RESUMO
La introducción de la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficiencia ha conllevado a una disminución en la frecuencia de neurotoxoplasmosis en personas con VIH. Experimentalmente se demostró que los antirretrovirales inhibidores de proteasas pueden tener además una acción directa sobre el parásito, en este caso Toxoplasma gondii. El objetivo es evaluar la actividad antitoxoplasma in vitro del tipranavir, un antirretroviral inhibidor de proteasa de tercera generación. Para ello se determinó la inhibición del crecimiento causada por el tipranavir sobre taquizoitos intracelulares de Toxoplasma gondii, así como su citotoxicidad frente a macrófagos residentes en el peritoneo de ratones OF-1. En paralelo, se evaluaron el atazanavir, la sulfadiazina y pirimetamina como fármacos de referencia. El tipranavir mostró actividad inhibitoria frente a taquizoitos de T. gonddi, con una CI50 de 21,2 ± 3,0 µM, la cual fue similar (p> 0,05) a la obtenida con la sulfadiazina (CI50= 23,3 ± 3,6 µM) y mayor (p< 0,05) que el atazanavir (CI50= 2,8 ± 0,7 µM) y la pirimetamina (CI50= 1,2 ± 0,2 µM). Sin embargo, mostró un valor de CC50 (105,9 ± 10,0 µM) superior (p< 0,05) con respecto a los fármacos de referencia (atazanavir (CC50= 25,0 ± 0,5 µM), sulfadiazina (CC50= 25,2 ± 3,2 µM) y pirimetamina (CC50= 4,4 ± 1,2 µM). En conclusión, este trabajo describe por primera vez la actividad in vitro del tipranavir sobre taquizoitos de T. gondii.
The introduction of highly efficient antiretroviral therapy has brought about a decrease in the frequency of neurotoxoplasmosis among people with HIV. It was demonstrated experimentally that protease inhibitor antiretrovirals may also have a direct action against the parasite, in this case Toxoplasma gondii. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antitoxoplasma activity in vitro of tipranavir, a third-generation protease inhibitor antiretroviral. To achieve this aim, determination was made of the growth inhibition caused by tipranavir in Toxoplasma gondii intracellular tachyzoites, as well as its cytotoxicity against macrophages living in the peritoneum of OF-1 mice. Additionally, evaluation was conducted of atazanavir, sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine as reference drugs. Tipranavir displayed inhibitory activity against T. gondii tachyzoites, with a IC50 of 21.2 ± 3,0 µM, similar (p> 0.05) to the one obtained with sulfadiazine (IC50= 23.3 ± 3.6 µM) and higher (p< 0.05) than atazanavir (IC50= 2.8 ± 0.7 µM) and pyrimethamine (IC50= 1.2 ± 0.2 µM). However, its CC50 value (105.9 ± 10.0 µM) was higher (p< 0.05) than that of the reference drugs atazanavir (CC50= 25.0 ± 0.5 µM), sulfadiazine (CC50= 25.2 ± 3.2 µM) and pyrimethamine (CC50= 4.4 ± 1.2 µM). This is the first time a description is provided of the in vitro activity of tipranavir against T. gondii tachyzoites.
RESUMO
Tipranavir (TPV) is one of the most recently developed protease inhibitors (PI) and it is specially recommended for treatment-experienced patients who are resistant to other PI drugs. In this work, a simple and friendly environmental CZE stability-indicating method to assay TPV capsules was developed and two TPV organic impurities were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The optimized analytical conditions were: background electrolyte composed of sodium borate 50mM, pH 9.0 and 5% of methanol; voltage + 28kV; hydrodynamic injection of 5s (100mbar), detection wavelength 240nm, at 25°C. The separation was achieved in a fused silica capillary with 50µm × 40cm (inner diameter × effective length), using furosemide as internal standard. All the validation parameters were met and the method was specific, even in the presence of degradation products and impurities. Oxidation was indicated as the main degradation pathway among those evaluated in this study (acidic, alkaline, thermal, photolytic and oxidative) and it showed a second order degradation kinetic, under the conditions used in this study. The main oxidation product and an organic impurity detected in the standard were characterized by Q-TOF, and both of them correspond to oxidation products of TPV.