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Lyngbya from fresh and marine water produces an array of pharmaceutically bioactive therapeutic compounds. However, Lyngbya from agricultural soil is still poorly investigated. Hence, in this study, the bioactive potential of different Lyngbya spp. extract was explored. Intracellular petroleum ether extract of L. hieronymusii K81 showed the highest phenolic content (626.22 ± 0.65 µg GAEs g-1 FW), while intracellular ethyl acetate extract of L. aestuarii K97 (74.02 ± 0.002 mg QEs g-1 FW) showed highest flavonoid content. Highest free radical scavenging activity in terms of ABTS•+ was recorded in intracellular methanolic extract of Lyngbya sp. K5 (97.85 ± 0.068%), followed by L. wollei K80 (97.22 ± 0.059%) while highest DPPH• radical scavenging activity observed by intracellular acetone extract of Lyngbya sp. K5 (54.59 ± 0.165%). All the extracts also showed variable degrees of antifungal activities against Fusarium udum, F. oxysporum ciceris, Colletotrichum capsici, and Rhizoctonia solani. Further, extract of L. wollei K80 and L. aestuarii K97 showed potential anticancer activities against MCF7 (breast cancer) cell lines. GC-MS analyses of intracellular methanolic extract of L. wollei K80 showed the dominance of PUFAs with 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) as the most abundant bioactive compound. On the other hand, the extracellular ethyl acetate extract of L. aestuarii K97 was rich in alkanes and alkenes with 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane as the most predominant compound. Extracts of Lyngbya spp. rich in novel secondary metabolites such as PUFAs, alkanes, and alkenes can be further explored as an alternative and low-cost antioxidant and potential apoptogens for cancer therapy.

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Abstract Small fruits such as strawberries, are a good source of natural antioxidants. In recent decades, many efforts have been made to increase the shelf life of strawberries and maintain its nutritional value in post-harvest conditions. In the present study, the effects of spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) (0, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) on the post-harvest life and quality of strawberry fruits during the 3rd, 6th, and 12th days of storage, were investigated. Applications of Spm and Spd decreased the rate of weight loss, fruit decay, soluble solids content, fruit juice pH and taste index during the storage period in compared to the control. However, titratable acids and vitamin C contents, tissue stiffness, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity increased in compared to the control. These growth regulators prevented the aging and loss of bioactive compounds of the fruit by increasing the antioxidant activity and preventing the destruction of the fruit tissue. Among the studied treatments, applications of 1.5 mM of Spm and Spd were the most effective treatments to enhance the storage life and quality characters of strawberry fruits.

RESUMO Frutas pequenas como morangos são uma boa fonte de antioxidantes naturais. Nas últimas décadas, muitos esforços têm sido feitos para aumentar sua vida útil e manter seu valor nutricional em condições de pós-colheita. No presente estudo, foram investigados os efeitos da espermina (Spm) e espermidina (Spd) (0, 1,0 e 1,5 mm) pós-colheita e na qualidade dos frutos de morango durante o 3º, 6º e 12º dias de armazenamento. Aplicações de Spm e Spd diminuíram a taxa de perda de peso, podridão dos frutos, teor de sólidos solúveis, pH do suco de frutas e índice de sabor durante o período de armazenamento em comparação com o controle. No entanto, os teores de ácidos tituláveis e vitamina C, rigidez tecidual, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante aumentaram em relação ao controle. Esses reguladores de crescimento preveniram o envelhecimento e a perda de compostos bioativos da fruta, aumentando a atividade antioxidante e evitando a destruição do tecido da fruta. Entre os tratamentos estudados, as aplicações de 1,5 mm de Spm e Spd foram os tratamentos mais eficazes para aumentar a vida de armazenamento e as características de qualidade dos frutos de morango.

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Abstract The total phenolic compound and fatty acid profiles of lipids from microalgae are unique. The present study was designed to investigate aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extracts of several algae (Spirogyra sp., Spirulina sp.,Chlorella sp and Chara sp.) for their antioxidant capacities of the crude extracts and fractions by radical scavenging activity against the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH as well; total phenolic content. The results showed that Spirulina sp. indicated significantly higher total phenolic compound and antioxidant activities compared to the other species (P 0.05) and acetone extracts showed higher quantity among three extracts. The fatty acids analysis using High performance liquid chromatography HPLC showed the presence of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, palmitic acid showed high quantity than other fatty acid classes in all studied algae. This study concluded that high antioxidant capacity of microalgae could be inspected for different industrial applications.

Resumo O composto fenólico total e os perfis de ácidos graxos dos lipídios das microalgas são únicos. O presente estudo foi desenhado para investigar extratos aquosos, etanólicos e acetona de várias algas (Spirogyra sp., Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp. e Chara sp.) Quanto às suas capacidades antioxidantes dos extratos brutos e frações por atividade de eliminação de radicais contra o radical estável 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil DPPH também; fenólico total. Os resultados mostraram que a Spirulina sp. indicaram atividade antioxidante e compostos fenólicos totais significativamente maiores em relação às outras espécies (P 0,05), e os extratos de acetona apresentaram maior quantidade entre os três extratos. A análise de ácidos graxos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência - HPLC mostrou a presença de ácido palmítico, ácido esteárico, ácido oleico e ácido linoleico; o ácido palmítico apresentou maior quantidade do que outras classes de ácidos graxos em todas as algas estudadas. Este estudo concluiu que a alta capacidade antioxidante pode ser inspecionada para diferentes aplicações industriais.

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Food handlers plays a primary role in the transmission of pathogenically important protozoans and helminth parasites. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal pathogenic protozoans and helminth parasites among food handlers in and around University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Stool samples were collected from 642 food handlers (all of male) in a cross-sectional study from January to November, 2017. Wet Mount Techniques and concentration methods by using salt and formol­ether solutions. Three hundred and eighty four cases (59.8%) were found infected with one more parasites. Most of the individuals were found infected with helminth (47.6%) as compared to intestinal protozoans (0.93%). Seventy two cases (11.2%) of the cases presented mixed infection with both intestinal protozoan and helminth parasites. The order of prevalence for intestinal helminth was Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40.1%), followed by Taeniasa ginata (n=96, 14.9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8.40%) and Trichuris trichura (n=30, 4.60%). For intestinal protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica/díspar (n = 36, 5.64%) was the only protozoan detected. Mono-parasitism was higher than poly-parasitism. Family size income and education level were the factors significantly (P<0.05) associated in the parasites prevalence. Current research showed that IPIs are primarily the foodborne pathogens still an important public health problem in Pakistan. Effective control programs on parasitic diseases transfer and their associated factors are recommended.

Os manipuladores de alimentos desempenham um papel fundamental na transmissão de protozoários e helmintos parasitas patogenicamente importantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de protozoários patogênicos intestinais e helmintos parasitas entre manipuladores de alimentos na Universidade de Malakand, Lower Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 642 manipuladores de alimentos (todos do sexo masculino) em um estudo transversal de janeiro a novembro de 2017. Técnicas de montagem úmida e métodos de concentração usando soluções de sal e formol-éter. Trezentos e oitenta e quatro casos (59,8%) foram encontrados infectados com mais um parasita. A maioria dos indivíduos foi encontrada infectada por helmintos (47,6%) em comparação com protozoários intestinais (0,93%). Setenta e dois casos (11,2%) dos casos apresentavam infecção mista com protozoários intestinais e helmintos parasitas. A ordem de prevalência de helmintos intestinais foi Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40,1%), seguido por Taeniasa ginata (n = 96, 14,9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8,40%) e Trichuris trichura (n = 30, 4,60 %). Para protozoários intestinais, Entamoeba histolytica / dispar (n = 36, 5,64%) foi o único protozoário detectado. Monoparasitismo foi maior do que poliparasitismo. A renda familiar e o nível de escolaridade foram os fatores significativamente (P <0,05) associados na prevalência de parasitos. A pesquisa atual mostrou que os IPIs são principalmente os patógenos de origem alimentar, ainda um importante problema de saúde pública no Paquistão. Programas eficazes de controle da transferência de doenças parasitárias e seus fatores associados são recomendados.

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Abstract The present study describes chemical composition, phytochemicals, antifungal activities, antioxidant assays and total phenolic content of essential oil and varied polarity solvent extract from flowers of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.). Total 27 components were identified in essential oil by GC-MS with terpinen-4-ol (28.6%) and α- terpineol (12.8%) as the main constituent. The essential oil was found to have maximal levels of phenolic content (64.60 µg/mL) as compared to the other extracts. The antioxidant assay evaluated in extracts and essential oil by different methods revealed good-to-moderate antioxidant potential with different IC50 values viz. (188.02 -250.25 µg/mL) in Fe3+ reducing power, (153.15-201.59 µg/mL) in Fe2+ metal-chelating ability, (130.39-181.12 µg/mL) in DPPH, (88.29-187.32 µg/mL) in OH radical, (79.04-156.79 µg/mL), in NO radical and (138.72-233.00 µg/mL) in superoxide anion scavenging activities, respectively. The methanolic extract display remarkable fungicidal activity against the tested pathogens followed by dichloromethane extract, essential oil, hexane extract and petroleum ether extract respectively, with MIC values ranging from 31.25 to 500 µg/mL. Based on results, it can be inferred that the flower of A. malaccensis if explored further for its medicinal properties, might be a good source to develop a safe and sustainable natural food preservative

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Brazilian peanut oil content increased with oven heating (65.08%) and decreased with microwave heating process (61.00%). While the phenolic content of untreated Brazilian nut was the highest of 68.97 mg GAE/100 g. Hazelnut (Sivri) contained the highest antioxidant activity (86.52%, untreated). Results reflected significantly differences between the antioxidant effect and total phenol contents of Brazilian nut and hazelnut (Sivri) kernels heated in the oven and microwave. Microwave heating caused a decrease in antioxidant activity of hazelnut. Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and (+)- and catechin were the main phenolic compounds of raw Brazilian nut with the value of 5.33, 4.33 and 4.88 mg/100 g, respectively, while the dominant phenolics of raw hazelnut (Sivri) kernels were gallic acid (4.81 mg/100 g), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (4.61 mg/100 g), (+)-catechin (6.96 mg/100 g) and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (4.14 mg/100 g). Both conventional and microwave heating caused minor reduction in phenolic compounds. The main fatty acids of Brazilian nut oil were linoleic (44.39-48.18%), oleic (27.74-31.74%), palmitic (13.09-13.70%) and stearic (8.20-8.91%) acids, while the dominant fatty acids of hazelnut (Sivri) oil were oleic acid (80.84%), respectively. The heating process caused noticeable change in fatty acid compositions of both nut oils.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of two marine algae, Nannochloropsis oculata and Gracilaria gracilis. The extracts were assayed for total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, nitric oxide activity, iron chelation activity, and reducing power activity. Total phenol and flavonoid content were found to be high in both algae. Ethyl acetate extracts of both algae were found to exhibit significant antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate extract of N. oculata exhibited a good capacity for iron chelation, nitrate oxide, and scavenging DPPH free radicals (72.95±2.30, 73.73±1.76, and 39.03±0.97% inhibition at 400 µg mL-1 respectively).

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Remirea maritima is a tropical plant with a reticulated root system belonging to the family Cyperaceae, also known to have biologically active secondary metabolites. However, very few data on R. maritima's biological actions are available and there are no reports regarding the redox-active profile of this plant. In this study, we examined the total phenolic content of Remirea maritima hydroalcoholic (RMHA) extracts, redox properties against different reactive species generated in vitro and their cytotoxic effect against fibroblasts (L929) and melanoma (B16F10) cells. Total reactive antioxidant potential index (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) results revealed that RMHA at all concentrations tested showed significant antioxidant capacity. RMHA was also effective against hydroxyl radical formation, reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ and in scavenging nitric oxide (NO) radicals. In vitro, the level of lipid peroxidation was reduced by RMHA extract and the data showed significant oxidative damage protection. The RMHA cytotoxicity was evaluated by a neutral red assay in fibroblast (L929) and melanome (B16F10) cells. The obtained results showed that the RMHA (40 and 80 µg/mL, respectively) reduced 70% of the viable cells. In conclusion, this study represents the first report regarding the antioxidant and anti-proliferative potential of R. maritima against B16F10 melanoma cells.

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In the present study we investigated the chemical composition of hexane fraction and essential oil of Stachytarpheta gesnerioides (Verbenaceae) by GC-MS, total phenol and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity were investigated in five extracts of leaves of S. gesnerioides. Aqueous and 100 percent ethanol extracts were prepared by dynamic maceration. Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction. The essential oil (EO) and hexane fraction (HF) are mainly composed by guaiol. Moreover, the HF is also rich in the monoterpene alpha-pinene. The total phenol content ranged from 0.85 to 22.74 mg gallic acid equivalent /100mg dry extract at Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent method. The total flavonoid concentration ranged from 0.68 to 13.65 mg rutin equivalent /100mg dry extract, detected using 8 percent aluminium chloride. The ethyl acetate extract (IC50=9.41 ug/ml) showed the highest antioxidant activity. The extracts were found to be effective to inhibit the microorganisms tested.

Se han investigado la composición química de la fracción hexánica (FH) y aceite esencial (AE) de Stachytarpheta gesnerioides (Verbenaceae) por GC-MS, el contenido de fenoles totales y flavonoides. La capacidad antioxidante y actividad antimicrobiana fueron investigadas en cinco extractos de hojas de S gesnerioides. Extractos acuosos y etanolico fueron preparados por la maceración dinámica y extracción continua en Soxhlet con hexano, acetato de etilo y metanol. Las fracciones AE y FH están compuestas principalmente por guaiol. La fracción FH es también rica en alfa-pineno. El contenido de fenoles totales varió desde 0,85 hasta 22,74 mg de ácido gálico/100 mg de extracto seco (Folin-Ciocalteu). La concentración total de flavonoides varió desde 0,68 hasta 13,65 mg en equivalentes de rutina/100 mg de extracto seco, que se detectó mediante reacción con cloruro de aluminio al 8 por ciento. El extracto de acetato de etilo (CI50=9,41 ug/ml) enseño la más grande actividad antioxidante. Los extractos se encontraron eficaces para inhibir los microorganismos ensayados.

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A central composite 2 3 full factorial design was used to study the combined effect of ethanol concentration and moistening time on total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF) and carbohydrates (TC) content, as well as over total soluble substance (TSS) and ashes content (TA) in the Tamarindus indica L. leaves extraction process. Desirability function (0.8377) suggest the 71.73 percent ethanol concentration and 92.37 minutes of moistening time as the best combination variables, predicting values of 25.972 and 2.678 mg/mL for TP and TF; whereas for TSS and TA was predicted 18.417 and 0.566 percent respectively. The TC variable was discarded, because was impossible to find an statistical strong model to describes this variable. The theoretic values predicted were contrasted with new experimental data (n=5) by a hypothesis contrast test and examining the absolute error in the prediction. Results show a good adjustment to the prediction for TP, TSS and TA variables, meanwhile TF exhibit a slight deviation to the predicted value (absolute error over 10 percent). Nevertheless, this study offers a combination of variables when it is intended to prepare a tamarind extract that afford a high extractive capacity and, as a consequence, a larger probability to exhibit some kind of pharmacologic activity.

Un diseño factorial con compuesto central 2 elevado a 3 fue empleado en la evaluación de la influencia de la concentración de etanol y el tiempo de humectación sobre el contenido de fenoles (TP), flavonoides (TF), carbohidratos (TC) sólidos (TSS) y cenizas totales (TA) en el proceso de extracción de hojas de Tamarindus indica L. Valores de 71.73 por ciento de etanol y de 92.37 minutos de tiempo de humectación fue la combinación de factores sugerida por la función deseabilidad (0,8377), la cual predice concentraciones de 25,972 y 2,678 mg/mL para las variables TP y TF; y 18,417 y 0,566 por ciento para TSS y TA respectivamente. La variable TC fue descartada ante la imposibilidad de encontrar modelos predictivos con significación estadística. Estos valores teóricos fueron comparados por contraste de hipótesis y cálculo del error absoluto de la predicción con los obtenidos por réplicas del experimento (n=5). Los resultados mostraron un buen ajuste a la predicción para las variables TP, TSS y TA, mientras que la variable TF muestra una pequeña desviación con un error absoluto ligeramente superior al 10 por ciento. A pesar de ello, el presente estudio ofrece una combinación de variables a la cual se logra una alta capacidad extractiva en hojas de Tamarindus indica L., ofreciendo una mayor probabilidad de actividad farmacológica.

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O presente artigo relata o isolamento e identificação do palmitato, oleato e linoleato de sitosterila, sitosterol, estigmasterol, 3-O-β-D-galactopiranosídeo do sitosterol, 3-O-β-Dgalactopiranosídeo do estigmasterol, 3-O-β-D-glicopiranosídeo do sitosterol e uma mistura de ácidos anacárdicos (monoeno e dieno) do extrato etanólico de cascas do caule de Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae, bem como do sitosterol, estigmasterol, lupeol, β-amirina, catequina e epicatequina do extrato etanólico do tegumento da castanha de caju in natura. Os extratos EtOH da casca e do tegumento foram avaliados quanto ao conteúdo de fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante. O extrato etanólico das cascas do caule apresentou maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e percentual de atividade antioxidante.

This paper describes the isolation and identification of a mixture of sitosteryl ester derivatives of fatty acids (palmitic, oleic and linoleic), sitosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol-3-O-β-galactopyranoside, stigmasterol-3-O-β-galactopyranoside, sitosterol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside and a mixture of anacardic acids (monoene and diene) from stem bark of Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae, as well as sitosterol, stigmasterol, lupeol, β-amyrin, catechin and epicatechin from in natura cashew nut testa. Ethanol extracts from stem bark and testa were analyzed for antioxidant activity and total phenol content. The ethanol extract from stem bark exhibited the maximum of antioxidant activity and phenol content.