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Abstract Objective This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic marker for oral cancer. Despite progress in oral cancer diagnosis and prognosis, the 5-year survival rate remains low due to the resistance to treatment and delayed diagnosis, which can be attributed to various factors including tobacco and alcohol consumption, genetic damage, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The potential use of saliva as an easily accessible non-invasive screening and diagnostic method arises from its direct contact with the lesion site. Methodology Data for this study were gathered via a comprehensive literature evaluation using search engines such as the PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. Results Identifying salivary biomarkers shows potential to transform oral cancer diagnostics by offering a reliable alternative to the traditional invasive methods. Saliva is an abundant reservoir for both cell-bound and cell-free organic and inorganic constituents. Thus, saliva is an appropriate field for research in proteomics, genomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics. Conclusion This review provides a comprehensive elucidation of salivary biomarkers and their function in non-invasive oral cancer diagnosis, demonstrating their potential to enhance patient outcomes and reduce the impact of this devastating disease.

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Resumen El consumo de cigarrillo ha tenido un gran impacto en la salud, por lo que es urgente y necesario trabajar en la generación de interés en la cesación. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el diseño y validación del Cuestionario de Clasificación de Etapas de Cambio y Cesación de Consumo de Cigarrillo/Tabaco CCET, que permite la categorización del consumidor de acuerdo con las siete etapas descritas en el modelo teórico Proceso de Adopción de Precauciones que propuso Weinstein en 1988. El CCET consta de 16 ítems que interrogan acerca de las características definidas para cada fase de cambio de la conducta del individuo, consumo y el logro de la cesación. La muestra estuvo conformada por 200 estudiantes de educación superior fumadores (138 hombres y 62 mujeres) entre los 18 y 57 años. Se determinó la validez de contenido a través del juicio de expertos quienes analizaron los criterios de redacción, pertinencia y suficiencia de cada una de las preguntas utilizadas en dicho cuestionario, se realizó la aplicación en su versión definitiva para determinar las características técnicas de acuerdo con el Modelo de Rasch. Del mismo modo que en estudios previos buena parte de la muestra presento ubicación en las primeras etapas, es decir no necesariamente con deseo de dejar de fumar.

Abstract Cigarette consumption has had a great impact on health, so it is urgent and necessary to work on generating interest in cessation. The purpose of the present investigation was the design and validation of the Questionnaire for the Classification of the Stages of Change and Cessation of Consumption of Cigarette/Tobacco, which allows the categorization of the consumers according to the seven stages exposed in the theoretical Precaution Adoption Process Model proposed by Weinstein in 1988. The questionnaire consists of 16 items that ask about the characteristics defined for each stage of individual behavior change, consumption, and achievement of cessation. The sample consisted of 200 smoking students in higher education (138 men and 62 women) between 18 and 57 years of age. The validity of the content was determined through the judgment of experts who analyzed the wording, relevance, and sufficiency of each of the questions used in the questionnaire. The final version of the questionnaire was applied to determine the technical characteristics according to the Rasch Model. As in previous studies, a good part of the sample was located in the early stages, that is, not necessarily with a desire to quit smoking.