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BACKGROUND: Toxocariasis has been listed among the most neglected parasitic diseases worldwide, with approximately one fifth of the global population exposed, particularly those living under poverty. In Brazil, communities of descendants of enslaved blacks (quilombola) have historically had some of the highest rates of vulnerability and poverty, characterized by lack of health assistance, poor quality of life, and nutritional insecurity. METHODS: A cross-sectional sampling of quilombola individuals living in four communities of southern Brazil, as well as their dogs and the soil, was carried out from December 2021 to March 2022. Sociodemographic and other information such as water source, alimentary habits, and dog and cat ownership were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire for assessing toxocariasis risk factors. Human serum samples were tested by ELISA for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibody detection was carried out on dog feces and hair, and soil samples were surveyed for presence of Toxocara spp. eggs. RESULTS: Overall, 172/208 individuals (82.7%, 95% CI = 77.0-87.2) were seropositive, the highest seroprevalence rate to date in Brazil. Male gender (P = 0.029), educational level (P = 0.026), and drinking water source (P = 0.043) were associated with seropositivity by univariate analysis. Final logistic regression revealed increased odds (P = 0.017, OR = 7.6, 95% CI = 1.5-42.7) to have seropositivity in individuals > 50 years old (< 10 years old). As expected, individuals with soil contact were more likely seropositive (P = 0.038, OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.1-18.8). Although retrieved in only 5/96 (5.2%) dog feces, Toxocara spp. eggs were found in 18/60 (30.0%) soil samples. CONCLUSIONS: The high vulnerability and seroprevalence observed in quilombola communities clearly demand a One Health approach for detection, monitoring, and prevention of infection by Toxocara spp. in both human and dog populations.

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Introduction: Although socioeconomic vulnerability and lifestyle factors may contribute to the transmission of Toxocara spp., no study has investigated indigenous populations in Brazil using the One Health approach. Methods: Accordingly, this study assessed anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in Brazilian indigenous people and healthcare professionals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs (feces and hair) in dogs as definitive hosts and in soil samples of the indigenous communities were also recovered and molecularly investigated. Results: Overall, 342/463 (73.9%) indigenous individuals and 46/147 (31.3%) non-indigenous healthcare professionals were seropositive for Toxocara spp. In addition, T. canis eggs were retrieved from 9/194 (4.6%) dog fecal samples and 4/204 (2.0%) dog hair samples, mainly from the Paraná State communities (3/42; 7.1%). Soil contamination was observed only in the Paraná State communities (36/90; 40.0%), with the molecular detection of T. canis. River water consumption was also associated with indigenous seropositivity (Odds ratio, 11.4). Discussion: Indigenous individuals in Paraná State communities were 2.72-fold more likely to be seropositive than those in São Paulo State, likely due to a lack of sanitary infrastructure. In this scenario, a primarily soil-transmitted disease may also have become waterborne, with embryonated eggs probably spread to water supplies by rain. Full-time healthcare professionals in daily contact with indigenous communities were 9.2-fold more likely to be seropositive than professionals who visited sporadically, suggesting exposure to Toxocara spp. during their work and raising health concerns. In addition, the findings herein showed a significantly higher seroprevalence in indigenous people than in healthcare workers (χ2 = 85.5; p < 0.0001), likely due to overtime exposure to Toxocara spp. In conclusion, Brazilian indigenous communities are highly exposed to toxocariasis, with poor infrastructure and contact with contaminated river water as associated risk factors and a higher risk of infection in healthcare professionals working full-time in these communities.

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Toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, has been reportedly associated to different risk factors in several epidemiological and meta-analysis studies. However, dog and cat contact (environmental and animal exposure) as isolated associated risk factor for children and adults remains to be fully established. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis has aimed to directly assess dog and cat contact for toxocariasis seropositivity in under-18 and adult persons, using a survey strategy of PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus and Scielo Databases, from January 2009 to December 2021. A meta-analysis model of random effects was applied to estimate odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by the Cochran Q-Test and I2 values. A total of 41 transversal studies (n = 20.515 individuals) from different geographic regions (classified by the World Health Organization) were included herein. In overall, 1,882/13,496 (13.95%; 95% IC = 13.4-14.5) youngers and 513/7.019 (7.3%; 95% CI = 6.7-7.9) adults in contact with dogs or cats were serologically reagent for anti-Toxocara antibodies. Association of dog and cat contact was observed only in youngers, with both dogs (OR = 1.53; p < 0.0001) and cats (OR = 1.64; p = 0.0001). In addition, association of dog and contact and serology was statistically significant in populations of Americas (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.1-1.7), Middle East (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.6-5.1) and West Pacific (OR = 1.6; 95% IC = 1.3-1.9). In conclusion, contact with dogs and cats, particularly by younger individuals and in regions such as Americas, Middle East, and West Pacific, should be always a public health concern for toxocariasis. Moreover, dogs and cats should be periodically dewormed, washed and hair cleaned prior to contact with youngers. Finally, robust statistical results herein may serve as basis for future strategies and preventive measures for safer dog and cat contact.

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Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are a major cause of morbidity worldwide and have been described as an important public health problem. The present study aimed to determine the un usual parasitic infection and identification of risk factors among 4-12years old school age children residing in lower dir district, Pakistan from 2018- 2019. Of the 400 children studied in which the overall prevalence rate for intestinal parasitic infections was found to be 71.75%. Children infected with single parasite accounted for 67.94% and 32.05% were detected with poly-parasitism. Shistosoma japonicum (0.69%), Taxocara spp (0.69%) and cryptosporidium (0.69%), were identified in children living in studied areas. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programmes.

As infecções parasitárias intestinais (IPIs) são uma das principais causas de morbidade em todo o mundo e têm sido descritas como importante problema de saúde pública. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a infecção parasitária incomum e a identificação de fatores de risco em crianças de 4 a 12 anos em idade escolar residentes no distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão entre 2018-2019. Das 400 crianças estudadas em que a taxa de prevalência geral de parasitas intestinais infecções foi de 71,75%, as crianças infectadas com parasita único representaram 67,94%, e 32,05% foram detectadas com poliparasitismo. Shistosoma japonicum (0,69%), Taxocara spp (0,69%) e Cryptosporidium (0,69%) foram identificados em crianças residentes nas áreas estudadas. Concluímos que há uma necessidade de campanhas em grande escala para criar consciência sobre saúde e higiene em crianças e de desenvolvimento de programas eficazes de controle da pobreza.

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RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar manifestaciones oculares de la toxocariasis en escolares. Se realizó un estudio en dos escuelas del estado Anzoátegui en Venezuela en el 2019. Se empleó la prueba de ELISA para determinar los anticuerpos IgG contra Toxocara spp. Las familias completaron un cuestionario y los niños fueron evaluados clínicamente por pediatras y oftalmólogos. Participaron 118 niños, el 18,6% presentó anticuerpos anti-Toxocara spp. Las manifestaciones clínicas con asociación estadísticamente significativa fueron las reacciones alérgicas, epífora y disminución de la agudeza visual. En la evaluación oftalmológica se encontró queratitis, uveítis, iritis, granuloma retiniano, endoftalmitis, amaurosis, leucocoria, desprendimiento de retina y endotropía. Los hallazgos muestran una alta frecuencia de enfermedad ocular en niños con toxocariasis de un estado de Venezuela.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine ocular manifestations of toxocariasis in schoolchildren. A study was conducted in two schools in the Anzoátegui state in Venezuela in 2019. The ELISA test was used to determine IgG antibodies against Toxocara spp. The families completed a questionnaire, and the children were clinically evaluated by pediatricians and ophthalmologists. 118 children participated, 18.6% presented anti-Toxocara spp. The clinical manifestations with a statistically significant association were allergic reactions, epiphora, and decreased visual acuity. The ophthalmological evaluation found keratitis, uveitis, iritis, retinal granuloma, endophthalmitis, amaurosis, leukocoria, retinal detachment and endotropia. The findings show a high frequency of eye disease in children with toxocariasis from a state of Venezuela.

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BACKGROUND: Although Toxocara spp. infection has a worldwide distribution, to our knowledge, no data from birth cohorts have been reported in published studies on the potential for congenital transmission and determinants of infection in early childhood. METHODS: We followed 290 mother-infant pairs from birth to 5 years of age through periodic collection of data and samples at birth, 7 and 13 months and 2, 3 and 5 years of age. Data on potential risk factors and confounders were collected by maternal questionnaire. Blood for plasma was collected from the mother at time of birth and periodically from the child for detection of anti-Toxocara spp. immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using a Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Stool samples were collected from the mother around the time of birth and periodically from the child for microscopic detection of soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Associations between potential risk factors and Toxocara spp. seroprevalence and seroconversion were estimated using multivariable logistic regression and generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Toxocara spp. seroprevalence was 80.7% in mothers and in children was 0%, 9.3%, 48.4%, 64.9%, and 80.9% at 7 months, 13 months, 2, 3 and 5 years, respectively. Risk factors significantly associated with increases in seroprevalence over the first 5 years of life in multivariable analyses were age [Odds ratio (OR) 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-2.27, P < 0001], male sex (female vs. male: OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.48-0.89, P = 0.006), maternal ethnicity (non-Afro vs. Afro-Ecuadorian: OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.47-0.91, P = 0.011), lower maternal educational and socioeconomic level, and childhood STH (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.51-3.47, P < 0.001). Seroconversion rates for infection were greatest at 2 years of age (3.8%/month). Factors associated significantly with seroconversion at 2, 3 or 5 years were childhood STH infection, male sex, and more frequent domestic cat exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our data, from an area of high Toxocara spp. endemicity, indicate no congenital transmission but high rates of seroconversion after 13 months of age reaching maternal levels of seroprevalence by 5 years of age. Factors associated with seroprevalence and seroconversion included STH infections, domestic cats, maternal ethnicity, male sex, STH infections, and markers of greater poverty.

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BACKGROUND: Toxocara spp. is a zoonotic parasite that can infect human; children are the largest group at risk of infection. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks. METHODS: Overall, 1180 soil samples from 236 public parks in four sectors of the city of Culiacan were collected at random, between Jun and Dec, 2013. The presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was determined by light microscopy using a centrifugation-flotation technique and viability by trypan blue staining technique. RESULTS: Of the 236 parks sampled, 18 were positive to Toxocara spp. resulting in a prevalence of 7.6% and viability of 94.4% with a P<0.05. Detection of Toxocara spp.in soil samples was 16.5% and viability 94.7% with a P<0.05. Parks positive to Toxocara spp., had sports fields and playgrounds (94.4%), trees and green areas (88.8%). CONCLUSION: Although a low prevalence of Toxoxara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks was found, they exhibited high viability, suggesting that the soil from these public parks is a source of infection for pets and humans especially children.

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Toxocariasis is a worldwide anthropozoonosis caused by Toxocara spp. nematodes. High prevalences of the disease has been found in developing countries, particularly in regions with poor sanitary conditions. The definitive hosts of the nematodes are dogs and cats, which play a vital role in the transmission of this parasite as humans are considered a paratenic host. The epidemiology of the disease in South America is not clear as it is usually not diagnosed and is not a notifiable disease. This review summarizes information regarding prevalence reports of Toxocara spp. in dog and cats in South America (excluding Brazil). Additionally, and in accordance with the one health approach, reports of contaminated soil in public zones and parks as well as infection/prevalence reports in wildlife species by geographical regions are also included. The findings show the importance of awareness among veterinarians and public health authorities about Toxocara spp. as neglected disease.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental contamination by helminth eggs with zoonotic potential that were found in dog feces in the vicinity of elementary schools. Seventy-nine samples of dog feces were collected from 28 municipal schools located in five neighborhoods in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The samples were processed using the Willis-Mollay technique and analyzed using an optical microscope (40X), to identify any parasite eggs present. All neighborhoods were positive and 74.7% of the samples exhibited one or more helminth genera. The agent with the highest prevalence was Ancylostoma spp. (93.2%), followed by Trichuris spp. (18.6%), Toxocara spp. (11.9%) and Toxascaris (1.7%). These data show that there is a need for greater care towards controlling these helminths with zoonotic potential, including responsible pet ownership and daily activities to clean and collect dog feces in the vicinity of schools, because these are places where children play and study.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação ambiental por ovos de helmintos com potencial zoonótico, diagnosticados em fezes caninas depositadas nas proximidades de escolas primárias. Setenta e nove amostras de fezes foram colhidas em 28 escolas municipais localizadas em cinco bairros da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. As amostras foram processadas pela técnica de Willis-Mollay e analisadas em microscópio óptico (40X), para identificar quaisquer parasitos presentes. Todos os bairros foram positivos e 74,7% das amostras apresentaram um ou mais gêneros de helmintos. O agente com maior prevalência foi Ancylostoma spp. (93,2%), seguido por Trichuris spp. (18,6%), Toxocara spp. (11,9%) e Toxascaris (1,7%). Esses dados mostram que há necessidade de maior cuidado no controle desses helmintos com potencial zoonótico, incluindo a posse responsável dos animais e atividades diárias de limpeza e colheita de fezes de cães nas proximidades das escolas, porque esses são locais onde as crianças brincam e estudam.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental contamination by helminth eggs with zoonotic potential that were found in dog feces in the vicinity of elementary schools. Seventy-nine samples of dog feces were collected from 28 municipal schools located in five neighborhoods in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The samples were processed using the Willis-Mollay technique and analyzed using an optical microscope (40X), to identify any parasite eggs present. All neighborhoods were positive and 74.7% of the samples exhibited one or more helminth genera. The agent with the highest prevalence was Ancylostoma spp. (93.2%), followed by Trichuris spp. (18.6%), Toxocara spp. (11.9%) and Toxascaris (1.7%). These data show that there is a need for greater care towards controlling these helminths with zoonotic potential, including responsible pet ownership and daily activities to clean and collect dog feces in the vicinity of schools, because these are places where children play and study.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação ambiental por ovos de helmintos com potencial zoonótico, diagnosticados em fezes caninas depositadas nas proximidades de escolas primárias. Setenta e nove amostras de fezes foram colhidas em 28 escolas municipais localizadas em cinco bairros da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. As amostras foram processadas pela técnica de Willis-Mollay e analisadas em microscópio óptico (40X), para identificar quaisquer parasitos presentes. Todos os bairros foram positivos e 74,7% das amostras apresentaram um ou mais gêneros de helmintos. O agente com maior prevalência foi Ancylostoma spp. (93,2%), seguido por Trichuris spp. (18,6%), Toxocara spp. (11,9%) e Toxascaris (1,7%). Esses dados mostram que há necessidade de maior cuidado no controle desses helmintos com potencial zoonótico, incluindo a posse responsável dos animais e atividades diárias de limpeza e colheita de fezes de cães nas proximidades das escolas, porque esses são locais onde as crianças brincam e estudam.(AU)

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The presence of feces of companion animals in public squares contaminated with endoparasite eggs with zoonotic potential plays a fundamental role in the transmission of diseases to the population. In this context, Cutaneous Larva Migrans and Visceral Larva Migrans are important zoonosis. In the city of Uruguaiana-RS, as well as in the national panorama, there is a shortage of data that contemplate the current contamination of public areas in order to map critical areas for the implementation of public policies to prevent these diseases. Thus, we evaluated the occurrence of endoparasites in the public squares of Uruguaiana-RS through the collection of feces in these places. A total of 87 fecal samples were collected, in which 23 were positive for endoparasite eggs with zoonotic potential. In the compilation of the data, we found higher prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. than Toxocara spp. in not fenced public squares. Compared with previous studies, a decrease in contamination of feces found and collected was observed. Thus, possible causes and suggested preventive measures were raised, as well as responsible ownership and health education to reduce environmental contamination of the city.

A presença de fezes de animais de companhia em praças públicas, contaminadas com ovos de endoparasitos com potencial zoonótico, tem papel fundamental na transmissão de doenças para a população. Neste contexto, Larva Migrans Cutânea e Larva Migrans Visceral são importantes zoonoses. No município de Uruguaiana-RS, assim como no panorama nacional, há escassez de dados que contemplem a atual contaminação de áreas públicas a fim de mapear áreas críticas para a implementação de políticas públicas de prevenção destas doenças. Desta forma, se avaliou a ocorrência de endoparasitos em praças do município de Uruguaiana-RS através da coleta de fezes nestes locais. Foram coletadas 87 amostras de fezes, sendo 23 positivas para ovos de endoparasitos com potencial zoonótico. Na compilação dos dados obteve-se maior prevalência de ovos de Ancylostoma spp. que Toxocara spp. nas praças não cercadas. Em comparação com estudos anteriores percebeu-se uma diminuição da contaminação das fezes encontradas e coletadas. Sendo assim, foram levantadas possíveis causas e sugeridas medidas preventivas, além da posse responsável e educação em saúde para reduzir a contaminação ambiental do munícipio.

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The presence of feces of companion animals in public squares contaminated with endoparasite eggs with zoonotic potential plays a fundamental role in the transmission of diseases to the population. In this context, Cutaneous Larva Migrans and Visceral Larva Migrans are important zoonosis. In the city of Uruguaiana-RS, as well as in the national panorama, there is a shortage of data that contemplate the current contamination of public areas in order to map critical areas for the implementation of public policies to prevent these diseases. Thus, we evaluated the occurrence of endoparasites in the public squares of Uruguaiana-RS through the collection of feces in these places. A total of 87 fecal samples were collected, in which 23 were positive for endoparasite eggs with zoonotic potential. In the compilation of the data, we found higher prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. than Toxocara spp. in not fenced public squares. Compared with previous studies, a decrease in contamination of feces found and collected was observed. Thus, possible causes and suggested preventive measures were raised, as well as responsible ownership and health education to reduce environmental contamination of the city.(AU)

A presença de fezes de animais de companhia em praças públicas, contaminadas com ovos de endoparasitos com potencial zoonótico, tem papel fundamental na transmissão de doenças para a população. Neste contexto, Larva Migrans Cutânea e Larva Migrans Visceral são importantes zoonoses. No município de Uruguaiana-RS, assim como no panorama nacional, há escassez de dados que contemplem a atual contaminação de áreas públicas a fim de mapear áreas críticas para a implementação de políticas públicas de prevenção destas doenças. Desta forma, se avaliou a ocorrência de endoparasitos em praças do município de Uruguaiana-RS através da coleta de fezes nestes locais. Foram coletadas 87 amostras de fezes, sendo 23 positivas para ovos de endoparasitos com potencial zoonótico. Na compilação dos dados obteve-se maior prevalência de ovos de Ancylostoma spp. que Toxocara spp. nas praças não cercadas. Em comparação com estudos anteriores percebeu-se uma diminuição da contaminação das fezes encontradas e coletadas. Sendo assim, foram levantadas possíveis causas e sugeridas medidas preventivas, além da posse responsável e educação em saúde para reduzir a contaminação ambiental do munícipio.(AU)

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Toxocariasis is a neglected and geographically widespread parasitic disease. The detection of specific antibodies associated with this disease is required to confirm its clinical diagnosis and to aid in prevention. Although helminth infection during pregnancy can promote foetal immune responses with long-term effects, specific information regarding the risk of Toxocara spp. infection to the human foetus during pregnancy is lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the frequency of antibodies against Toxocara spp. in umbilical cord serum samples to determine the neonatal risk factors associated with Toxocara spp. infection. A cross-sectional study of the frequency of specific antibodies against Toxocara spp. was performed on umbilical cord samples of 280 neonates. A cord blood sample was obtained from each newborn after parturition, and serum samples were examined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Epidemiological data were obtained through a questionnaire regarding obstetric history (abortion history, premature birthhistory, and pregnancy and birth numbers), general aspects (animal contact anddiet) and socio-economic factors. The frequency of anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibodies in the umbilical cords of neonates was 20% in serum pre-adsorbed with Ascaris spp. antigen. Family income and dog ownership were considered risk factors associated with infection. No association was found between reproductive disorders and Toxocara seropositivity. The 20% frequency rate of anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibodies in sera from umbilical cords of newborns can be related to IgG binding at the maternal-foetal interface, requiring greater care during pregnancy. Anti-Toxocara IgM and IgE antibodies no were found in umbilical cord serum samples, indicating that no vertical transmission of these parasites occurred in this population. Studies regarding antibodies against Toxocara spp. in umbilical cord sera are important for determining neonatal exposure to these parasites.

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In the present article, we provide shortly, data on risk factors for acquiring Toxocara spp. infection and investigate possible associations between this infection with atopy and asthma in school children of a small town and its semi-rural areas of Northeast Brazil. The data set are composed by demographic, social and home environment variables. The detection of anti-Toxocara spp. IgG and specific IgE to aeroallergens was determined by ELISA and ImmunocAP/Phadiatrope systems, respectively. The data presented in this article are related to the article entitled "Risk factors for Toxocara spp. seroprevalence and its association with atopy and asthma phenotypes in school-age children in a small town and semi-rural areas of Northeast Brazil" (M.B. Silva, A.L. Amor, L.N. Santos, A.A. Galvão, A.V. Oviedo Vera, E.S. Silva et al., 2016) [1].

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The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most widely used tool to detect anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies for both serodiagnostic and seroepidemiological surveys on human toxocariasis. In the last eight years a high prevalence of toxocariasis (32.2-56.0%) has been reported in children attending public health units from municipalities in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this work was to compare the frequency found among the general child population with that of children attending a public pneumology service in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil and describe the laboratorial, clinical and epidemiological findings. The research was conducted at the Consórcio Público Intermunicipal de Saúde do Setentrião Paranaense (CISAMUSEP) from July 2009 to July 2010 among children aged between one and 15 years. From a total of 167 children studied, only 4.2% (7/167) tested positive for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibodies and presented mild eosinophilia (2/7), increased serum IgE levels (6/7) and a positive allergy test for mites (5/7). The presence of pets (dogs or cats) at home did not correlate with the seroprevalence. In conclusion, cases of toxocariasis involving the respiratory tract are rare in children attending a public health pneumology unit in the northwestern region of Paraná State, despite the high prevalence of this type of toxocariasis among the infantile population attending Basic Health Units in the same geographical area.

O teste imunoenzimático (ELISA) constitui a ferramenta mais utilizada no diagnóstico individual da toxocaríase humana e/ou em inquéritos soroepidemiológicos para pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp. Tendo em vista a elevada freqüência da toxocaríase (32,2% e 56,0%) observada em crianças atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde de municípios do noroeste do Paraná, durante pesquisas realizadas ao longo dos últimos oito anos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar estas frequências em crianças encaminhadas a uma unidade de Pneumologia do serviço de saúde pública da cidade de Maringá, noroeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil e descrever os achados laboratoriais, clínicos e epidemiológicos das crianças soropositivas. A pesquisa foi realizada no Centro de Especialidades Regional - CISAMUSEP - entre julho de 2009 a julho de 2010, em crianças com idade entre um e 15 anos. De 167 crianças investigadas, sete (4,2%) apresentaram anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp. Entre elas, duas (1,2%) crianças soropositivas apresentaram eosinofilia (baixos níveis), seis mostraram níveis elevados de IgE e cinco, teste alérgico positivo, principalmente para ácaros. Concluindo, no noroeste do estado do Paraná foram observados raros casos de crianças com toxocaríase envolvendo o trato respiratório e que foram atendidas por serviços públicos de Pneumologia ainda que na região estudada tenha sido observada elevada prevalência de toxocaríase em crianças assistidas pelas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (BHU).

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The contaminated soil with mammal feces is an important factor of risk to infection with zoonotic diseases. Amongst these zoonoses are visceral larva migrans and cutaneous larva migrans caused by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp., respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs and hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) in public parks and squares in the city of Guarulhos, a metropolitan area of São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected, between September and December 2010, and examined using the centrifugal flotation technique with sodium dichromate and zinc sulphate as well as the modified Baermann method. Notably, 35 (74.5%) of the 47 districts surveyed in Guarulhos possessed samples contaminated with Toxocara spp. and/or eggs or larvae of Ancylostoma spp. The frequency of Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. in the samples from public areas was 68.1% and 46.8%, respectively. Overall, the eastern side of Guarulhos is the region with the highest occurrence of causative agents of larva migrans. In all collection sites, the presence of feces from dogs and cats accompanied by their owners and stray animals were observed. Notably, it is important to adopt measures to control dog and cat breeding, to treat infected animals, and provide health education to the population.

A contaminação do solo com fezes de animais mamíferos representa importante fator de risco para a ocorrência de zoonoses, sobretudo a larva migrans visceral e a larva migrans cutânea, causadas por Toxocara spp. e Ancylostoma spp., respectivamente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a contaminação ambiental por Toxocara spp. e Ancylostoma spp. em amostras de solos coletadas de praças e parques públicos do município de Guarulhos, região metropolitana de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brasil). No período de setembro a dezembro de 2010 as amostras do solo foram coletadas e examinadas pela técnica de centrífugo-flutuação, com dicromato de sódio e sulfato de zinco, e pelo método de Baermann modificado. Dos 47 distritos analisados, 35 (74,5%) estavam contaminadas com ovos de Toxocara spp. e/ou ovos ou larvas de Ancylostoma spp., sendo que a frequencia de Toxocara spp. e Ancylostoma spp. foi de 68,1% e 46,8%, respectivamente. No geral, a Zona Leste de Guarulhos foi a região com maior ocorrência desses parasitas com potencial zoonótico. Em todas as áreas públicas, dos 47 distritos, notou-se a presença de fezes de cães e gatos, assim como animais errantes ou acompanhados de seus proprietários. Faz-se necessário salientar a importância da adoção de medidas de controle reprodutivo de cães e gatos, o tratamento dos animais infectados, assim como medidas educativas para reduzir os riscos de crianças e adultos à exposição desses parasitas causadores de zoonoses.

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Toxocariasis is a zoonosis caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati. The mematoda infect dogs and cats, respectively. Human become infected particularly by accidental ingestion of larvated eggs present in the soil. The disease has a cosmopolitan distribution, but it is more frequent in disadvantaged populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs in a rural community from the Mirante do Paranapanema, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples from 31 out of 105 plots were collected in eight different places on each house. The samples were submitted to flotation technique in zinc sulphate solution (d=1.20 g/cm3). Eggs of Toxocara spp. were recovered in 12 (38.7%) out of the 31 plots. At least one dog was registered in 26 (83.87%) of the 31 plots examined and at least one cat in 21 (67.74%). In 15 (48.38%) plots, the presence of both dogs and cats was observed, but no relation between the presence of pets in the plots and soil contamination (p=1.0; Odds Ratio= 0.611; CI 95%= 0.03457-10.802). However the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs associated to the poor conditions of the inhabitants can be an important risk factor for the human population to ocular or visceral larva migrans.

A toxocaríase é uma zoonose ocasionada pelos nematódeos Toxocara canis e T. cati, que infectam, respectivamente, cães e gatos. A infecção humana é ocasionada principalmente pela ingestão acidental de ovos larvados presentes no solo. A doença é de caráter cosmopolita, mas ocorre com maior freqüência em populações de fragilidade social. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação de solo por ovos de Toxocara spp. em um assentamento rural no município de Mirante do Paranapanema, São Paulo. Amostras (n=31) de 100 gramas de solo foram colhidas de oito pontos diferentes de cada lote, ao redor da residência, sendo duas na face frontal, duas nas respectivas laterais e duas nos fundos, totalizando 248 amostras. Para recuperação de ovos de Toxocara spp., duas alíquotas de um grama de solo de cada face dos lotes, foram processadas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação em solução de sulfato de zinco (d=1.20g/cm3). Observou-se que 38,7% dos lotes estavam contaminados. Não houve associação entre a presença de cães ou de gatos com a presença de ovos no solo (p=1,0; Odds Ratio= 0,611; IC 95%= 0,03457-10,802). Contudo, a contaminação ambiental associada com as condições precárias dos habitantes e de seus animais pode ser um importante fator de risco para a infecção humana por agentes de larva migrans ocular e/ou visceral em comunidades rurais.

RESUMO

Toxocariasis is a zoonosis caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati. The mematoda infect dogs and cats, respectively. Human become infected particularly by accidental ingestion of larvated eggs present in the soil. The disease has a cosmopolitan distribution, but it is more frequent in disadvantaged populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs in a rural community from the Mirante do Paranapanema, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples from 31 out of 105 plots were collected in eight different places on each house. The samples were submitted to flotation technique in zinc sulphate solution (d=1.20 g/cm3). Eggs of Toxocara spp. were recovered in 12 (38.7%) out of the 31 plots. At least one dog was registered in 26 (83.87%) of the 31 plots examined and at least one cat in 21 (67.74%). In 15 (48.38%) plots, the presence of both dogs and cats was observed, but no relation between the presence of pets in the plots and soil contamination (p=1.0; Odds Ratio= 0.611; CI 95%= 0.03457-10.802). However the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs associated to the poor conditions of the inhabitants can be an important risk factor for the human population to ocular or visceral larva migrans.

A toxocaríase é uma zoonose ocasionada pelos nematódeos Toxocara canis e T. cati, que infectam, respectivamente, cães e gatos. A infecção humana é ocasionada principalmente pela ingestão acidental de ovos larvados presentes no solo. A doença é de caráter cosmopolita, mas ocorre com maior freqüência em populações de fragilidade social. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação de solo por ovos de Toxocara spp. em um assentamento rural no município de Mirante do Paranapanema, São Paulo. Amostras (n=31) de 100 gramas de solo foram colhidas de oito pontos diferentes de cada lote, ao redor da residência, sendo duas na face frontal, duas nas respectivas laterais e duas nos fundos, totalizando 248 amostras. Para recuperação de ovos de Toxocara spp., duas alíquotas de um grama de solo de cada face dos lotes, foram processadas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação em solução de sulfato de zinco (d=1.20g/cm3). Observou-se que 38,7% dos lotes estavam contaminados. Não houve associação entre a presença de cães ou de gatos com a presença de ovos no solo (p=1,0; Odds Ratio= 0,611; IC 95%= 0,03457-10,802). Contudo, a contaminação ambiental associada com as condições precárias dos habitantes e de seus animais pode ser um importante fator de risco para a infecção humana por agentes de larva migrans ocular e/ou visceral em comunidades rurais.

RESUMO

INTRODUÇÃO: A concentração de cães e gatos em áreas urbanas, associada a um número cada vez mais crescente da população errante desses animais, tem um papel epidemiológico importante na contaminação de solos de praças e parques públicos e na disseminação de infecções por variados gêneros de parasitas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência de geo-helmintos com potencial zoonótico em solo de praças públicas e escolas municipais infantis da Cidade de Fernandópolis, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período compreendido entre março de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas todas as praças (32) e escolas (13) da cidade. As amostras foram testadas pelos métodos de Rugai adaptado, Willis e Caldwell e Caldwell. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 225 amostras de solo com 30,2 por cento (68) de positividade. Nas amostras provenientes de praças públicas, a positividade foi de 40 por cento (64), ao passo que, nas escolas, foi de apenas 6,1 por cento (6). Os ovos de parasitas encontrados foram Toxocara spp. 79,3 por cento (47), Trichuris spp. 13,8 por cento (8) e ancilostomídeos 6,9 por cento (4). Variáveis relacionadas ao local, como o número de cães (OR 21,18 - IC95 por cento: 10,81-41,51), de espécimes de fezes (OR 6,87 - IC95 por cento: 3,51-13,47) e a utilização de cerca (OR 0,1 - IC95 por cento: 0,05-0,20) tiveram impacto na contaminação do solo. CONCLUSÕES: Foram observados, nas amostras contaminadas, parasitas com potencial zoonótico, entre os quais estão os agentes etiológicos de doenças como a larva migrans visceral e cutânea, fato que representa risco a saúde da população que frequenta tais ambientes.

INTRODUCTION: The concentration of dogs and cats in urban areas, associated with an ever-increasing wandering population of these animals, has an important epidemiological role in the soil contamination of public spaces and the spread of infections of several types of parasites. This study aimed to determine the frequency of soil-transmitted helminths with zoonotic potential in public squares and municipal primary schools in Fernandópolis, State of São Paulo, Brazil, conducted between 2007 and 2008. METHODS: All the squares (32) and schools (13) in the town were evaluated. Soil samples were tested using the Rugai method modified by Willis, Caldwell and Caldwell. RESULTS: A total of 225 soil samples were evaluated and 30.2 percent (68) were positive for helminths. In samples from public squares, 40 percent (64) contamination was observed; however, contamination in schools was only 6.1 percent (6). The parasites eggs identified were Toxocara spp. 79.3 percent (47), Trichuris spp. 13.8 percent (8) and Ancylostomatidae 6.9 percent (4). Variables related to the site, such as the number of dogs (OR 21.18, 10.81 - 41.51), fecal samples (OR 6.87, 3.51 - 13.47) and the use of fences (OR 0.1, 0.05 - 0.20), had an impact on soil contamination. CONCLUSIONS: In the contaminated samples, parasites with zoonotic potential were identified, including the etiologic agents of diseases like cutaneous and visceral larva migrans, a fact that poses a risk to health of the population that frequent such environments.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Toxocara spp. antibodies in children from two different socioeconomic classes in the Presidente Prudente municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil, and the protective and risk factors associated with toxocariasis. One hundred and twenty-six middle-class (MC) and 126 disadvantaged children (DC) were included in this study. Anti-Toxocara ELISA test was performed in order to evaluate seroprevalence. A survey was applied to the children's guardians/parents in order to analyze the protective and risk factors. The overall prevalence was 11.1 percent, and of 9.5 percent (12/126) and 12.7 percent (16/126) for MC and DC subgroups, respectively. Toxocara seropositivity was inversely proportional to the family income. A high household income was considered a protective factor for toxocariasis in the total population and in both MC and DC subgroups. Being a girl was considered a protective factor for the total population and for both subgroups. Whilst being an owner of cat was a risk factor for children belonging to the total and for both MC and DC subgroups, having dog was considered as a risk factor for only the MC. Epidemiologic protective/factor risks can be distinct depending on the strata of the same population. Thus, it is relevant to evaluate these factors independently for different socioeconomic classes in order to design future investigations and programs for preventing the infection of human beings by Toxocara spp. and other geohelminths.

A finalidade do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara spp. em crianças de duas diferentes classes sociais do município de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil, e os fatores protetores e de risco associados à toxocaríase. Foram incluídas no estudo 126 crianças de classe média (CM) e 126 de baixa renda (BR). O teste ELISA foi realizado para avaliar a seroprevalência. Um questionário foi aplicado aos pais ou responsáveis pelas crianças para análise dos fatores protetores e de risco. A prevalência na população foi de 11,1 por cento, sendo de 9,5 por cento (12/126) e 12,7 por cento (16/127) para os subgrupos CM e BR. A seropositividade foi inversamente proporcional à renda familiar. Observou-se que uma alta renda familiar foi considerado um fator de proteção tanto para a população total como para ambos os subgrupos CM e BR. Da mesma forma, ser criança do sexo feminino foi outro fator de proteção para a população total e para os dois subgrupos. Possuir gato foi um fator de risco para a população total e para os dois subgrupos estudados, enquanto que possuir cão foi considerado como fator de risco apenas para as crianças de classe média. Os fatores protetores e de risco podem ser diferentes em uma mesma população a depender do estrato social. Dessa forma, é relevante avaliar esses fatores independentemente para diferentes classes sócio-econômicas para elaboração de futuros estudos e programas de prevenção à infecção humana por Toxocara spp. e outros geohelmintos.

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