RESUMO

The sesquiterpene ß-caryophyllene, classified as a phytocannabinoid compound, has been widely studied owing to its multi-target action. In addition, this compound has demonstrated application as a skin permeation promoter. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of associating ß-caryophyllene and indomethacin in the oily core of hydrogel thickened nanoemulsions, as well as, to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of this association by croton oil ear edoema induced model. After topical application, the nanoemulgels resulted in increased edoema mass when compared to the substances in their free form. Overall, the results differed from expected, and the data found may be owing to the specificities of the in vivo model applied, as well as the tested ratio between ß-caryophyllene and indomethacin (200:1). New perspectives arise from the data found regarding the evaluation of the association of terpenic compounds with indomethacin in nanoemulsified systems.

RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive potential of pentoxifylline, atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene in oral mucositis through histopathological analysis of wounds in the oral mucosa of Wistar rats treated with 5-FU, and to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of these drugs on serum nitrite production, in situ IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-ß, and TNF-α in tissues. A total of 32 male Wistar rats with an average age of 9 weeks and an average body weight of 250 g were divided into four treatment groups: Saline, trans-caryophyllene, pentoxifylline and atorvastatin. Oral mucositis was then induced. On days 3 and 4, the mucosa of the mouth of eight pre-treated animals in each group was bilaterally scarified twice with the tip of a sterile needle, with an anesthetic solution. Mucosal samples from animals treated with trans-caryophyllene preserved a thin epithelial lining associated with focal perivascular inflammatory infiltrates. Pentoxifylline-treated animals exhibited total epithelial loss in oral wounds with severe inflammatory infiltrates and mild re-epithelialization associated with mild and diffuse inflammatory infiltrates. Samples from atorvastatin-treated animals exhibited no epithelial dissolution, with preserved thin lining and mild diffuse inflammatory infiltrates. The analysis of TNF-α expression revealed improved results in trans-caryophyllene animals. The analysis of TGF-ß expression revealed positive mononuclear cells. Preventive treatment with atorvastatin was demonstrated to modulate the serum expression levels of TNF-α during all stages of the experiment. Treatment with trans-caryophyllene modulated serum IFN-γ levels negatively, whereas treatment with atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene maintained lower levels of IFN-γ compared with the control group.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Acheflan® herbal medicine is the first medicine developed and produced in Brazil using Cordia verbenacea DC., Boraginaceae, essential oil as a constituent. C. verbenacea has anti-inflammatory properties, which have been directly related to α-humulene and trans-caryophyllene. Currently, the quantification of α-humulene and trans-caryophyllene in C. verbenacea has only been described by GC-MS. Although this technique is widely used it cannot be directly applied to finished medicinal products since they contain aqueous constituents. In this context, the objective of this work was to develop a methodology for quantifying C. verbenacea in raw materials and in pharmaceutical formulations using liquid chromatography. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used successfully to optimize the analytical method. The method developed in this study was validated and proven to be effective in the proper separation of α-humulene and trans-caryophyllene. In addition, the developed method was applied to commercial formulations (cream and aerosol) containing C. verbenacea essential oil, which resulted in very satisfactory separation without interference from excipients. C. verbenacea oil contains four times higher concentrations of trans-caryophyllene than α-humulene. Therefore, we propose that trans-caryophyllene can be used as a marker of C. verbenacea essential oil. Evaluation of trans-caryophyllene content would be especially valuable for applications where the concentrations are very low such as in permeation and release studies of dermatological formulations.

RESUMO

The essential oil plants contents can be affected by several factors. For example, in certain plants, collection time has been observed to affect the content and chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of collection time on the content and chemical composition of the essential oil from guava ( Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Leaves were collected at different times of the day and the content and chemical composition of their essential oil was determined. Collection time did not qualitatively affect the chemical composition of the essential oil. However, concentration of certain substances in the oil, such as alpha-humulene and trans-caryophyllene, did significantly vary at different collection times. The main constituents of the essential oil of Psidium guajava are limonene (2.2-4.4%), trans-caryophyllene (18.1-17.1%), alpha-humulene (26.3-20.4%), aromadendrene (7.6-12.2%), alpha-selinene (7.3-11.3%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7-3.3%), humulene epoxide II (4.1-1.9%), and selin-11-en-4-ol (7.2-11.1%). Leaves collected at 7:00 AM had higher essential oil production, with a content of 0.38% (d.b.), whereas leaves collected at 7:00 PM had lower essential oil production, 0.24% (d.b.). Chemical analysis showed that sesquiterpene compounds represented the highest concentration (62.0%), and monoterpenoids and monoterpenes represented the lowest concentrations (1.1 and 2.2%, respectively). Chemical classes that underwent major changes with respect to collection time were monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpenoids (2.2-4.4%, 63.8-61.7%, and 15.9-13.2%, respectively).(AU)

Existem fatores que podem afetar o conteúdo de óleo essencial das plantas, sendo o horário de coleta um deles. Assim, observa-se que o teor e a composição química de óleo essencial podem variar em certas plantas de acordo com horário de coleta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do horário de coleta sobre o conteúdo e a composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de goiabeira ( Psidium guajava ). Folhas de Psidium guajava foram coletadas em diferentes horários do dia para determinar teor e composição química de seu óleo essencial. O óleo essencial não apresentou variação qualitativa da composição química em relação ao horário de coleta das folhas de Psidium guajava , mas alterou a concentração das substâncias, entre elas o alfa-humuleno e o trans-cariofileno. Os constituintes principais do óleo essencial das folhas de Psidium guajava são o limoneno (2,2-4,4%), trans-cariofileno (18,1-17,1%), alfa-humuleno (26,3-20,4%), aromadendreno (7,6-12,2%), alfa-selineno (7,3-11,3%), óxido de cariofileno (3,7-3,3%) epóxido de humuleno II (4,1-1,9%) e o selin-11-en-4-ol (7,2-11,1%). No entanto, a maior produção de óleo essencial, foi obtida com as folhas coletadas às 19h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,38% (b.s.) e a mais baixa produção às 07h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,24% (b.s.). Através da análise química, identificou-se que compostos sesquiterpênicos apresentaram uma maior concentração (62,0%) e os monoterpenos e monoterpenoides foram os que apresentaram menor concentração (2,2 e 1,1%, respectivamente). As classes que sofreram maiores mudanças em relação ao horário de coleta foram os monoterpenos (2,2-4,4%) e os sesquiterpenos e os sesquiterpenoides (63,8-61,7% e 15,9-13,2%, respectivamente).(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The essential oil plants contents can be affected by several factors. For example, in certain plants, collection time has been observed to affect the content and chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of collection time on the content and chemical composition of the essential oil from guava ( Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Leaves were collected at different times of the day and the content and chemical composition of their essential oil was determined. Collection time did not qualitatively affect the chemical composition of the essential oil. However, concentration of certain substances in the oil, such as α-humulene and trans-caryophyllene, did significantly vary at different collection times. The main constituents of the essential oil of Psidium guajava are limonene (2.2-4.4%), trans-caryophyllene (18.1-17.1%), α-humulene (26.3-20.4%), aromadendrene (7.6-12.2%), α-selinene (7.3-11.3%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7-3.3%), humulene epoxide II (4.1-1.9%), and selin-11-en-4α-ol (7.2-11.1%). Leaves collected at 7:00 AM had higher essential oil production, with a content of 0.38% (d.b.), whereas leaves collected at 7:00 PM had lower essential oil production, 0.24% (d.b.). Chemical analysis showed that sesquiterpene compounds represented the highest concentration (62.0%), and monoterpenoids and monoterpenes represented the lowest concentrations (1.1 and 2.2%, respectively). Chemical classes that underwent major changes with respect to collection time were monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpenoids (2.2-4.4%, 63.8-61.7%, and 15.9-13.2%, respectively).

RESUMO: Existem fatores que podem afetar o conteúdo de óleo essencial das plantas, sendo o horário de coleta um deles. Assim, observa-se que o teor e a composição química de óleo essencial podem variar em certas plantas de acordo com horário de coleta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do horário de coleta sobre o conteúdo e a composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de goiabeira ( Psidium guajava ). Folhas de Psidium guajava foram coletadas em diferentes horários do dia para determinar teor e composição química de seu óleo essencial. O óleo essencial não apresentou variação qualitativa da composição química em relação ao horário de coleta das folhas de Psidium guajava , mas alterou a concentração das substâncias, entre elas o α-humuleno e o trans-cariofileno. Os constituintes principais do óleo essencial das folhas de Psidium guajava são o limoneno (2,2-4,4%), trans-cariofileno (18,1-17,1%), α-humuleno (26,3-20,4%), aromadendreno (7,6-12,2%), α-selineno (7,3-11,3%), óxido de cariofileno (3,7-3,3%) epóxido de humuleno II (4,1-1,9%) e o selin-11-en-4α-ol (7,2-11,1%). No entanto, a maior produção de óleo essencial, foi obtida com as folhas coletadas às 19h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,38% (b.s.) e a mais baixa produção às 07h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,24% (b.s.). Através da análise química, identificou-se que compostos sesquiterpênicos apresentaram uma maior concentração (62,0%) e os monoterpenos e monoterpenoides foram os que apresentaram menor concentração (2,2 e 1,1%, respectivamente). As classes que sofreram maiores mudanças em relação ao horário de coleta foram os monoterpenos (2,2-4,4%) e os sesquiterpenos e os sesquiterpenoides (63,8-61,7% e 15,9-13,2%, respectivamente).

RESUMO

Malignant neoplasia represents the second cause of disease-related mortality and, among all patients diagnosed with cancer, 70% will receive chemotherapy during the course of treatment. As a consequence, an increasing number of researchers have focused their attention on the search for more specific anticancer therapies associated with fewer side effects. Leukopenia is an important adverse effect associated with chemotherapy. Secondary infection is very common among leukopenic patients, directly affecting the continuity of the chemotherapeutic treatment and leading to possible complications in tumor immune defense. Atorvastatin, a type of statin, is a known agent used to control hypercholesterolemia. Trans-caryophyllene, isolated from a resinous oil extracted from the copaiba tree, possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The AIM of the present study was to evaluate, through a complete leukocyte count, the systemic immunomodulation potential of pentoxifylline (PTX), atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene, as well as the possible prophylactic role of these drugs against secondary leukopenia, in an experimental chemotherapy model induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in wistar rats. A total of 32 male wistar rats were used, 24 of which were submitted to treatment with atorvastatin, PTX and trans-caryophyllene prior to the administration of chemotherapy. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify normality and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for negative data in the normality test. Among the drugs selected, atorvastatin exhibited the best preventive potential in regards to leukopenia secondary to experimental chemotherapy induced by 5-FU, in comparison to the group receiving saline solution, while PTX amplified such alterations in the leukograms of the animals in this trial.

RESUMO

Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, Fabaceae, is a native aromatic tree distributed by central region of Brazil. Hydroalcoholic infusions of the seeds are used in folk medicine for their anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this work was identified the chemical components and verify the cytotoxic effect of the essential oil (EO) from P. emarginatus seeds. Thus, the EO of P. emarginatus seeds was analyzed by GC/MS analysis followed by brine shrimp lethality test and cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and human peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC). The cancer cell lines tested were C6 (rat glioma), MeWo (human melanoma), CT26.WT (mouse colon carcinoma), MDA (human breast cancer), A549 (human lung carcinoma), B16-F1 (mouse melanoma), CHO-K1 (hamster ovary cell) and BHK-21 (hamster kidney fibroblast). Eleven compounds were identified by GC and CG/MS analyses. The main compounds with concentrations higher than 5% were β-elemene (15.3%), trans-caryophyllene (35.9%), α-humulene (6.8%), germacrene-D (9.8%), bicyclo germacrene (5.5%) and spathulenol (5.9%). The EO of P. emarginatus seeds showed toxicity to Artemia salina (LC50 1.63 µg/mL) and was active against all the cell lines tested. The potent cytotoxic activity had IC50 values ranging from 24.9 to 47 µg/mL. However, EO (1-100 µg/mL) had less cytotoxicity in PBMCs isolated from a healthy subject. In summary, the present study showed the potential antiproliferative of the EO of P. emarginatus seeds.

RESUMO

Introducción: Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass. es una arvense nativa del norte de Suramérica conocida por su contenido de alcamidas alifáticas, se usa popularmente como anestésico y analgésico contra los dolores de muelas y de garganta. Objetivos: obtener, analizar y evaluar la actividad biológica de los aceites esenciales de las flores y hojas de Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass. Métodos: se obtuvieron los aceites esenciales de Acmella ciliata por hidrodestilación e hidrodestilación asistida por microondas, y se analizaron por cromatografía de gases acoplados a un espectrómetro de masas. La actividad biológica de los aceites esenciales se determinó mediante el método modificado de pozos de agar, se evaluaron sus actividades antimicrobianas frente a 5 bacterias y 1 hongo, junto con pruebas de toxicidad en Artemia salina. Resultados: la hidrodestilación asistida por microondas fue la técnica con mejores rendimientos en la extracción de los aceites esenciales de Acmella ciliata. Sus fracciones volátiles contienen una alta proporción de sesquiterpenos como el trans-β-cariofileno, su componente mayoritario. Los aceites esenciales a 2 concentraciones diferentes (25 y 15 mg/mL) presentaron una marcada actividad antimicrobiana frente a las bacterias grampositivas Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis; además exhibieron una baja toxicidad contra Artemia salina, con dosificaciones letales medianas de 176,156 ppm y 100,104 ppm para el aceite esencial de las hojas y flores, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los aceites esenciales de Acmella ciliata son productos que presentan un alto contenido de terpenoides, con marcada acción antimicrobiana frente bacterias grampositivas (Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis) y baja toxicidad en Artemia salina.

Introduction: Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass. is a native weed of northern South America known by its aliphatic alkamide content and used as an anesthetic and analgesic for toothache and sore throat. Objective: to obtain, to analyze and to evaluate the biological activities of essential oils from Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass flowers and leaves. Methods: Acmella ciliata essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The biological activity of both essential oils was determined by using the modified agar-well diffusion assay, evaluating their activities against five bacteria and one fungus, along with tests of toxicity in Artemia salina (Lethal Dose 50). Results: microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was the technique with the best performances in the extraction of Acmella ciliata. essential oils. Their volatile fractions contain a high proportion of sesquiterpenes such as β-trans-caryophyllene, the major component. Essential oils at two different concentrations (25 mg/mL and 15 mg/mL) showed a strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, in addition they exhibited low toxicity against Artemia salina, presenting mean lethal doses of 176, 156 and 100,104 ppm for the essential oils from leaves and flowers, respectively. Conclusions: Acmella ciliata essential oils are products with high content of terpenoids and marked antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and low toxicity against Artemia salina.

RESUMO

O Brasil possui em sua flora a maior diversidade genética do mundo, apresentando varias espécies nativas. Dentre as plantas nativas do Brasil encontra-se o gênero Baccharis (família Asteraceae) que possui algumas espécies popularmente conhecidas como carqueja, carqueja amarga ou vassoura. Estas espécies são utilizadas na medicina popular como protetora e estimulante do fígado, para o controle da obesidade, diabetes, hepatite, gastroenterite, digestiva, diurética, depurativa, tônica, antianêmica e anti-reumática. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a composição química do óleo essencial de duas populações do gênero Baccharis coletadas em Paty do Alferes, visando encontrar novas fontes de carquejol e acetato de carquejila. Amostras de duas populações diferentes de carqueja foram coletadas em propriedades particulares Paty do Alferes - Rio de Janeiro em novembro de 2010. Estas foram secas a temperatura ambiente (28ºC +- 2) e à sombra. O óleo essencial das duas amostras de Baccharis sp. foi extraído por hidrodestilação em aparelho tipo Clevenger modificado durante 4 horas. O mesmo foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM Shimadzu, QP 5050, coluna capilar DB-5 - 30 m x 0.25µm x 0.25mm). Utilizou-se o Helio como gás carreador (1.7mL/min); temperatura do injetor: 240ºC e detector: 230ºC, Split: 1:20, no seguinte programa de temperatura: 60º C - 240º C (3ºC/ min). A identificação da composição química dos óleos essenciais foi realizada pela comparação de seus espectros de massa e valores de índice de Kovats (IK) com compostos conhecidos descritos na literatura. Foram identificados 19 compostos nestes óleos essenciais. Os principais compostos encontrados foram trans-cariofileno (22,0 por cento e 18,1 por cento), seguido por germacreno-D (7,0 por cento), biciclogermacreno (8,5 por cento), ledol (13,7 por cento), espatulenol (13,8 por cento e 20,7 por cento) e óxido de cariofileno (8,3 por cento e 12,0 por cento). Carquejol e acetato de carquejila não foram observados nestas amostras de óleo essencial, o que pode ser um indicativo que esta espécie não é B. trimera. Os resultados apresentados apontaram que as amostras coletadas em Paty do Alferes apresentam composição química similar e podem ser a mesma espécie vegetal, com grande indicativo de ser B. crispa (B cylindrica).

Brazil presents the highest vegetable genetic diversity of the world. Among the native plants of Brazil is some species of genus Baccharis (Asteraceae family) and popularly known as "carqueja". This medicinal specie has been used as diuretic, tonic, digestive, protective and stimulate of the liver, antianemic, anti-rheumatic, obesity control, diabetes, hepatitis and gastroenteritis. Samples of two different populations of plants were collected in a privet property in Paty do Alferes district (Rio de Janeiro State) in 11/2010, and dried at room temperature (28ºC +- 2) at shade conditions. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger-type apparatus) for 4h and analyzed by GC-MS (Shimadzu, QP 5050-DB-5 capillary column - 30mx0.25µmx0.25mm). Carrier gas was Helium (1.7mL/min); split ratio: 1:30. Temperature program: 60º C - 240º C (3ºC/ min), rising to 240ºC at 3ºC/min. Injector temperature: 240ºC and detector temperature: 230ºC. Identifications of chemical compounds were made by matching their mass spectra and Kovat's indices (IK) values with known compounds reported in the literature. Were found 19 compounds in these essential oils. The major compound founded was trans-caryophyllene (22.0 percent and 18.1 percent), followed by germacrene-D (7.0 percent), bicyclogermacrene (8.5 percent), ledol (13.7 percent), spathulenol (13.8 percent and 20.7 percent) and caryophyllene oxide (8.3 percent and 12.0 percent). Carquejol and carquejyl acetate were not observed in these essential oil. These results showed that these samples present similar chemical composition and they can be the same vegetal specie (B. crispa/ B cylindrica).

Assuntos