RESUMO
La Tafonomía, concepto reconocido en paleontología y antropología, permite estimar tiempo y circunstancias de muerte mediante el estudio de condiciones post-mortem y factores relativos a la supervivencia de restos óseos. Entre las diferentes variables tafonómicas, Binford (1981) propuso una categorización de marcas de mordedura, hoy reconocido estándar para estos estudios. Sin embargo, su diseño original en inglés podría llevar a malinterpretaciones o informes erróneos por no poseer una traducción validada. Se realizó una revisión con búsqueda sistemática de artículos en español, sin límite temporal, que citaran a Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") en Google Scholar. Fueron incluidos aquellos que mencionaran esta metodología para categorizar marcas de mordedura como agente tafonómico. Se excluyeron tesis, libros, pósters y resúmenes de congresos. Se identificaron 349 documentos y se seleccionaron 83 según criterios. El 65,12 % refirió sólo a huellas de mordedura animal sin especificar categorías; el 26,51 % mostró traducciones libres o categorizaciones parciales, y el 8,43 % realizó categorizaciones sin traducción. La mayor cantidad de citas fueron realizadas por autores de Argentina y España (54,22 % y 24,10 % respectivamente, como única filiación). Las categorías con más traducciones libres fueron "pitting" y "puncture" (11 y 8 términos diferentes respectivamente). Si bien la categorización de Binford es citada profusamente en países de habla hispana para definir las marcas de mordedura animal en hueso, la ausencia de transculturización conlleva falta de consenso para la comunidad científica. Más allá de una traducción literal, la adaptación y estandarización de estos términos es necesaria para validar esta metodología.
Taphonomy, a concept recognized in paleontology and anthropology, allows the estimation of time and circumstances of death by studying post-mortem conditions and factors related to the survival of bone remains. Among the different taphonomic variables, Binford (1981) proposed a categorization of bite marks, now recognized as standard for these studies. However, its original design in English could lead to misinterpretations or erroneous reports for not having a validated translation. A scoping review was conducted for articles in Spanish, without a time limit, that cited Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") in Google Scholar. Those who mentioned this methodology to categorize bite marks as taphonomic agent were included. Theses, books, posters and conference proceedings were excluded. We identified 349 documents, and 83 were selected according to criteria. 65.12 % referred only to animal bite marks without specifying categories; 26.51 % showed free translations or partial categorizations, and 8.43 % made categorizations without translation. The largest number of citations were made by authors from Argentina and Spain (54.22 % and 24.10 % respectively, as the only affiliation). The categories with the most free translations were "pitting" and "puncture" (11 and 8 different terms respectively). While Binford's categorization is widely cited in Spanish-speaking countries to define animal bite marks in bone, the absence of transculturation implies a lack of consensus for the scientific community. Beyond a literal translation, the adaptation and standardization of these terms is necessary to validate this methodology.
Assuntos
Animais , Paleontologia , Mordeduras e Picadas/classificação , Osso e Ossos/patologia , Terminologia como Assunto , Antropologia Forense , TransculturaçãoRESUMO
This study reports the process of cultural adaptation of the Caring Behaviors Assessment tool for the Spanish language, and determine its validity and reliability. We used a mixed-methods approach with a sample of adult participants after translation and adjustment, correlations and multiple regressions were used to explain differences in perception. Internal consistency and reliability were determined by using Cronbach's alpha. While slight modifications to syntax, language, and the interval scale were necessary to enable better comprehension, all items had high average scores as did the seven subscales. Additionally, similarities with previous literature suggest cultural suitability of the instrument across countries. This version of the tool was judged to be valid and reliable, and will facilitate care measurability and theoretical sensitivity in Spanish-speaking countries.
Assuntos
Características Culturais , Empatia , Psicometria/normas , Chile , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria/instrumentação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários , TraduçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The development and validation of questionnaires for evaluating quality of life (QoL) has become an important area of research. However, there is a proliferation of non-validated measuring instruments in the health setting that do not contribute to advances in scientific knowledge. AIMS: To present, through the analysis of available validated questionnaires, a checklist of the practical aspects of how to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of QoL questionnaires (generic, or disease-specific) so that no step is overlooked in the evaluation process, and thus help prevent the elaboration of insufficient or incomplete validations. METHODS: We have consulted basic textbooks and Pubmed databases using the following keywords quality of life, questionnaires, and gastroenterology, confined to «validation studies¼ in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, and with no time limit, for the purpose of analyzing the translation and validation of the questionnaires available through the Mapi Institute and PROQOLID websites. RESULTS: A checklist is presented to aid in the planning and carrying out of the cross-cultural adaptation of QoL questionnaires, in conjunction with a glossary of key terms in the area of knowledge. The acronym DSTAC was used, which refers to each of the 5 stages involved in the recommended procedure. In addition, we provide a table of the QoL instruments that have been validated into Spanish. CONCLUSIONS: This article provides information on how to adapt QoL questionnaires from a cross-cultural perspective, as well as to minimize common errors.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Qualidade de Vida , Inquéritos e Questionários , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Idioma , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , TraduçõesRESUMO
Brindar cuidados al adulto mayor en la comunidad implica aprender del anciano sus formas de vida, sus contextos, sus sentimientos, sus preocupaciones, sus creencias, prácticas y valores, en sucesos tan diversos como su nacimiento, su adolescencia, adultez, vejez, enfermedad y muerte, con una historia de vida y en la cultura en la comunidad donde vive. Teniendo en cuenta, que en la actualidad, el ser humano se enfrenta a un mundo de una cultura globalizada y en el que existe una transmisión y trasplante de formas de vidas dominantes que intentan despojar de su idiosincrasia a ese grupo de edades con características propias nos propusimos realizar este trabajo con el propósito de reflexionar sobre los cuidados transculturales en la atención del anciano en la comunidad. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica que contempló diversos textos, artículos y folletos sobre la enfermería gerontológica transcultural los cuales fueron consultados con expertos en la rama de la enfermería gerontológica y la transculturación, acción que enriqueció los criterios que sustentaron nuestro propósito. Concluimos que en la atención transcultural del anciano en la comunidad se deben tener en cuenta todos los aspectos de la sociedad a la cual pertenecen: su lenguaje, conocimientos, leyes, costumbres y otras, que otorgan a esa sociedad un carácter distintivo y su personalidad(AU)
The provision of care to the older adult within the community means to learn the lifestyles, the setting, the feelings, the worries, the beliefs, practices and values of the old people in so diverse events as birth, adolescence, adulthood, old age, disease and death, with a life and cultural history within the community where he/she lives in. Taking into account that the human being presently faces a world of globalized culture where the transfer and transplantation of dominant living forms attempt to deprive those age groups having particular characteristics from their idiosyncrasy, this paper was intended to make reflections on the transcultural care of the elderly within the community. A literature review was made, which covered several texts, articles and brochures on transcultural gerontologic nursing. They were all consulted with several experts in the field of gerontologic nursing and transculturation and this action enriched the criteria underlying our purpose. It was concluded that the transcultural care of the aged people in the community should bear in mind all the aspects of the society in which they live, that is, their language, knowledge, laws, customs and others that influence their personality(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Medicina Comunitária/ética , Enfermagem Geriátrica/métodos , Cuidados de Enfermagem/psicologia , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Comparação TransculturalRESUMO
Neste artigo, conceitos ligados à execução e manutenção do empreendedorismoconscienciológico são apresentados e examinados sob a complexa ópticadas relações paradiplomáticas com as conscins e consciexes que o empreendedorencontra pelo caminho evolutivo, assistencial(AU)
In this article, concepts linked to the execution and maintenance ofconscientiological entrepreneurship are presented and examined under the complexlenses of paradiplomatic relations with intraphysical consciousness andextraphysical consciousness faced by the entrepreneur in the evolutionary andassistential path(AU)
En este artículo, conceptos ligados a la ejecución y manutención del empreendedorismoconcienciológico son presentados y examinados bajo la complejaóptica de las relaciones paradiplomáticas con las concines y conciexes que elemprendedor encuentra por el camino evolutivo, asistencial(AU)