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Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) has frequently been applied as a biomaterial for tissue engineering purposes. When implanted, their role can be essential for partial trachea replacement in patients that require a viable transplant solution. Acellular canine tracheal scaffolds with preserved ECM structure, flexibility, and proteins were obtained by high pressure vacuum decellularization. Here, we aimed to evaluate the cell adhesion and proliferation of canine tracheal epithelial cells (EpC) and canine yolk sac endothelial progenitor cells (YS) cultivated on canine decellularized tracheal scaffolds and test the in vivo biocompatibility of these recellularized scaffolds implanted in BALB-c nude mice. In order to evaluate the recellularization efficiency, scaffolds were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immunofluorescence, DNA quantification, mycoplasma test, and in vivo biocompatibility. The scaffolds sterility was confirmed, and EpC and YS cells were cultured by 7 and 14 days. We demonstrated by SEM, immunofluorescence, and genomic DNA analyzes cell adhesion to tracheal ECM. Then, recellularized scaffolds were in vivo subcutaneously implanted in mice and after 45 days, the fragments were collected and analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Gömori Trichrome staining and PCNA, CD4, CD8, and CD68 immunohistochemistry. In vivo results confirmed that the implanted tissue remains preserved and proliferative, and no fibrotic tissue process was observed in animals. Finally, our results showed the recellularization success due the preserved ECM proteins, and that these may be suitable to future preclinical studies applications for partial trachea replacement in tissue engineering.

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Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...(AU)

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RESUMO

Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...

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The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the compressive radiographic technique (pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20mmHg) in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in small breed dogs, in lateral cervicothoracic radiography. Out of the 50 dogs evaluated, 25 presented tracheal collapse (TG group), 23 did not present tracheal collapse (CG) and two were excluded because they did not tolerate a pressure of 20 mmHg. The TG group presented a smaller internal diameter of the trachea in the region of the fourth cervical vertebra (D4) and at the entrance of the thorax (TDE) compared to the CG group, in all the radiographic projections performed, as well as within the TG group where the compressive technique differed from conventional. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the clinical sign of coughing during cervical collar use and the presence of radiographic tracheal collapse at a pressure of 20 mmHg. It was concluded that the compressive radiographic technique was feasible and efficient in confirming the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in dogs, especially in the pressure of 20 mmHg, where it was associated with clinical signs, and can be used in isolation or complementary to the conventional technique.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade da técnica radiográfica compressiva no diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães de raças pequenas, por meio da comparação do diâmetro da traqueia durante a radiografia cervicotorácica lateral convencional e sobre influência da compressão externa com pressões de 5, 10, 15 e 20mmHg (técnica compressiva). Dos 50 cães avaliados, 25 apresentaram colapso de traqueia (grupo TG), 23 não apresentaram o colabamento traqueal (grupo controle - CG) e dois foram excluídos por não tolerarem a pressão de 20mmHg. Os diâmetros internos da traqueia na região da quarta vértebra cervical (D4) e na entrada do tórax (DET) foram menores no grupo TG em relação ao CG, em todas as projeções radiográficas realizadas, bem como dentro do grupo TG, no qual a técnica compressiva diferiu da convencional. Houve correlação entre o sinal clínico de tosse durante o uso de coleira cervical e a presença do colapso de traqueia radiográfico, na pressão de 20mmHg. Concluiu-se que a técnica radiográfica compressiva foi exequível e eficiente na confirmação do diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães, especialmente na pressão de 20mmHg, em que houve associação com sinais clínicos, podendo ser utilizada de forma isolada ou complementar à técnica convencional.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the compressive radiographic technique (pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20mmHg) in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in small breed dogs, in lateral cervicothoracic radiography. Out of the 50 dogs evaluated, 25 presented tracheal collapse (TG group), 23 did not present tracheal collapse (CG) and two were excluded because they did not tolerate a pressure of 20 mmHg. The TG group presented a smaller internal diameter of the trachea in the region of the fourth cervical vertebra (D4) and at the entrance of the thorax (TDE) compared to the CG group, in all the radiographic projections performed, as well as within the TG group where the compressive technique differed from conventional. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the clinical sign of coughing during cervical collar use and the presence of radiographic tracheal collapse at a pressure of 20 mmHg. It was concluded that the compressive radiographic technique was feasible and efficient in confirming the diagnosis of tracheal collapse in dogs, especially in the pressure of 20 mmHg, where it was associated with clinical signs, and can be used in isolation or complementary to the conventional technique.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade da técnica radiográfica compressiva no diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães de raças pequenas, por meio da comparação do diâmetro da traqueia durante a radiografia cervicotorácica lateral convencional e sobre influência da compressão externa com pressões de 5, 10, 15 e 20mmHg (técnica compressiva). Dos 50 cães avaliados, 25 apresentaram colapso de traqueia (grupo TG), 23 não apresentaram o colabamento traqueal (grupo controle - CG) e dois foram excluídos por não tolerarem a pressão de 20mmHg. Os diâmetros internos da traqueia na região da quarta vértebra cervical (D4) e na entrada do tórax (DET) foram menores no grupo TG em relação ao CG, em todas as projeções radiográficas realizadas, bem como dentro do grupo TG, no qual a técnica compressiva diferiu da convencional. Houve correlação entre o sinal clínico de tosse durante o uso de coleira cervical e a presença do colapso de traqueia radiográfico, na pressão de 20mmHg. Concluiu-se que a técnica radiográfica compressiva foi exequível e eficiente na confirmação do diagnóstico do colapso de traqueia em cães, especialmente na pressão de 20mmHg, em que houve associação com sinais clínicos, podendo ser utilizada de forma isolada ou complementar à técnica convencional.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To report the management of a dog that required 2 treatments with mechanical ventilation; firstly for severe tracheal collapse and secondly following deployment of a nitinol tracheal stent that immediately preceded a nonoxygen responsive pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), suspected to have originated from the right atrium. CASE SUMMARY: A 9-year-old female spayed Shetland Sheepdog was presented for management of a gallbladder mucocoele. Pertinent history included iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism and tracheal collapse. The dog became clinical for tracheal collapse following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thoracic radiographs revealed moderate to severe tracheal collapse at the level of the thoracic inlet. Arterial blood gas was consistent with hypoventilation and mechanical ventilation was instituted. Given the severity of tracheal collapse, self-expanding nitinol tracheal stent placement was elected. Immediately following tracheal stent placement, the dog developed nonoxygen responsive hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation. Additional diagnostic tests revealed changes consistent with a PTE and a large thrombus in the right atrium. The dog was humanely euthanized. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Dislodgement of a preexisting atrial thrombus has not been described as a complication following tracheal stent deployment. Additionally, although PTE is frequently considered to be oxygen responsive, it may not be if the embolism is severe enough.

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BACKGROUND: Most information about pharyngeal collapse in dogs is anecdotal and extrapolated from human medicine. A single case report describing dynamic pharyngeal collapse in a cat has been published, but there is no literature describing this disease process in dogs. OBJECTIVE: To describe the signalment, clinical presentation, concurrent disease processes, and imaging findings of a population of client-owned dogs with pharyngeal collapse. ANIMALS: Twenty-eight client-owned dogs with pharyngeal collapse. METHODS: Radiology reports of dogs for which fluoroscopy of the respiratory system was performed were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with a fluoroscopic diagnosis of pharyngeal collapse were included in the study population. Data regarding clinical signs, diagnostic, and pathologic findings were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-eight dogs met the inclusion criteria. The median age of affected patients was 6.6 years, whereas median body condition score was 7/9. The most common clinical signs were coughing (n = 20) and stertor (n = 5). In 27 of 28 cases, a concurrent or previously diagnosed cardiopulmonary disorder was detected. The most common concurrent disease processes were mainstem bronchi collapse (n = 18), tracheal collapse (n = 17), and brachycephalic airway syndrome (n = 8). Fluoroscopy identified complete pharyngeal collapse in 20 of 28 dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Pharyngeal collapse is a complex disease process that likely is secondary to long-term negative pressure gradients and anatomic and functional abnormalities. Based on the findings of this study, pharyngeal fluoroscopy may be useful diagnostic test in patients with suspected tracheal and mainstem bronchial collapse to identify concurrent pharyngeal collapse.

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O colapso traqueal é uma obstrução parcial ou total da traqueia caracterizado pelo achatamento dorsoventral dos anéis cartilaginosos e pela frouxidão da membrana traqueal dorsal. Acomete principalmente cães de raças pequenas, de meia idade a idosos, embora também possa ocorrer em cães jovens. O diagnóstico é feito com base nos sinais clínicos e exames complementares. A traqueobroncoscopia permite avaliar o diâmetro da traqueia e dos segmentos brônquicos, principalmente quando as radiografias e fluoroscopia não forem conclusivas e ainda permite a coleta de amostras para citologia, histopatologia e culturas. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a infecção traqueal com a inflamação da traqueia em cães com colapso de traqueia. A pesquisa foi realizada no HOVET da FMVZ-USP e no Hospital Veterinário Clinivet em Curitiba. A amostra foi constituída por 28 cães, sendo 12 com colapso de traqueia e 16 hígidos para o grupo controle, que propiciou parâmetros de normalidade em relação ao grupo colapso traqueal. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a traqueobroncoscopia, com a qual visualizamos a traqueia e graduamos o colapso, colhemos material para cultura bacteriana e citologia. Após a análise dos resultados foi observado diferença estatística significativa nos cães com inflamação e colapso de traqueia. Não foi observado correlação entre a infecção bacteriana e a inflamação na traqueia. Com um teste de dissimilaridade verificou-se que a população bacteriana da orofaringe foi semelhante a da traqueia nos cães do mesmo grupo. Portanto, concluímos que cães com colapso de traqueia tendem a ter a traqueia inflamada, porém não apresentam infecção bacteriana. A composição das bactérias na traqueia pode ser devido à aspiração do conteúdo da orofaringe

The Tracheal collapse is a partial or total obstruction of the trachea, featured by dorsoventral flattening of the cartilaginous rings and by the laxity of the dorsal tracheal membrane. It mainly affects small breeds, middle-aged and older dogs, although it can also occur in young dogs. The diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and additional exams. The trachealbronchoscopy allows evaluating the trachea diameter and bronchial segments, especially when radiographic and fluoroscopy is not conclusive and still allows the collection of samples for cytology, histopathology and cultures. The objective of this study was correlating the tracheal infection with the tracheal inflammation in dogs with tracheal collapse. The research was conducted in the HOVET FMVZ-USP and Clinivet Veterinary Hospital in Curitiba. The sample consisted of 28 dogs, including 12 with collapsing trachea and 16 healthy subjects in the control group, which allowed normal parameters in relation to the group tracheal collapse. For data collection was used the trachealbronchoscopy, in which was visualized the trachea and the grade of the tracheal collapse was recorded. We also collected samples for cytology and bacterial culture. After analyzing the results we found statistically significant difference in dogs with tracheal collapse and inflammation of the trachea. There was no correlation between bacterial infection and inflammation in the trachea. With dissimilarity test was observed that the bacterial population of the pharynx was similar to the trachea in dogs of the same group. n this study, therefore, concluded that dogs with collapsing trachea tend to have the inflamed trachea, but it does not have bacterial infection. The composition of the bacteria in the trachea may be due to aspiration of pharynx/'s contents

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O colapso de traquéia é uma afecção que acomete cães de pequeno porte, caracterizada pelo achatamento dorso-ventral dos anéis traqueais, levando a protrusão da membrana dorsal para o lúmen, causando obstrução e inflamação da traquéia. A etiologia permanece desconhecida, sendo provavelmente multifatorial. A cartilagem debilitada apresenta-se com estrutura histológica alterada, com hipocelularidade e diminuição de substância amorfa. A obstrução do lúmen ocorre em diferentes segmentos da traquéia, de acordo com a fase do ciclo respiratório. O sinal clínico mais importante é a tosse crônica, e o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser afirmado por exame radiográfico e/ou broncoscopia. O tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico, de acordo com as condições do paciente(AU)

Tracheal collapse is a disease of toy-breed dogs, characterized by a dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal rings concurrent laxity of the dorsal tracheal membrane. This cause inflammation and obstruction of trachea. The etiology of tracheal collapse remains unknown, but is probably multifactorial. The tracheal cartilage is hypocellular and has decreased of amorphous components. The luminal obstruction occurs in different segments of trachea in different times of respiratory cycles. The most important clinical sings is the chronic and the diagnosis is made with radiographic evaluation and/or bronchoscopy. The treatment could be clinical or surgical, depends of patient condition(AU)

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O colapso de traquéia é uma afecção que acomete cães de pequeno porte, caracterizada pelo achatamento dorso-ventral dos anéis traqueais, levando a protrusão da membrana dorsal para o lúmen, causando obstrução e inflamação da traquéia. A etiologia permanece desconhecida, sendo provavelmente multifatorial. A cartilagem debilitada apresenta-se com estrutura histológica alterada, com hipocelularidade e diminuição de substância amorfa. A obstrução do lúmen ocorre em diferentes segmentos da traquéia, de acordo com a fase do ciclo respiratório. O sinal clínico mais importante é a tosse crônica, e o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser afirmado por exame radiográfico e/ou broncoscopia. O tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico, de acordo com as condições do paciente

Tracheal collapse is a disease of toy-breed dogs, characterized by a dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal rings concurrent laxity of the dorsal tracheal membrane. This cause inflammation and obstruction of trachea. The etiology of tracheal collapse remains unknown, but is probably multifactorial. The tracheal cartilage is hypocellular and has decreased of amorphous components. The luminal obstruction occurs in different segments of trachea in different times of respiratory cycles. The most important clinical sings is the chronic and the diagnosis is made with radiographic evaluation and/or bronchoscopy. The treatment could be clinical or surgical, depends of patient condition

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