de cada parte da planta. A produção, composição química e os parâmetros de produção de gás estimados foram analisados por meio de ajuste de um modelo estatístico misto com dois tipos de estrutura de covariância: componente de variância e não estruturada com variância heterogênea. Os ?pools? de produção rápida e lenta de gás foram detectados tanto para folhas quanto nas hastes. Apenas nas vagens foram detectados ?pool? simples de produção de gás. Pressuposta homocedasticidade foi observada para todas as variáveis exceto a cutina nas hastes e para alguns parâmetros da cinética de produção de gás das folhas e hastes. A produção de matéria seca da planta apresentou tendência cúbica semelhante a um padrão de curva sigmoide. A PMS de folhas apresentou efeito quadrático e a PMS de hastes aumentou linearmente. Não houve presença representativa de vagens aos 35 e 50 dias. O teor de MS da planta inteira teve efeito quadrático e apresentou o mínimo no intervalo de 90 dias. As frações não fibrosas e a cutina das folhas não foram afetadas pela idade de corte. A idade de corte afetou a maioria dos componentes químicos e os parâmetros de produção de gás relativos às hastes. Baseado no máximo da PMS para as folhas, o corte de 70 dias maximizou a quantidade de partes comestíveis de massa de leguminosas forrageiras de alta qualidade. No entanto, o equilíbrio entre produção sustentável de forragem e qualidade, tem que ser pesquisada.

Samples of Clitoria ternatea L. were harvested at 35, 50, 70, and 90 d after a uniformity harvest in a field study designed as a completely randomized design with a total of 18 experimental units. The dry matter (DM) yield (DMY) of the whole plant was separated quantitatively into leaves, stems, and pods at each harvesting age. Chemical analyses and in vitro gas production kinetics were performed to assess the quality of the plant parts. Yields, chemical composition, and estimates of gas production parameters were analyzed by fitting a mixed statistical model with two types of covariance structures as follows: variance components and an unrestricted structure with heterogeneous variances. Fast and slow gas yielding pools were detected for both leaves and stems parts, but only a single pool was detected for pods. The homocedasticity assumption was more likely for all variables, except leaf cutin, and for some parameters of the gas production kinetics of leaves and stems. The DMY of the whole plant presented a cubic trend and resembled a crescent sigmoid-shaped pattern. The leaf DMY presented a quadratic fit, and the stem DMY increased linearly. There was no presence of typical pods at 35 and 50 d. The DM content of the whole plant was quadratic and presented a minimum in the 90 d interval. The non-fibrous fractions and cutin of the leaves were unaffected by harvesting age, while the fibrous fractions were affected by harvesting age. The harvesting age affected the majority of the chemical constituents and gas kinetic parameters related to the stems. Based on the maximum DMY for leaves, the 70 d harvest maximized the amount of high quality edible parts of the forage legume mass. However, a compromise between a sustainable forage production and quality has to be achieved.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The research was carried out at the Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Colina, State of São Paulo. The objective was to evaluate animal performance on colonião grass pastures fertilized with 75kg N/ha/year and of colonião-perennial soybean cv. Tinaroo pastures. Both types of pastures were associated with additional areas of tropical legumes, considered as protein bank, to be grazed during the dry season. The 52ha experimental area was divided in 20 paddocks of 2ha each and 20 additional areas of 0.6ha per paddock established with 5 different legumes: guandu, leucaena, kudzu, mucuna and yarana as protein bank. Pastures were continously grazed and the stocking rate was reduced in the begining of the dry season. From June to October the animals had free access to the protein bank areas. The results showed that: 1- the three year average daily liveweight gains were 461 g/head for colonião grass alone and 459g/head for colonião grass plus perennial soybean pastures; 2- the average daily liveweight gains were 518,479,446,427 and 432g/head, respectively for leucaena, guandu, kudzu, mucuna and yarana protein bank throughout the three experimental periods.

O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Colina - SP, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho dos bovinos mantidos em pastagens de capim-colonião exclusivo, adubado com 75kg N/ha/ano ou consorciado com soja-perene cv. Tinaroo, associadas à utilização de banco de proteína para pastejo nas secas. A área experimental com 52ha foi dividida em 20 piquetes de 2,0ha cada um, e mais 20 áreas adicionais de 0,6ha anexas a cada piquete, plantadas com 5 diferentes leguminosas: guandü (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.), leucena (Leucaena leucocephala, Lam. de Wit.), kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, Benth), mucuna preta (Stizolobium aterrimum, Piper & Tracy) e yarana (Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb.), consideradas como banco de proteína. O manejo adotado foi o de pastejo contínuo, com redução da carga animal no início das secas. De junho a outubro permitia-se o livre acesso dos animais aos bancos de proteína. Os resultados mostraram que: a) as médias de ganhos de peso vivo dos três anos sucessivos foram de 461g/animal/dia para os pastos de colonião exclusivo e 459g/animal/dia para os pastos de colonião consorciado com soja-perene; b) as médias dos ganhos de peso vivo animal diário nos três períodos experimentais proporcionadas pelas leguminosas utilizadas como banco de proteína foram:518g/animal/dia para leucena; 479g/animal/dia para o guandu; 446g/animal/dia para o kudz

RESUMO

The research was carried out at the Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Colina, State of São Paulo. The objective was to evaluate animal performance on colonião grass pastures fertilized with 75kg N/ha/year and of colonião-perennial soybean cv. Tinaroo pastures. Both types of pastures were associated with additional areas of tropical legumes, considered as protein bank, to be grazed during the dry season. The 52ha experimental area was divided in 20 paddocks of 2ha each and 20 additional areas of 0.6ha per paddock established with 5 different legumes: guandu, leucaena, kudzu, mucuna and yarana as protein bank. Pastures were continously grazed and the stocking rate was reduced in the begining of the dry season. From June to October the animals had free access to the protein bank areas. The results showed that: 1- the three year average daily liveweight gains were 461 g/head for colonião grass alone and 459g/head for colonião grass plus perennial soybean pastures; 2- the average daily liveweight gains were 518,479,446,427 and 432g/head, respectively for leucaena, guandu, kudzu, mucuna and yarana protein bank throughout the three experimental periods.

O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Colina - SP, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho dos bovinos mantidos em pastagens de capim-colonião exclusivo, adubado com 75kg N/ha/ano ou consorciado com soja-perene cv. Tinaroo, associadas à utilização de banco de proteína para pastejo nas secas. A área experimental com 52ha foi dividida em 20 piquetes de 2,0ha cada um, e mais 20 áreas adicionais de 0,6ha anexas a cada piquete, plantadas com 5 diferentes leguminosas: guandü (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.), leucena (Leucaena leucocephala, Lam. de Wit.), kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, Benth), mucuna preta (Stizolobium aterrimum, Piper & Tracy) e yarana (Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb.), consideradas como banco de proteína. O manejo adotado foi o de pastejo contínuo, com redução da carga animal no início das secas. De junho a outubro permitia-se o livre acesso dos animais aos bancos de proteína. Os resultados mostraram que: a) as médias de ganhos de peso vivo dos três anos sucessivos foram de 461g/animal/dia para os pastos de colonião exclusivo e 459g/animal/dia para os pastos de colonião consorciado com soja-perene; b) as médias dos ganhos de peso vivo animal diário nos três períodos experimentais proporcionadas pelas leguminosas utilizadas como banco de proteína foram:518g/animal/dia para leucena; 479g/animal/dia para o guandu; 446g/animal/dia para o kudz