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Abstract Introduction In sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined carotid bony landmarks, accidental injury of the internal carotid artery (ICA) remains one of the most challenging complications, which is particularly reported in the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches (EETAs). Objectives To describe an anatomical model for the endoscopic orientation of the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA in relation to the lateral opticocarotid recess (OCR) as a nearby bony landmark. Methods Dissection was performed progressively, simulating the EETA, in twenty fresh adult cadavers. After reducing the posterior and lateral walls of the sphenoid sinuses, various measurements were taken from both lateral OCRs to "contact points" on the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA and lateral margins of the pituitary gland. Results The current results have enabled us to divide the region between the lateral OCRs into 3 compartments: 2 lateral parasellar compartments contain juxta-pituitary segments of the ICA with a mean width of 8 mm and a narrow range from 7 mm to 10 mm; and a central intercarotid sellar compartment represents the safe region for bone drilling, showing widely variable widths ranging from 9 mm to 20 mm. In all specimens, the variation in the width of the intercarotid compartment correlated with the distance between both lateral OCRs. Conclusion The present study improves surgeon awareness of the variations in the course of the ICA through the EETA along sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined bony landmarks. An appreciation of the measurements taken in the present study can help in operative training, and can also provide a base for future studies to confirm ICA courses associated with a higher risk of injury.

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Introduction In sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined carotid bony landmarks, accidental injury of the internal carotid artery (ICA) remains one of the most challenging complications, which is particularly reported in the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches (EETAs). Objectives To describe an anatomical model for the endoscopic orientation of the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA in relation to the lateral opticocarotid recess (OCR) as a nearby bony landmark. Methods Dissection was performed progressively, simulating the EETA, in twenty fresh adult cadavers. After reducing the posterior and lateral walls of the sphenoid sinuses, various measurements were taken from both lateral OCRs to "contact points" on the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA and lateral margins of the pituitary gland. Results The current results have enabled us to divide the region between the lateral OCRs into 3 compartments: 2 lateral parasellar compartments contain juxta-pituitary segments of the ICA with a mean width of 8 mm and a narrow range from 7 mm to 10 mm; and a central intercarotid sellar compartment represents the safe region for bone drilling, showing widely variable widths ranging from 9 mm to 20mm. In all specimens, the variation in the width of the intercarotid compartment correlated with the distance between both lateral OCRs. Conclusion The present study improves surgeon awareness of the variations in the course of the ICA through the EETA along sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined bony landmarks. An appreciation of the measurements taken in the present study can help in operative training, and can also provide a base for future studies to confirm ICA courses associated with a higher risk of injury.

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BACKGROUND: Surgical resection remains the standard treatment for most giant pituitary adenomas (GPAs). The selected surgical approach for these complex lesions depends mainly on their extension. Single approaches may be limited in some cases presenting with invasion into multiple compartments, thereby limiting extent of resection. METHODS: We report a series of patients with GPA operated on through a combined approach involving an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach and a tubular retractor-assisted transventricular approach, describing the technique, its indications, limitations, and outcomes. Baseline and postoperative clinical, functional, and morphologic variables were documented up until each patient's last follow-up visit. RESULTS: Five patients harboring tumors extending into the third and lateral ventricles were included. Mean extent of resection was 94.6%. Mean follow-up was 39.4 months. One patient presented with a growth hormone-secreting GPA, who achieved remission after repeat resection during follow-up. There were no intraoperative complications, and 1 patient required reoperation for cerebrospinal fluid leak repair. One patient received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 3 patients remained stable requiring no additional treatment. All patients maintained an adequate postoperative functional status. CONCLUSIONS: The combined approach herein described may be a safe and effective option for some patients with GPAs extending into the third and lateral ventricles. An adequate patient selection is mandatory to exploit the benefits of each individual approach.

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El glioma del nervio óptico es una entidad de muy baja incidencia en pacientes adultos, lo cual impide tener suficiente información sobre historia natural y conducta terapéutica en este grupo etario. En el presente artículo comunicamos el caso de un paciente de 27 años de edad con compromiso agudo del nervio óptico izquierdo debido a hemorragia intra tumoral, forma de presentación muy poco común en este tipo de tumores. Se realizó la resección mediante un abordaje endoscópico transesfenoidal extendido, con preservación funcional de la vía óptica contralateral. La anatomía patológica confirmó astrocitoma pilocítico positivo para el rearreglo KIAA 1549-BRAF. y negativo para la mutación BRAF V600E. Teniendo en cuenta la histopatología y biología molecular en este caso, la estabilidad visual contralateral y la resección quirúrgica amplia, se decidió no realizar tratamiento adyuvante con radioterapia o quimioterapia. El objetivo de esta conducta fue evitar lesiones adicionales sobre el quiasma, nervio óptico contralateral y/o hipotálamo. Dada la escasa información existente en la literatura médica, el reporte de este caso podría contribuir con información adicional en el manejo y conducta terapéutica de este tipo de lesiones.

The optic nerve glioma is a very uncommon entity in adult patients, with little information about its natural history and therapeutical management. We report the case of a 27-year-old patient with acute involvement of the left optic nerve due to intratumoral hemorrhage, a very uncommon form of presentation in this type of tumor. Resection was performed using an extended transsphenoidal endoscopic approach, with functional preservation of the contralateral optic pathway. The histopathology confirmed positive pilocytic astrocytoma with KIAA 1549-BRAF rearrangement and without BRAF V600E mutation. Considering the histopathology and molecular biology, the contralateral visual stability and the wide surgical resection, it was decided not to perform further treatment. The purpose of this decision was to avoid additional damage to the chiasm, contralateral optic nerve and/or hypothalamus. Given the limited data available in medical literature, the report of this case could contribute with additional information on the management and therapeutic approach of this type of tumors

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Objetivo: Aportar valores teóricos promedio de referencias anatómicas en tomografía computada con el fin de optimizar los abordajes transesfenoidales a la base de cráneo. Materiales y Métodos: Se desarrolló un diseño descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal y observacional de cien estudios de tomografía computada de macizo facial y base de cráneo. Mediante planillas de registro diseñadas ad Hoc, se confeccionó la base de datos considerando: sexo, edad, línea media, posición del rostrum esfenoidal y de la silla turca, posición de los ostium esfenoidales, presencia de las paredes óseas del seno esfenoidal, distancia entre las arterias carótidas internas y los nervios ópticos, neumatización de los recesos óptico-carotídeos, neumatización del seno esfenoidal, dimensiones del seno esfenoidal, número de tabiques intra-seno esfenoidal y su sitio de inserción posterior. Resultados: El rostrum esfenoidal es el mejor reparo de línea media para los abordajes transesfenoidales a la región selar. Los tabiques internos no deben considerarse como reparos de línea media seguros. Los ostium esfenoidales se localizan laterales a la línea media y conforman un sitio seguro para iniciar la apertura de la pared anterior del seno esfenoidal. Las paredes óseas laterales del seno esfenoidal no siempre están presentes a nivel de las prominencias carotídeas y ópticas. El canal de trabajo para abordar la silla turca está determinado por la distancia entre ambas arterias carótidas internas, siendo en promedio de 11,24 mm. Conclusión: La tomografía computada permite obtener un conocimiento de la anatomía del seno esfenoidal preciso para la planificación de un abordaje transesfenoidal a la silla turca o extendida a la base de cráneo.

Objective: To provide average theoretical values for anatomic references in computed tomography (CT) images and, thereby, improve the transsphenoidal approach to the skull base. Methods and Materials: A descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted of 100 CT evaluations of facial bones and the skull base. A database was created using ad hoc registration forms, entering data on patient gender and age, midline, position of the sphenoid rostrum, position of the sella, position of the sphenoid ostium, presence of the bony walls of the sphenoid sinus relative to the carotid and optic prominences, distance from the internal carotid arteries, distance between the optic nerves, pneumatization of the optic-carotid recesses, pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus, dimensions of the sphenoid sinus, and the number and posterior insertion sites of sphenoid septa. Results: The sphenoid rostrum was found to be the best midline reference for transsphenoidal approaches to the sellar region. Internal septa should not be considered safe midline references. The sphenoid ostium are located laterally to the midline, and are a safe site at which to initiate the opening of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus in the mid-caudal direction. The lateral bony walls of the sphenoid sinus are not always present at the carotid and optic prominence levels. The working channel to approach the sella is determined by the distance between the internal carotid arteries, the average distance being 11.24 mm. Conclusions: Computed tomography reveals the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and sellar region and, thus, facilitates the trans-sphenoidal approach to the skull base.

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At least 50% of surgically resected non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) recur. Either early or late adjuvant radiotherapy is highly efficacious in controlling recurrent NFPA but associates potentially burdensome complications like hypopituitarism, vascular complications or secondary neoplasm. Reoperation is indicated in bulky tumor rests compressing the optic pathway. To date, no standardized medical therapy is available for recurrent NFPA although cabergoline and temozolomide show promising results. Guidelines on the management of recurrent NFPAs are now available. The new 2017 WHO pituitary tumor classification, based on immunohistochemistry and transcription factor assessment, identifies a group of aggressive NFPA variants that may benefit from earlier adjuvant therapy. Nevertheless, NFPA patients exhibit a reduced overall life expectancy largely due to hypopituitarism and treatment-related morbidity. The management of recurrent NFPA benefits from a multidisciplinary teamwork of surgeons, endocrinologists, radiation oncologists, ophthalmologists, pathologists and neuro-radiologists in order to provide individualized therapy and anticipate deterioration.

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Pituitary tumors are responsible for 7 to 17% of all intracranial lesions. Over the past decade, advances in endoscopic microsurgical techniques have resulted in an increasingly aggressive endonasal approach to tumors of the midline skull base. We present our series emphasizing technical nuances of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to treat pituitary adenomas.

Tumores hipofisários são responsáveis por 7 a 17% de todas as lesões intracranianas. Durante a última década, avanços nas técnicas microcirúrgicas endoscópicas resultaram no aumento de acessos endonasais agressivos para tumores de base de crânio de linha média. Apresentamos nossa série de casos, com ênfase nos detalhes técnicos do acesso endoscópico endonasal transesfenoidal para o tratamento de tumores da hipófise.

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There are a number of variations regarding morphometric anatomy and degree of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus. In our study, we planned to examine and show the differences of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus particularly to guide the neurosurgeon during transsphenoidal surgery. Sagittal T1-weighed spin-echo Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) of 616 adult individuals (406 women and 210 men) were analyzed, retrospectively. According to the collected data from our study, the most common type of the sphenoid sinus was the sellar type (83%; n=511) for the whole study group. Of the 616 individuals 16.6% (n=102) had presellar type and 0.5% (n=3) had conchal type of sphenoid sinus. Preoperative detailed detection of the anatomical characteristics of sphenoid sinus is essential. A thorough information obtained from studies of the regional anatomy and awareness of its variability can provide a safe and accurate transsphenoidal and extended endoscopic skull base approaches.

Existen variaciones respecto a la anatomía morfométrica y el grado de neumatización del seno esfenoidal. En nuestro estudio, se examinaron las diferencias de neumatización del seno esfenoidal, especialmente para guiar al neurocirujano durante la cirugía transesfenoidal. Fueron analizadas las imágenes sagitales T1-spin de resonancia magnética (RM) de 616 individuos adultos (406 mujeres y 210 hombres). De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos a partir de nuestro estudio, el tipo más común de seno esfenoidal fue el de silla turca (83%, n=511) para todo el grupo de estudio, 16,6% (n=102) corresponden al tipo presellar y 0,5% (n=3) al tipo conchal. Una detección preoperatoria detallada de las características anatómicas del seno esfenoidal es esencial. Información exhaustiva obtenida de los estudios de la anatomía y el conocimiento de su variabilidad regional puede proporcionar un abordaje endoscópico transesfenoidal extenso, seguro y preciso, de la base de cráneo.

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Los adenomas hipofisiarios invasores constituyen una patología de baja frecuencia dentro de los tumores del sistema nervioso central, su nombre hace referencia a aquellas lesiones que se extienden hacia estructuras adyacentes a la región selar y que en algunas ocasiones pueden alcanzar tamaños gigantes. Representan un importante reto quirúrgico considerando la posibilidad de daño de las estructuras comprometidas o rodeadas por el tumor. Son lesiones que se manifiestan de forma tardía y generalmente más por su efecto compresivo que por un compromiso hormonal secundario. Existen múltiples clasificaciones partiendo de la extensión del tumor, además de las que hacen referencia a las características histológicas. En este artículo se exponen los sistemas de clasificación así como algunos de los abordajes reportados en la literatura. Se muestra el caso de una de nuestras pacientes a quien se le diagnosticó tardíamente un adenoma invasor de gran tamaño, después de varios años de cursar con importantes alteraciones del comportamiento y quien posteriormente fue llevada a cirugía para resección del tumor por vía transcranial. Se expone la complejidad anatómica de la región selar y se propone un nuevo sistema de clasificación que contempla el compromiso diferencial de espacios y estructuras neurales y vasculares adyacentes a la región selar con el fin de guiar a los cirujanos sobre los procedimientos quirúrgicos más adecuados y disponibles en el momento.

Invasive pituitary adenomas constitute a low-frequency disease within the central nervous system tumors, the name refers to those lesions involving adjacent structures to the sellar region and who can reach giant sizes. The invasive adenomas represent a major challenge considering surgical morbidity due to the commitment of structures that may be involved given the extent of these lesions. These tumors usually are belatedly manifested and their manifestations are most often secondary to the compressive effect than hormonal involvement. There are multiple classifications based on the extent of the tumor, besides those that referring to the histologic features. This article shows a case of a patient who was diagnosed lately, with a big invasive adenoma who had had major behavioral disturbances in previous years and was subsequently taken to surgery for resection of the tumor. We present the anatomical complexity of the sellar region and we propose a new classification system to guide surgeons on the surgical procedure most suitable and available at the time.

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