RESUMO
Tomato seeds are a rich source of protein that can be utilized for various industrial food purposes. This study delves into the effects of using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) on the structure and techno-functional properties of proteins extracted from defatted tomato seeds. The defatted meal was obtained using hexane (TSMH) and scCO2 (TSMC), and proteins were extracted using water (PEWH and PEWC) and saline solution (PESH and PESC). The results showed that scCO2 treatment significantly improved the techno-functional properties of protein extracts, such as oil-holding capacity and foaming capacity (especially for PEWC). Moreover, emulsifying capacity and stability were enhanced for PEWC and PESC, ranging between 4.8 and 46.7% and 11.3 and 96.3%, respectively. This was made possible by the changes in helix structure content induced by scCO2 treatment, which increased for PEWC (5.2%) and decreased for PESC (8.0%). Additionally, 2D electrophoresis revealed that scCO2 hydrolyzed alkaline proteins in the extracts. These findings demonstrate the potential of scCO2 treatment in producing modified proteins for food applications.
RESUMO
The immobilization of TiO2-SiO2 (TSO) materials on seed mats stands as a practical way to help the germination and early growth of tomato plants (Solanum Lycopersicum). Mesoporous materials are functionalized with triethanolamine (TEA) and loaded with the biocide molecule of carvacrol (CAR). The effect of CAR on the parameters of germination percentage, germination time, root, shoot length, and chlorophyll content of seeds and/or tomato seedlings are investigated. The germination experiments were carried out using seed mats coated with the TSO materials, also TSO powdered materials were put directly on the tomato seeds to study their effect on germination. Direct deposition of TSO composites achieved the complete germination and longer shoots due to the cooperative interactions among nanomaterials, carvacrol, and the tomato seed. However, the handling of the seeds and the detrimental effect of powder in the germination system made difficult the application with agricultural purposes. The plastic seed mats provide a practical system with lower germination, but more homogenous growth of root/shoot is possible. Surprisingly, in this methodology the carvacrol presents a detrimental effect on germination due to less interaction with the seeds. The handling of seeds and recover of the nanomaterials and its reuse are advantages of the plastic seed mats, which together with less wastage of seeds suggest a potential use in agriculture. The as-synthetized TSO NPs, together with the functionalization of triethanolamine and carvacrol used to promote the health germination of the seeds, allows the control of the time for seed germination, germination %, and length for the root/shoot of seed tomato germination. The immobilization of mesoporous materials results in an alternative to help the germination and early growth of agricultural plants searching to avoid the lixiviation of nanomaterials to the environment.
Assuntos
Germinação , Solanum lycopersicum , Dióxido de Silício , SementesRESUMO
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a widely consumed fruit all around the world. The industrial exploitation of tomato generates a lot of waste. Most of the utilization of tomato seeds waste is focused on animal feeding, as well as a food ingredient aimed to increase the protein content, and raw material for some organic bioactive component extraction. The aim of this work was to evaluate the techno-functional properties of tomato seed meal (TSM) and its nutraceutical properties after applying defatting processing (TSMD), and to evaluate the nutraceutical properties after a fermentation processing (TSMDF) by Lactobacillus sp. The results showed that, at alkaline conditions (pH 8-9), the techno-functional properties for TSM and TSMD improved. In comparison with TSM, TSMD showed higher water holding capacity (WHC ≈32%), higher oil holding capacity (OHC ≈13%), higher protein solubility (49-58%), more than 10 times foaming activity (FA), more than 50 times foam stability (Fst), as well as an improved emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (Est) wich were better at pH 9. Regarding the nutraceutical properties, after 48 h of fermentation (TSMDF), the antioxidant activity was doubled and a significant increase in the iron chelating activity was also observed. During the same fermentation time, the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) was achieved (IC50 73.6 µg/mL), more than 10 times higher than TSMD, which leads to suggest that this fermented medium may be a powerful antihypertensive. Therefore, the strategy proposed in this study could be an option for the exploitation of tomato wastes.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/química , Antioxidantes/química , Técnicas de Cultura Celular por Lotes , Emulsificantes/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Lactobacillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Sementes/química , Sementes/metabolismoRESUMO
The major component of tomato processing industry wastes is seed. Samples of tomato (Petomech var.) pomace from industries of São Paulo state submitted to Hot and Cold Break treatments, were spontaneously fermented and washed to separate seeds. The oils were analysed for specific gravity, iodine and saponifícation numbers, refractive index, viscosity and fatty acid composition. Except for saponifícation number, Hot and Cold Break seed oils were very similar. In both treatments palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid, followed by stearic acid. Linoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid followed by oleic acid. Both oleic and linoleic acids added up to over 60% of total fatty acids, being higher in Cold Break seed oils. Both treatments produced high nutritional oil quality. Differences in colour and viscosity may incur in more intense refining operations for Brazilian tomato processing industries due to the adoption of the Hot Break treatment.
O principal componente de resíduos da industrialização de tomates é a semente. Amostras de resíduos após extração comercial de tomates maduros (var. Petomech) submetidas a tratamentos de Hot e Cold Break em indústrias do Estado de São Paulo foram deixadas fermentar espontaneamente e as sementes separadas após lavagem. Os óleos foram analisados quanto ao peso específico, índices de iodo e saponifícação, índice de refração, viscosidade e composição em ácidos graxos. À exceção do índice de saponificação, os óleos dos tratamentos Hot e Cold Break apresentaram-se semelhantes. Em ambos os tratamentos o principal ácido graxo saturado foi o ácido palmítico, seguido pelo ácido esteárico. O ácido linoléico foi o principal ácido graxo insaturado, seguido pelo ácido oléico e juntos somaram a mais de 60% do total de ácidos graxos, o que torna o óleo de tomate recomendável à alimentação humana. As diferenças em cor e viscosidade dos óleos podem implicar num processo de refino mais severo para os óleos do tratamento Hot Break utilizado pelas indústrias brasileiras.
RESUMO
The major component of tomato processing industry wastes is seed. Samples of tomato (Petomech var.) pomace from industries of São Paulo state submitted to Hot and Cold Break treatments, were spontaneously fermented and washed to separate seeds. The oils were analysed for specific gravity, iodine and saponifícation numbers, refractive index, viscosity and fatty acid composition. Except for saponifícation number, Hot and Cold Break seed oils were very similar. In both treatments palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid, followed by stearic acid. Linoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid followed by oleic acid. Both oleic and linoleic acids added up to over 60% of total fatty acids, being higher in Cold Break seed oils. Both treatments produced high nutritional oil quality. Differences in colour and viscosity may incur in more intense refining operations for Brazilian tomato processing industries due to the adoption of the Hot Break treatment.
O principal componente de resíduos da industrialização de tomates é a semente. Amostras de resíduos após extração comercial de tomates maduros (var. Petomech) submetidas a tratamentos de Hot e Cold Break em indústrias do Estado de São Paulo foram deixadas fermentar espontaneamente e as sementes separadas após lavagem. Os óleos foram analisados quanto ao peso específico, índices de iodo e saponifícação, índice de refração, viscosidade e composição em ácidos graxos. À exceção do índice de saponificação, os óleos dos tratamentos Hot e Cold Break apresentaram-se semelhantes. Em ambos os tratamentos o principal ácido graxo saturado foi o ácido palmítico, seguido pelo ácido esteárico. O ácido linoléico foi o principal ácido graxo insaturado, seguido pelo ácido oléico e juntos somaram a mais de 60% do total de ácidos graxos, o que torna o óleo de tomate recomendável à alimentação humana. As diferenças em cor e viscosidade dos óleos podem implicar num processo de refino mais severo para os óleos do tratamento Hot Break utilizado pelas indústrias brasileiras.