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Introducción. La formación integral de los residentes excede el conocimiento teórico y la técnica operatoria. Frente a la complejidad de la cirugía moderna, su incertidumbre y dinamismo, es necesario redefinir la comprensión de la educación quirúrgica y promover capacidades adaptativas en los futuros cirujanos para manejar efectivamente el entorno. Estos aspectos se refieren a la experticia adaptativa. Métodos. La presente revisión narrativa propone una definición de la educación quirúrgica con énfasis en la experticia adaptativa, y un enfoque para su adopción en la práctica. Resultados. Con base en la literatura disponible, la educación quirúrgica representa un proceso dinámico que se sitúa en la intersección de la complejidad de la cultura quirúrgica, del aprendizaje en el sitio de trabajo y de la calidad en el cuidado de la salud, dirigido a la formación de capacidades cognitivas, manuales y adaptativas en el futuro cirujano, que le permitan proveer cuidado de alto valor en un sistema de trabajo colectivo, mientras se fortalece su identidad profesional. La experticia adaptativa del residente es una capacidad fundamental para maximizar su desempeño frente a estas características de la educación quirúrgica. En la literatura disponible se encuentran seis estrategias para fortalecer esta capacidad. Conclusión. La experticia adaptativa es una capacidad esperada y necesaria en el médico residente de cirugía, para hacer frente a la complejidad de la educación quirúrgica. Existen estrategias prácticas que pueden ayudar a fortalecerla, las cuales deben ser evaluadas en nuevos estudios.

Introduction. The comprehensive training of residents exceeds theoretical knowledge and operative technique. Faced with the complexity of modern surgery, its uncertainty and dynamism, it is necessary to redefine the understanding of surgical education and promote adaptive capabilities in future surgeons for the effective management of the environment. These aspects refer to adaptive expertise. Methods. The present narrative review proposes a definition of surgical education with an emphasis on adaptive expertise, and an approach for its adoption in practice. Results. Based on the available literature, surgical education represents a dynamic process that is situated at the intersection of the complexity of surgical culture, learning in the workplace, and quality in health care, aimed at training of cognitive, manual, and adaptive capacities in the future surgeon, which allow them to provide high-value care in a collective work system, while strengthening their professional identity. Resident's adaptive expertise is a fundamental capacity to maximize his or her performance in the face of these characteristics of surgical education. In the available literature there are six strategies to strengthen this capacity. Conclusion. Adaptive expertise is an expected and necessary capacity in the surgical resident to deal with the complexity of surgical education. There are practical strategies that can help strengthen it, which must be evaluated in new studies.

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Introducción. La deuda económica durante la residencia en cirugía general puede afectar el desempeño profesional, las decisiones de vida y el bienestar psicológico. La información disponible en Colombia es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la deuda económica del residente de cirugía general, identificar los factores asociados y evaluar su efecto en el bienestar psicológico. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Se invitó a 380 residentes a diligenciar una encuesta sobre los aspectos relacionados con su deuda económica y se utilizó el WHO-index para evaluar su bienestar psicológico. Resultados. Un total de 259 residentes participaron en el estudio (67,6 %). El 56 % posee una deuda económica promedio de COP $88.000.000 ((US$21.826)). Un alto nivel de endeudamiento se relacionó con el año de residencia, el tipo de institución (privada) y la solicitud de préstamos. Se identificó algún trastorno mental en 14,7 % y un bajo nivel de bienestar psicológico en 56,4 % de los participantes. No se identificó ninguna asociación entre una elevada deuda económica y el bajo bienestar psicológico. Conclusiones. La deuda económica tiene un efecto sobre los residentes. El endeudamiento de los residentes de cirugía en Colombia es altamente prevalente, y no se correlaciona con un pobre bienestar psicológico. La autodeterminación favorece el bienestar psicológico en el posgrado en cirugía general. Existe la necesidad de educación financiera en los residentes. Se requieren nuevos estudios que evalúen las causas del pobre bienestar psicológico.

Introduction. Financial debt during surgery residency can affect professional performance, life decisions, and psychological well-being. The information available in Colombia is limited. The objective of this study is to quantify the financial debt of the general surgery resident, identify the associated factors and evaluate their effect on psychological well-being. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 380 residents were invited to complete a survey on aspects related to their financial debt, and the WHO-index to evaluate their psychological well-being. Results. A total of 259 residents participated in the study (67.6%). 56% have an average economic debt of $88,000,000 COP (US$21,826). High debt was related to level of residence, type of institution (private), and loan application. Some mental disorder was identified in 14.7% and a low level of psychological well-being in 56.4% of the participants. No association was identified between high financial debt and low psychological well-being. Conclusions. Economic debt has an effect on residents. Financial debt among surgical residents in Colombia is highly prevalent; however, it does not correlate with poor psychological well-being. Self-determination favors psychological well-being in the postgraduate course in general surgery. Likewise, the need for financial education in residents is imminent. New studies are required that thoroughly evaluate the causes of poor well-being.

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RESUMEN Evaluar la asociación entre sintomatología ansioso-depresiva y la calidad de sueño en alumnos de la Universidad de Piura, Perú, pertenecientes al programa Beca 18. Estudio observacional transversal, en el que se utilizó el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI), la Escala de Autodiagnóstico de Ansiedad de Zung (SAS) y la Escala de Depresión de Zung (SDS). De los 293 alumnos becarios participantes en el estudio, 62,5 % reportaron ser «malos dormidores¼, y el 47,8 % y el 56,0 % presentaban algún grado de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, respectivamente. Se encontró también que, a medida que aumentaba la sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, la calidad de sueño empeoraba. Se evidenció así una relación significativa (p < 0,005) entre la calidad de sueño y los síntomas depresivos y ansiosos. Existe una tendencia significativa a que los universitarios del programa Beca 18 con sintomatología ansioso-depresiva experimenten concomitantemente un patrón de sueño de mala calidad.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between anxious-depressive symptomatology and sleep quality in students of the Universidad de Piura (Perú) belonging to the "Beca 18" Program. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study that used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Zung's Self-Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Depression Scale (SDS). Results: From the 293 participating scholarship students, 62.5% were "poor sleepers", wheras 47.8% and 56.0%, respectively, presented some degree of anxious and depressive symptomatology; as well, it was found that as the anxious-depressive symptomatology increased, the quality of the students' sleep worsened. Thus, a significant relationship (p(p<0.005) between sleep quality and anxiety and depressive symptoms, was documented. Conclusions: There is a significant tendency for Beca 18 university students with anxious-depressive symptoms to concomitantly experience a sleep pattern of poor quality.

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As redes sociais podem representar importante papel na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde no acesso e divulgação de informações. É objetivo desse estudo relatar as experiências desenvolvidas por estagiários e professores do curso de Odontologia da UFRNe preceptores das USF Panatise Parque das Dunas, Natal/RN. As atividades realizadas foram planejadas em disciplina anterior ao estágio e contaram com a participação desses mesmos atores. Considerando o contexto da pandemia da COVID-19, as atividades foram adaptadas para serem desenvolvidas em formato virtual. A partir do Instagram, WhatsApp e Google Meet foi possível divulgar informações sobre o funcionamento e ações desenvolvidas nas USF, criar posts informativos sobre saúde bucal, envolver gestantes em ações educativas, promover maior aproximação com a comunidade, criação de respostas automáticas às perguntas mais frequentes, entre outras atividades. As redes sociais são potente ferramenta na comunicação e divulgação em saúde, permitindo estabelecimento de vínculos, como mais uma via no acesso às informações e relação de diálogo permanente com a população, sinalizando possíveis avanços no controle social. O conhecimento prévio de estagiários e preceptores sobre as redes sociais viabilizou o desenvolvimento de ações que não fazem parte do contexto tradicional da formação em Odontologia, trazendo benefícios ao aprendizado de todos e avanços na relação das USF com a comunidade. É fundamental que o poder público viabilize infraestrutura e logística necessárias para a inclusão das redes sociais no processo de trabalho das equipes da Atenção Básica, incorporando-as como elemento de sua política de comunicação em saúde (AU).

Social networks can perform animportant role in Unified Health System (SUS)regarding access and dissemination of information. This study aims to report the experiencesdeveloped by interns and professors of UFRN's Dentistrycourse, and by preceptors of USF Panatis and USF Parque das Dunas, at Natal/RN. The activities were planned in a discipline previous to the internship, and the same actors participated in them. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic context, the activities were adapted into virtual format. From Instagram, WhatsApp, and Google Meet, it was possible to disseminate information on the functioning and actions developed at the USF, to create informative posts onoral health, to involve pregnant peoplein educational actions, to promote closeness with the community, to give automated responses to the most frequent questions, among other activities. Social networks are a powerful tool in communication and dissemination on health care, allowing links to be established asyetanother way of accessing information and keeping a permanent dialogue with the population, indicating possible advancements in social control. The priorknowledge that interns and preceptors had on social networking enabled the development of actions which are not part of the traditional context of dental training, so it benefited everyone's learning and allowed advancementsinthe relationship between the USF and the community. It is crucial for the government to enable the necessary infrastructure and logistics for the inclusion of social networking in the work process of Primary Careteams, incorporating it as element of its policy onhealth communication (AU).

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O estágio curricular obrigatório configura-se, simultaneamente,como dispositivo pedagógico e desafio permanente para os cursos de Odontologia, tendo em vistaseu papel estratégico na articulação do processo formativo com o Sistema Único de Saúde(SUS). O presente artigo éuma revisão integrativasobre o tema,constituída a partir de 29 artigos cujo objetivo foicriar uma interpretaçãoampliada dessesestudos.Os aspectos positivos mais mencionados relacionaram-seàscaracterísticas do processo de trabalho vivenciado nas unidades de saúdeenfatizando a utilização de tecnologias leves, tradicionalmente ausentes no ambiente clínico-cirúrgico nas disciplinas tradicionais. Quantoaos pontos negativos, além das limitações institucionais, emergiram a dificuldade dos professores/preceptores noacompanhamentodos estagiáriose o distanciamento dosdentistasdas interações nas equipes multiprofissionais. Infere-se daanálise empreendida que ainda não existe um consenso acerca da função estruturante dos estágios nos ProjetosPedagógicos, sendo compreendidos, essencialmente, como atividadesdesenvolvidaspara melhorar a qualidade da formação, com foco exclusivamente nos discentes.Cursos de Odontologia que buscam serinovadores e protagonistas de mudanças devem imputar ao estágio um papel diferenciado, valorizando seu potencial agregador de elementos que, conjuntamente, significam o núcleo central da formação em Odontologia articulada ao SUS. Para essa valorização,é fundamental que haja permanente envolvimento e participação dos docentes, estudantes e, especialmente, profissionais de saúde e comunidade vinculados às Unidades de Saúde, cenário privilegiado do estágio, nas quais esse dispositivo pedagógico poderia ser desenvolvido de forma plena e compatível com a luta por saúde bucal universal, de qualidade, equânime e pública (AU).

The mandatory curricular internship is set up simultaneously as pedagogical device and permanent challenge for dental programs, considering its strategic role in the articulation of the training process with the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). This article is an integrative review on the subject, made from 29 articles whose objective was to create an enlarged interpretation of these studies. The most mentioned positive aspects were related to the characteristics of the work process experienced in thehealth units, emphasizing the use of soft technologies, traditionally absent in the clinical-surgical environment in the traditional disciplines. As for the negative aspects, beyond institutional limitations, there emerged the difficulty of teachers/preceptors in following the interns and the distancing of the dentists from interactions in multi-professional teams. It can be inferred from the analysis that there is not yet a consensus on the structuring role of the internships in the Pedagogical Projects. They are understood, essentially, as activities developed to enhance training quality, with focus exclusively on the students. Dental programs that seek to be innovative and protagonists of changes must give to the internship a differentiated role, valuingits potential of aggregating elements which together stand for the core of dental training articulated with SUS. It is fundamental the permanent involvement and participation of teachers, students and, especially, health care professionals and community associated to the Health Units (USF), the internship's privileged setting, in which this pedagogical device could be developed in a compatible way with the struggle for universal oral health, one of quality, equal and public (AU).

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Conteúdos curriculares relativos às Ciências Humanas e Sociais têm muita importância no desenvolvimento de habilidades que vão construir competências relacionadas ao comportamento dos egressos. O curso de Odontologia da Univates aborda, desde o início da formação temáticas relacionadas a discriminação e ao preconceito de forma integrada no seu currículo. O trabalho apresenta relatos de experiências de quatro estudantes durante os estágios com o objetivo de identificar, reconhecer e discutir questões relacionadas ao preconceito e discriminação no desenvolvimento do estágio extramuros, apresentando os desafios e dificuldades encontradas nesse processo. Através de relatos subjetivos podemos perceber os diferentes itinerários de formação que os estudantes percorrem, além da ampliação das oportunidades de contato com essas temáticas. Nos relatos são descritas atividades de aprendizagem realizadas durante o curso e que são retomadas no enfrentamento das situações vivenciadas nos estágios. Dramatizações, leitura de materiais, desafios propostos no CBL (Challenge Based Learning), produções de resumoseparticipações em congressos vão sendo elencadas como referências importantes no atendimento de populações específicas como indígenas, imigrantes, pessoas com pele preta e que fazem uso de tornozeleiras eletrônicas, além de contatos com pessoas transexuaise portadores de necessidades especiais. Essas experiências, muitas vezes, são possíveis pela presença dos estudantes nas redes de saúde. O estágio extramuros amplia as experiências de atendimento aos estudantes, contribuindo para uma formação mais generalista e humanista. O contato dos estudantes com diferentes realidades é benéfico para o desenvolvimento de novas perspectivas a partir dos conteúdos trabalhados de forma teórica e, quando integrados, podem contribuir para uma formação mais cidadã (AU).

Curriculum subjects related to Human and Social Sciences are important to the development of skills that will build the abilities related to the behavior of graduates. From the beginning of training, the Univates Dentistry course addresses themes related to discrimination and prejudice in an integrated way in its curriculum. This academic project features reports of four students during their internships, aiming to identify, recognize and discuss issues related to prejudice and discrimination in the development of the internship, presenting the challenges encountered in this process. Through subjective reports it is possible to understand the different paths that graduation students go through, and the expansion of opportunities to get in touch with these themes. In the reports, the students describe many learning activities applied during the course that later were used in situations experienced in the internships. Acting, relevant paper reading, challenges proposed in the CBL (Challenge Based Learning), production of overviews and reports and participation in conferences are some of the important references in the care of specific populations such as indigenous people, immigrants, people with black skin, convicted people with electronic anklets, transsexuals and individuals with special needs. These experiences are often only possible due to the presence of students in the public health and care systems. The internship expands the student service experiences, contributing for a more humanized and real graduation. The contact of students with different realities is beneficial for the development of new perspectives from the content learned theoretically and, when combined, can build up to a more humanized graduation (AU).

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the attributions and limitations in internship nursing supervisors', faculty advisors' and managers' work in the process of carrying out Supervised Internship in nursing education. Methods: a qualitative exploratory-descriptive research. Interviews were conducted between February and July 2018 with 26 participants: four managers, nine faculty advisors, six primary care nursing supervisors and seven hospital care nursing supervisors. Data analysis was performed using the Content Analysis technique. Results: among the main attributions are participation in the organization of the field, mediation between educational and health institutions, presentation of the world of work; as limitations are the high number of institutions in the field, work overload, lack of commitment or lack of didactic preparation towards student education. Final Considerations: we evidenced the need to (re)define and clarify everyone's roles and (re)think the integration strategies for monitoring students.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir las atribuciones y limitaciones en el desempeño de enfermeras supervisoras de internado, asesoras de facultad y gerentes en el proceso de realización del Internado Curricular Supervisado en la educación de enfermería. Métodos: investigación cualitativa exploratoria descriptiva. Las entrevistas se realizaron entre febrero y julio de 2018, con 26 participantes, como cuatro gerentes, nueve asesores de la facultad, seis enfermeras supervisoras de atención primaria y siete enfermeras supervisoras de atención hospitalaria. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la técnica de Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: entre las principales atribuciones, se destacó la participación en la organización del campo, mediación entre instituciones educativas y de salud, presentación del mundo del trabajo; como limitaciones, el alto número de instituciones en el campo, la sobrecarga de trabajo, la falta de compromiso o falta de preparación didáctica en cuanto a la formación de los estudiantes. Consideraciones Finales: se evidenció la necesidad de (re) definir y clarificar los roles de todos y (re) pensar las estrategias de integración para el seguimiento de los estudiantes.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever as atribuições e limitações na atuação dos enfermeiros supervisores de estágio, docentes orientadores e gestores no processo de realização do Estágio Curricular Supervisionado na formação do enfermeiro. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa exploratória-descritiva. Foram realizadas entrevistas, entre fevereiro e julho de 2018, com 26 participantes, como quatro gestores, nove docentes orientadores, seis enfermeiros supervisores da atenção básica e sete enfermeiros supervisores da atenção hospitalar. A análise dos dados ocorreu pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: dentre as principais atribuições, destacaram-se a participação na organização do campo, mediação entre instituição de ensino e de saúde, apresentação do mundo do trabalho; como limitações, o elevado número de instituições no campo, a sobrecarga de trabalho, descompromisso ou falta de preparo didático para com a formação discente. Considerações Finais: evidenciou-se a necessidade de (re)definir e clarificar os papéis de todos e (re)pensar as estratégias de integração para o acompanhamento dos discentes.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on surgical education in Latin America, decreasing residents' surgical training and supervised clinical practice. AIMS: This study aimed to identify strategies that have been proposed or implemented to adapt surgical training and supervised clinical practice to COVID-19-related limitations in Latin America. METHOD: A literature review was performed between April and May 2021, divided into two searches. The first one sought to identify adaptation strategies in Latin America for surgical training and supervised clinical practice. The second one was carried out as a complement to identify methodologies proposed in the rest of the world. RESULTS: In the first search, 16 of 715 articles were selected. In the second one, 41 of 1,637 articles were selected. Adaptive strategies proposed in Latin America focused on videoconferencing and simulation. In the rest of the world, remote critical analysis of recorded/live surgeries, intrasurgical tele-mentoring, and surgery recording with postoperative feedback were suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple adaptation strategies for surgical education during the COVID-19 pandemic have been proposed in Latin America and the rest of the world. There is an opportunity to implement new strategies in the long term for surgical training and supervised clinical practice, although more prospective studies are required to generate evidence-based recommendations.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A pandemia de COVID-19 teve um efeito negativo na educação cirúrgica na América Latina, diminuindo o treinamento cirúrgico dos residentes e a prática clínica supervisionada. OBJETIVOS: Identificar estratégias que foram propostas ou implementadas para adaptar o treinamento cirúrgico e a prática clínica supervisionada às limitações relacionadas ao COVID-19 na América Latina. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada revisão de literatura entre abril-maio de 2021, dividida em duas buscas. O primeiro procurou identificar estratégias de adaptação em América Latina para treinamento cirúrgico e prática clínica supervisionada. A segunda foi realizada como complemento para identificar metodologias propostas no resto do mundo. RESULTADOS: Na primeira busca, foram selecionados 16 dos 715 artigos. Na segunda, foram selecionados 41 dos 1.637 artigos. Estratégias adaptativas propostas na América Latina com foco em videoconferência e simulação. No resto do mundo, foram sugeridas análises críticas remotas de cirurgias gravadas/ao vivo, tele-mentoria intra-cirúrgica e gravação de cirurgia com feedback pós-operatório. CONCLUSÕES: Múltiplas estratégias de adaptação para educação cirúrgica durante a pandemia de COVID-19 foram propostas na América Latina e no resto do mundo. Há uma oportunidade de implementar novas estratégias a longo prazo para treinamento cirúrgico e prática clínica supervisionada, embora mais estudos prospectivos sejam necessários para gerar recomendações baseadas em evidências.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: la internacionalización es un medidor de la actividad de la educación superior a nivel mundial. Objetivo: caracterizar el rol de la internacionalización de la educación superior en diferentes partes del mundo, incluyendo a Cuba y especificando en la educación médica de la provincia de Holguín, Cuba. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática para desarrollar un análisis reflexivo sobre la temática. La búsqueda se efectuó entre marzo 2019-diciembre 2021, en diferentes bases de datos y buscadores. Se accedió a revistas especializadas nacionales e internacionales. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: internacionalización, educación superior, educación médica, mercantilización de la salud, cooperación, colaboración. Tras la identificación de los estudios preseleccionados, se llevó a cabo la lectura de los títulos y resúmenes para comprobar su pertinencia con el estudio. Desarrollo: la internacionalización es una tendencia que genera intercambios de conocimientos y contribuye al desarrollo de la educación superior. En Cuba es un elemento necesario para conquistar estándares internacionales de excelencia académica, calidad y pertinencia. La Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín ha progresado en su compromiso social de elevar el desarrollo científico en la esfera de la educación médica en el ámbito mundial, al alcanzar resultados relevantes en las características que distinguen este proceso. Conclusiones: la internacionalización de la educación superior tiene un impacto positivo a nivel mundial. Cuba, a pesar de ser un país en vías de desarrollo tiene como premisa de la internacionalización, la colaboración y cooperación con el resto de los países del planeta.

ABSTRACT Background: internationalization is a measure of the activity of higher education worldwide. Objective: to characterize the role of the internationalization of higher education in different parts of the world, including Cuba and specifying in medical education in the province of Holguín, Cuba. Method: a systematic bibliographic review was carried out to develop a reflexive analysis on the subject. The search was carried out from March 2019 to December 2021, in different databases and search engines. National and international specialized journals were accessed. The keywords used were: internationalization, higher education, medical education, commercialization of health, cooperation, collaboration. After identifying the preselected studies, the titles and abstracts were read to check their relevance to the study. Development: internationalization is a trend that generates exchanges of knowledge and contributes to the development of higher education. In Cuba, it is a necessary element to achieve international standards of academic excellence, quality and relevance. Holguín University of Medical Sciences has progressed in its social commitment to elevate scientific development in the field of medical education worldwide, by achieving relevant results in the characteristics that distinguish this process. Conclusions: the internationalization of higher education has a positive impact worldwide. Cuba, despite being a developing country, has the premise of internationalization, collaboration and cooperation with the rest of the countries on the planet.

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O estágio curricular obrigatório desenvolvido pelos cursos de Odontologia é o elemento mais estratégico para a efetivação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) como ordenador da formação de cirurgiões-dentistas. No presente estudo busca-se aprofundar a reflexão sobre a origem das limitações ao desenvolvimento do estágio no SUSe o papel de diferentes instituições e atores nessas dificuldades. Também procura avaliar as limitações e desafios impostos a essa orientação educacional considerando a hegemonia da odontologia de mercado na formação, a qual se expressa no papel pedagógico central atribuído ao procedimento odontológico individual em detrimento do que preconiza a saúde bucal coletiva.Trata-se de ensaio teórico, em que se identificam avanços nessas atividades, obtidos ao se colocar o SUS como campo de estágio essencial para a formação profissional, analisando-os à luz da Constituição Federal, das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de graduação em Odontologia e de iniciativas desencadeadas pelos Ministérios da Educação e da Saúde. A análise reconhece o estágio curricular como um elemento potencialmente estruturante do SUS e identifica fatoresque o favorecem e que a ele se contrapõem, no próprio SUS, na academia e nos movimentos empresariais. Para isso, deve efetivar parceria com os serviços públicos de saúde, contribuir com o planejamento e gestão de suas atividades, proporcionar formação aos preceptores e pessoal auxiliar envolvidos, além de prover articulação com o controle social. Todos os docentes deveriam ser atores estratégicos dos estágios a partir de sua vinculação de modo permanente a alguma ação ou serviço do SUS, em seus diferentes graus de complexidade, independentemente dos componentes curriculares aos quais está vinculado.Esse desafio transcende os processos tradicionais de formação uma vez que mais do que as estratégias pedagógicas, para essa conquista é mister que o Estado brasileiro, efetivamente, cumpra seu papel no fortalecimento do SUS (AU).

The mandatory curricular internship developed by the dental programs is the most important element to the effectuation of the Unified Health System (SUS) as dental surgeons' training organizer. This study aims to deepen the reflection on the source of the limitations to SUS internship development and the role of the different institutions and actors in such difficulties. It also seeks to evaluate limitations and challenges imposed on this educational orientation, considering the market dentistry's hegemony in the training, which comes about in the central pedagogical role assigned to the individual dental procedure at the expense of what collective oral health professes. This is a theoretical essay, in which advances are identified by placing the SUS as an essential internship field for professional training, analyzed by the light of the Federal Constitution, the National Curriculum Guidelines for undergraduate courses in Dentistry and initiatives launched by Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health. The analysis recognizes the curricular internship as a potentially structuring element of SUS and identifies factors that favors it and opposes it within SUS itself, in Academia and in business movements. To that effect, it must consummate partnership with public health services, contribute with planning and management of its activities, provide training to preceptors and auxiliar people involved, and articulation with the social control. All teachers should be internships' strategic actors since their permanent association to an action or service by SUS in their different degrees of complexity, regardless the curricular components to which they are associated. This challenge transcends the traditional processes of training since to such achievement, more than the pedagogical strategies, it is necessary that the Brazilian State effectively play its role in strengthening SUS (AU).

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O estudo tem por objetivo relatar a experiência de um grupo de acadêmicos de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, ocorridano segundo semestre de 2018, durante o processo de formação de um espaço promotor de saúde que proporcionou o encontro da cultura e arte com o Sistema Único de Saúde na Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) Argemiro de Figueiredo, situada no município de Campina Grande. A construção deste espaço ocorreu durante o Estágio na Estratégia Saúde da Família I, componente curricular ofertado no quarto semestredo curso. Tal ambiente foi criado a partir da realização da vivência intitulada de "Grafite que traz vida", como também por meiodo processo de construção da Horta Comunitária na USF em questão. As atividades citadas foram marcadas pela forte interação entre acadêmicos, comunidade, equipe de saúde e equipamentos sociais presentes na área adstrita à USF, permitindo, assim, o fortalecimento do vínculo entre equipe de saúdee população. Neste processo de vivência em comunidade, observou-se a importância da presença de acadêmicos de Odontologia no cenário da Atenção Básica (AB). Tal presença possibilitou que os mesmos reconhecessem a relevância do cuidado integral, entendendo, assim, que o papel do cirurgião-dentista na AB vai muito além dagarantia de assistência em saúde bucal para a população. Além disso, a construção de um espaço promotor de saúde permitiu o fortalecimento dos laços entre os usuários e trabalhadores fazendo com que a comunidade compreendesse o espaço da UBS para além da doença (AU).

The study aims to report the experience of a group of dentistry students from the State University of Paraíba, which took place in the second semester of 2018, during the process of forming a health-promoting space that provided the meeting of culture and art with the System Health Unit at the Family Health Unit (FHU) Argemiro de Figueiredo, located in the municipality of Campina Grande. The construction of this space took place during the Internship in the Family Health Strategy I, a curricular component offered in the fourth semester of the course. Such an environment was created from the experience entitled "Graffiti that brings life", as well as through the construction process of the Community Garden in that FHU. The aforementioned activities were marked by the strong interaction between academics, the community, the health team, and social equipment present in the area assigned to the FHU, allowing the strengthening of the bond between the health team and the population. In this process of living in the community, it was observed the importance of the presence of dentistry students in the Primary Care (PC) scenario. Such presence enabled them to recognize the relevance of comprehensive care, understanding that the role of the dental surgeon in PC goes far beyond guaranteeing oral health care for the population. Also, the construction of a health-promoting spaceallowed the strengthening of ties between users and workers, enabling the community to understand the BHU space in addition to the disease (AU).

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RESUMEN Introducción: la solución de los problemas de salud que afectan a la población constituye punto de partida para el diseño de la superación profesional, proceso que posibilita la actualización, ampliación y perfeccionamiento continuo de los conocimientos, habilidades básicas y especializadas de los profesionales que laboran en el nivel de atención primaria de salud. Objetivo: diseñar una estrategia de superación profesional sobre fibrilación auricular contextualizada en la atención primaria de salud en el Policlínico Universitario "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" de Pinar del Río. Métodos: la investigación se sustentó en el enfoque Dialéctico Materialista que permitió profundizar en el conocimiento del proceso y sus interrelaciones en las condiciones históricas sociales de la educación de postgrado en el especialista en MGI. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos como el análisis documental, histórico lógico, de modelación y criterio de expertos. Resultados: se presenta la estrategia de superación profesional sobre fibrilación auricular contextualizada en la atención primaria de salud con base en las derivaciones teóricas y empíricas del proceso investigativo y a partir de fundamentos sustentados en diferentes áreas del conocimiento, se proponen la estructura, características, componentes y relaciones para el proceso en estudio y su validación teórica. Conclusiones: en la estrategia de superación profesional sobre fibrilación auricular contextualizada en la atención primaria de salud se concretaron los propósitos para lograr un desempeño eficiente del mismo en la transformación de la realidad en el área de salud del Policlínico Universitario "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" de Pinar del Río.

ABSTRACT Introduction: solving the problems of health that influence on the population constitutes the starting point for the design of professional training, a process that makes possible the update, widening and continuous improvement of knowledge, including the basic and specialized skills of healthcare professionals working in Primary Health Care level. Objective: to design a strategy for the professional training related to atrial fibrillation contextualized to the Primary Health Care settings at Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic, Pinar del Rio. Methods: the research was supported on the Dialectic-Materialistic approach which allowed deepening on the knowledge of the process and its interrelation in the historical and social conditions of postgraduate education for the Comprehensive Medicine Specialists. Theoretical methods were mainly used, such as the documentary analysis, historical-logical, modeling and the criteria of experts. Results: the strategy for professional training related to atrial fibrillation contextualized to the Primary Health Care settings was presented and based on theoretical and empirical derivations of the research process and from the foundations supported on the different areas of knowledge, the structure, characteristics, components and relations toward the process in study and its theoretical validation. Conclusions: the strategy for the professional training related to atrial fibrillation contextualized to the Primary Health Care setting, defined the purposes for the achievement of an efficient performance along with the transformation of the reality in the healthcare area of Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic, Pinar del Rio.

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RESUMEN Introducción: en pleno siglo XXI, no es posible enfrentar el fenómeno educacional sin una plena conciencia de que el desarrollo de la independencia cognoscitiva en los estudiantes, es una necesidad vital. Objetivo: diseñar sistema de tareas integradoras basada en las concepciones teóricas sobre la tarea docente concretada en contenidos del Tema 2 de la asignatura Célula, Tejidos y Sistema Tegumentario. Métodos: para confeccionar la estrategia metodológica se tuvieron en cuenta dificultades que se plantearon en los espacios metodológicos. Se realizó un experimento pedagógico. El sistema de tareas la realizaron 25 estudiantes seleccionados por un muestreo aleatorio simple después de recibir la conferencia orientadora y antes del seminario del tema; se compararon sus calificaciones con otro grupo de 25 estudiantes que recibieron la conferencia orientadora y no el sistema de tareas, a ambos grupos se les orientó acerca de la bibliografía a consultar y una guía de estudio. Resultados: las tareas docentes asignadas a los estudiantes motivaron en ellos la búsqueda activa de información, con una mayor independencia cognoscitiva y creatividad. Lograron mejores calificaciones. Se constató una mayor relación interdisciplinaria al dar solución a problemas integradores que encontrarán en su futura práctica profesional. Se logró desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento. Conclusiones: el experimento pedagógico mostró que el sistema de tareas docentes permite integrar al estudiante a la actividad académica, investigativa y laboral, nutridos por las experiencias acumuladas en el orden profesional, de manera que adquieran conocimientos y habilidades básicas para apropiarse del modo de actuación profesional competente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in the middle of XXI Century, it is not possible to deal with the educational phenomenon without full knowledge that the development of the cognitive independence in the students is a vital need. Objective: to design a system of integrative tasks based on the theoretical conceptions about the teaching task defined to the contents of the Topic-2 for the subject: Cell, Tissues and Integumentary System. Methods: the difficulties that arose in the methodological spaces were taken into account in the design of the methodological strategy. A pedagogical experiment was carried out. The system of teaching task included 25 students chosen at simple random sample after the guiding lecture was taught and before the seminar of the topic; their qualifications were compared with other group of students who were taught the guiding lecture and not the system of tasks, both groups were informed of the bibliography to be consulted and the guide to study was given. Results: the teaching tasks assigned to students encouraged them to the active search for information, achieving greater cognitive independence and creativity and reaching better qualifications. It was evidenced a better interdisciplinary relation giving solution to the wide-ranging problems they will find in their future professional practice. The development of thinking skills was achieved. Conclusions: the pedagogical experiment showed that the system of teaching tasks allows the integration of students into the academic, research and work activities, nourished by the experiences accumulated in the professional order, so that they acquire basic knowledge and skills to appropriate the competent professional mode of action.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the familiarity of Brazilian urology residents with laparoscopy, methods of training and perspectives. Material and methods a questionnaire with 23 questions was sent by e-mail to all urological residents of 86 Urology Residence Programs certified by the Brazilian Society of Urology (BSU). Results 225 valid answers (85% of all residents) responded. Most residences belong to academic hospitals mainly in the Southeast region of Brazil. Women account for 5% of residents and 82% of programs perform less than 100 procedures per year. Residents have access to LESS, RAL and 98% to surgical laparoscopy and 87% of these participate actively at the surgery, but 84.9% do not have access to RAL. The most common laparoscopic procedure is radical nephrectomy (73.2%), but only 28.8% of residents acted as surgeons, and third year residents (R3) are those that mainly performed this procedure (statistical significance, p <0.05). 61% of residents do not participate in hands-on courses or fellowship in laparoscopy, among those who attended these fellowships, 23.47% were sponsored by BSU in equal regions of the country. Although there are several opportunities of training in laparoscopy, 42% of residents do not have access to any kind of preparation and 52% have no structured specific program. R3 perception of laparoscopy experience is significantly higher than R2 and R1 residents. Almost 30% of them affirms that they are prepared for professional life regarding urologic laparoscopy. Conclusion Brazilian urologic residents have access to laparoscopy and actively participate in the learning process. Robotic surgery is expanding in the country, although still very far from residents. Brazilian resident, at the end of medical residency, is motivated to perform laparoscopic procedures.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the familiarity of Brazilian urology residents with laparoscopy, methods of training and perspectives. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire with 23 questions was sent by e-mail to all urological residents of 86 Urology Residence Programs certified by the Brazilian Society of Urology (BSU). RESULTS: 225 valid answers (85% of all residents) responded. Most residences belong to academic hospitals mainly in the Southeast region of Brazil. Women account for 5% of residents and 82% of programs perform less than 100 procedures per year. Residents have access to LESS, RAL and 98% to surgical laparoscopy and 87% of these participate actively at the surgery, but 84.9% do not have access to RAL. The most common laparoscopic procedure is radical nephrectomy (73.2%), but only 28.8% of residents acted as surgeons, and third year residents (R3) are those that mainly performed this procedure (statistical significance, p < 0.05). 61% of residents do not participate in hands-on courses or fellowship in laparoscopy, among those who attended these fellowships, 23.47% were sponsored by BSU in equal regions of the country. Although there are several opportunities of training in laparoscopy, 42% of residents do not have access to any kind of preparation and 52% have no structured specific program. R3 perception of laparoscopy experience is significantly higher than R2 and R1 residents. Almost 30% of them affirms that they are prepared for professional life regarding urologic laparoscopy. CONCLUSION: Brazilian urologic residents have access to laparoscopy and actively participate in the learning process. Robotic surgery is expanding in the country, although still very far from residents. Brazilian resident, at the end of medical residency, is motivated to perform laparoscopic procedures.

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Objective: to analyze how nursing courses in the State of São Paulo, Brazil have operationalized the supervised curricular internship and to identify those that approach the recommendations proposed by the National Curriculum Guidelines. Method: a quantitative, descriptive-exploratory study. The sample consisted of 38 course coordinators. The data collection instrument was developed based on the Curricular Guidelines. Data collection took place electronically and, for data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: the undergraduate schools have developed internships for a mean of 860.4 hours in primary and tertiary care settings, with learning based on professional practice being the main teaching method. Formative assessment is the predominant mode of assessment, and nurses from health institutions participate in 44.7% of courses. The mean score obtained was 3.1 points (scale from 1 to 5), with the evaluation processes used being the most influential factor (p<0.001). Conclusion: the courses have partially met the educational legislation regarding the hours and participation of professionals from health institutions granting internship field, which can compromise the quality of training and the safety of care.

Objetivo: analisar como os cursos de enfermagem no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil têm operacionalizado o estágio curricular supervisionado e identificar os que se aproximam das recomendações propostas pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. Método: estudo quantitativo, descritivo-exploratório. A amostra foi composta por 38 coordenadores de curso. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi elaborado a partir das Diretrizes Curriculares. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio eletrônico, e para a análise de dados utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: as escolas de graduação têm desenvolvido o estágio por meio de 860,4 horas, em média, em cenários de atenção básica e terciária, sendo a aprendizagem baseada na prática profissional o principal meio de ensino. A avaliação formativa é o modo predominante de avaliação, e há a participação dos enfermeiros das instituições de saúde em 44,7% dos cursos. A pontuação média obtida foi de 3,1 pontos (escala de 1 a 5), sendo os processos de avaliação utilizados o fator de maior influência (p<0,001). Conclusão: os cursos têm atendido parcialmente a legislação educacional quanto à carga horária e participação dos profissionais das instituições de saúde concedentes de campo de estágio, o que pode comprometer a qualidade na formação e a segurança dos cuidados.

Objetivo: analizar de qué manera los cursos de enfermería en el Estado de San Pablo, Brasil, han puesto en práctica la pasantía curricular supervisada e identificar aquellos que se acercan a las recomendaciones propuestas por las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales. Método: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo-exploratorio. La muestra consistió en 38 coordinadores de cursos. El instrumento de recolección de datos se desarrolló en base a las Directrices Curriculares. La recolección de datos se realizó electrónicamente y para el análisis de datos se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados: las instituciones de títulos de grado han desarrollado pasantías por una media de 860,4 horas en entornos de atención primaria y terciaria, siendo el aprendizaje basado en la práctica profesional el método principal de enseñanza. La evaluación formativa es el modo predominante de evaluación, y los enfermeros de las instituciones de salud participan en el 44,7% de los cursos. El puntaje medio obtenido fue de 3,1 puntos (escala de 1 a 5), siendo los procesos de evaluación utilizados el factor más influyente (p<0,001). Conclusión: los cursos han cumplido parcialmente la legislación educativa sobre la carga horaria y la participación de profesionales de instituciones de salud que otorgan pasantías, lo que puede comprometer la calidad de la capacitación y la seguridad de la atención.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to appraise the general profile of the Brazilian robotic surgeon and the acknowledgment of the new certification process for robotic surgery upon the Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB - Brazilian Medical Association) statement. According to the AMB statement, medical societies and proctors have to achieve leading roles in training and certification of surgeons, acting in partnership with industry. Methods: a national web-based survey was promoted by the Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (CBC - Brazilian College of Surgeons) among their members. Results: the 294 answers were split into two groups: 133 (45.3%) who had robotic console certification, and 161 (54.8%) who did not have it. The overall median age was 46, but the non-robotic group presented more surgeons with at least 30 years of experience than to the robotic group (32.3% versus 23.3%, p=0.033). Surgeons with robotic certification more frequently work in a city with at least one million inhabitants than surgeons who were not certified (85.7 versus 63.4%, p<0.001). The majority of surgeons in both groups have similar positioning for all main points of the statement. However, the agreement proportions for the preceptors responsibility during the procedures were higher among non-robotic surgeons that expected the preceptor to assume co-responsibility for the procedure (85% versus 60.9%, p<0.001), and intervene during the procedure as much as necessary (97.5% versus 91.7%, p=0.033). Conclusion: the overall agreement of the answers to the AMB statement seems to be a promising pathway to increase the participation of the medical entities into the robotic certification in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o perfil do cirurgião robótico brasileiro e seu reconhecimento sobre o novo processo de certificação para cirurgia robótica que consta na declaração da Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB). De acordo com a declaração da AMB, as sociedades médicas e os preceptores devem alcançar papéis de liderança no treinamento e certificação de cirurgiões, atuando em parceria com a indústria. Métodos: uma pesquisa nacional pela Internet foi promovida pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões com seus membros. Resultados: entre as 294 respostas, os cirurgiões foram divididas em dois grupos: 133 (45,3%) que possuíam certificação de console robótico e 161 (54,8%) que não possuíam. A média geral de idade foi de 46 anos, mas o grupo não robótico teve mais cirurgiões com pelo menos 30 anos de experiência (32,3% versus 23,3%, p = 0,033). Cirurgiões com certificação robótica trabalhavam mais frequentemente em cidades mais populosas, com pelo menos um milhão de habitantes (85,7 versus 63,4%, p <0,001). A maioria dos cirurgiões de ambos os grupos tem posicionamento semelhante para todos os pontos principais da declaração. No entanto, as proporções de concordância para a responsabilidade do preceptor durante os procedimentos foram maiores entre os cirurgiões não robóticos que esperavam que o preceptor assumisse corresponsabilidade pelo procedimento (85% versus 60,9%, p <0,001), e que intervenha , tanto quanto necessário (97,5% versus 91,7%, p = 0,033). Conclusão: a aceitação por parte da maioria dos profissionais em relação à declaraçãoda AMB parece ser caminho promissor para aumentar a participação das entidades médicas na certificação robótica no Brasil.

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Objetivo: Estimar el financiamiento y costo unitario en la capacitación a largo plazo de los profesionales de salud en el Perú. Métodos: Se realizó una evaluación económica parcial (análisis de costos) desde la perspectiva del financiador público. Para el financiamiento se muestra reportes por categorías presupuestales y programas presupuestales del sector salud, los datos se obtuvieron a través del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera del Ministerio de Economía y finanzas (SIAF-MEF) entre los años 2016 ­ 2018. En relación al análisis de costo se estimó con la metodología de costeo por absorción. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema Integrado de gestión Administrativa (SIGA)- modulo logístico para obtener los precios de los insumosy del aplicativo Informático de Recursos Humanos de Servidores Públicos (AIRHSP) para los sueldos de los recursos humanos. Resultados: Financiamiento que hace el país en relación a capacitación se estima en 27 millones de soles para el año 2016, y se reduce a 20 millones de soles para el año 2018. El costo per cápita para diplomados fue de S/.12 661 (USD 3 836) y para la especialización fue de S/. 23 356 (USD 7 077). Conclusión: el financiamiento en la formación del recurso humano en salud es vital para el logro de los objetivos sanitarios en el Perú. Sin embargo existe una disminución del presupuesto destinado a actividades de capacitación en los últimos 3 años.

Objective: To estimate the funding and unit cost in the long-term training of health professionals in Peru. Methods: A partial economic evaluation (cost analysis) was carried out from the perspective of the public financier. For financing, reports are shown by budget categories and budget programs of the health sector. Data was obtained through the Integrated System of Financial Administration of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (SIAF-MEF) between the years 2016 - 2018. In relation to the analysis The cost was estimated using the absorption costing methodology. The data was obtained from the Integrated System of Administrative Management (SIGA) - logistic module to obtain the prices of the inputs, the Computer Application of Human Resources of Public Servants (AIRHSP) for salaries of human resources. Results: Financing made by the country in relation to training is estimated at 27 million soles for 2016, and it is reduced to 20 million soles by 2018. The per capita cost for graduates was S /. 12 661 (USD 3 836) and for the specialization it was S /. 23 356 (USD 7 077). Conclusion: Financing in the formation of human resources in health is vital for the achievement of health objectives in Peru. However, there is a decrease in the budget allocated to training activities in the last 3 years.

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Background: it has been suggested that nursing-staff' should be educated in maintaining the oral health (OH) of institutionalised elder people. Objective: this work aimed for measuring the effectiveness of a 3-hour oral health training-programme (OHTP) provided to nursing-staff by assessing the residents' OH gains. Materials and methods: this was a one-year longitudinal-controlled-interventional study evaluated via a nursing-staff' questionnaire and residents' oral examinations. Managers of 30 nursing homes in Granada, Spain, were contacted and offered three oral examinations for their residents and an OHTP for the nursing-staff; nine of them consequently agreed to participate for all consenting people. 269 residents were examined at baseline and 12 months. After the baseline examination, the nursing homes were randomised into an intervention or control group; the OHTP was then carried out on the intervention group. Results: the residents' denture hygiene (p=0.03) and wearing of dentures at night (p=0.003) improved significantly in the intervention group; caries prevalence increased in both groups. Conclusions: the OHTP was effective for improving caregivers' knowledge and OH care routines, but the improvements were not enough to improve residents' overall OH.

Introducción: se ha sugerido que el personal de enfermería debe ser educado en el mantenimiento de la salud bucal (SB) de los adultos mayores institucionalizados. Objetivo: el presente trabajo buscó medir la efectividad de programa de tres horas de entrenamiento en salud bucal (PESB) al personal de enfermería, mediante la medición de los cambios en la SB de adultos mayores residentes en instituciones geriátricas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal a un año, controlado, evaluado mediante un cuestionario al personal de enfermería y exámenes bucales a los residentes. Se contactó a los directores de 30 instituciones geriátricas de la Provincia de Granada ­ España y se les ofreció un PESB para su personal de enfermería y tres exámenes bucales para sus residentes, nueve aceptaron participar, con todos aquellos residentes que consintieran. Se examinaron 269 residentes al inicio y a los 12 meses. Después del examen inicial, las instituciones fueron asignadas aleatoriamente en un grupo control y en un grupo de trabajo que recibió el PESB. Resultados: la higiene protésica (p=0.03) y el uso nocturno de las prótesis (p=0.003) mejoraron significativamente en el grupo de trabajo, mientras que la prevalencia de caries aumentó en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: el PESB fue efectivo para el mejoramiento del conocimiento y las rutinas de SB del personal de enfermería, pero estas mejoras no fueron suficientes para mejorar globalmente el estado de SB de los residentes.

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