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The hemodynamic response during the transition from the supine to standing position in idiopathic atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is not completely understood. This study aimed to analyze the hemodynamic changes that occur during the head-up tilt test in idiopathic AF patients. We investigated the hemodynamic changes during the head-up tilt test with impedance cardiography in 40 AF patients (12 with AF rhythm-AFr and 28 with sinus rhythm-AFsr) and 38 non-AF controls. Patients with AFr had attenuated SVI decrease after standing when compared to AFsr and non-AF [ΔSVI in mL/m2: -1.3 (-3.4 to 1.7) vs. -6.4 (-17.3 to -0.1) vs. -11.8 (-18.7 to -8.0), respectively; p < 0.001]. PVRI decreased in AFr but increased in AFsr and non-AF [ΔPVRI in dyne.seg.m2/cm5: -477 (-1148 to 82.5) vs. 131 (-525 to 887) vs. 357 (-29 to 681), respectively; p < 0.01]. Similarly, compared with non-AF patients, AFr patients also had a greater HR and greater CI increase after standing. The haemodynamic response to orthostatic challenge suggests differential adaptations between patients with AF rhythm and those reverted to sinus rhythm or healthy controls. Characterizing the hemodynamic phenotype may be relevant for the individualized treatment of AF patients.

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AIM: To examine and compare the autonomic responses, as assessed through the non-linear and chaotic global metrics of heart rate variability in two groups: the Parkinson's Disease Group (PDG) and the Control Group (CG), both at rest and during an active tilt test. METHODS: The study encompassed 46 participants (PDG: n = 23; 73.73 ± 7.28 years old; CG: n = 23; 70.17 ± 8.20 years old). Initial data collection involved the acquisition of participant's characteristics. The autonomic modulation was estimated both at rest and during the active tilt test. For this assessment, we computed non-linear indices derived from five entropies (Approximate, Sample, Shannon, Renyi, Tsallis), Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and the seven chaotic global metrics (hsCFP1-hsCFP7). RESULTS: At rest, the PDG exhibited lower values of hsCFP3 (0.818 ± 0.116 vs. 0.904 ± 0.065; p < 0.05) and Sample Entropy (0.720 ± 0.149 vs. 0.799 ± 0.171; p < 0.05). During the test, the PDG demonstrated lower values of ApEn, while the CG presented lower values of SampEn, hsCFP1, hsCFP3, hsCFP7, and higher values of hsCFP5. An interaction was observed, indicating that hsCFP1 and hsCFP3 exhibit differential behavior for the CG and PDG in response to the test. CONCLUSION: subjects with PD exhibited reduced complexity of the RR interval series at rest, and a diminished autonomic response to the active tilt test when compared with the CG. The test, together with non-linear indices, may serve for assessing the Autonomic Nervous System in individuals with PD in a clinical setting. The interpretation of these data should be approached with caution, given the possible influences of pharmacotherapies and the inclusion of diabetic participants.

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Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and arterial pressure (AP) variability and their responses to head-up tilt test (HUTT) were investigated in Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) patients reporting tachycardia and/or postural hypotension. Besides tachycardia, PCS patients also showed attenuation of the following HRV parameters: RMSSD [square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal-to-normal (NN) intervals] from statistical measures; the power of RR (beat-to-beat interval) spectra at HF (high frequency) from the linear method spectral analysis; occurrence of 2UV (two unlike variation) pattern of RR from the nonlinear method symbolic analysis; and the new family of statistics named sample entropy, when compared to control subjects. Basal AP and LF (low frequency) power of systolic AP were similar between PCS patients and control subjects, while 0 V (zero variation) patterns of AP from the nonlinear method symbolic analysis were exacerbated in PCS patients. Despite tachycardia and a decrease in RMSSD, no parameter of HRV changed during HUTT in PCS patients compared to control subjects. PCS patients reassessed after 6 months showed higher HF power of RR spectra and a higher percentage of 2UV pattern of RR. Moreover, the reassessed PCS patients showed a lower occurrence of 0 V patterns of AP, while the HUTT elicited HR (heart rate) and AP responses identical to control subjects. The HRV and AP variability suggest an autonomic dysfunction with sympathetic predominance in PCS patients. In contrast, the lack of responses of HRV and AP variability indices during HUTT indicates a marked impairment of autonomic control. Of note, the reassessment of PCS patients showed that the noxious effect of COVID-19 on autonomic control tended to fade over time.

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Background: Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common cause of syncope. Some stages of its pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and endothelin (ET) may be involved during acute orthostatic stress. Objective: To analyze plasma changes in NOx and ET and heart rate variability (HRV) in the supine positions (T1) and during the head-up tilt test (HUTT) (T2), in patients with VVS (case group) and control group. Methods: Thirty-seven patients (17 in the case group and 20 in the control group), matched for age and sex (mean aged 31.8 years) underwent HUTT with simultaneous HRV recording and venipuncture. Blood samples were collected during phases T1 and T2 and the analysis was performed without knowledge of the HUTT result. Results: In the total sample, there was an increase in NOx values (P = .014), however there was no increase in ET values from phase T1 to phase T2. Patients with VVS tended to increase plasma NOx values (P = .057) and had significantly higher plasma values compared to ET (P = .033) between phases T1 to T2. In the control group, there was no significant change in the values of these vasoactive substances. Regarding HRV, there were a decrease in the component HF (high frequency) and increased of the LF (low frequency)/HF ratio during HUTT. Conclusions: There was an increase in ET during HUTT occurred only in the case group. These patients are more likely to have an imbalance between antagonistic vasoactive biomarkers during orthostatic stress.

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BACKGROUND: Cerebral hypoperfusion before syncope has been shown in patients with chronic orthostatic intolerance (OI) without tachycardia, but it is unknown if an initial decrease of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) could be related to the vasovagal response (VVR) to head-up tilt test (HUTT). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and autonomic variables during HUTT in OI patients with or without a VVR. METHODS: We included 74 subjects (58% female, mean age 33 ± 12 years) who underwent a 30-min HUTT and were divided into three groups: OI with VVR positive (VVR+), OI without VVR negative (VVR-), and asymptomatic healthy subjects with negative HUTT (control group). Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and autonomic variables were assessed beat-to-beat during HUTT with a Task Force monitor and a trans-cranial Doppler. Mean values were evaluated at baseline and throughout the first 10 min of tilting. RESULTS: Cardiovascular variables were similar in the three groups. Systolic, diastolic, and mean CBFv were similar in VVR+ and VVR-, but both groups had lower CBFv than the control group. Systolic and diastolic CBFv decreased from baseline since min 1 in VVR+ and VVR- and since min 5 in the control group. The mean CBFv had a significant decrease since min 1 compared to baseline in all groups. Spectral indices of heart rate and blood pressure variability showed a similar autonomic response to HUTT in all groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic OI without tachycardia have early postural cerebral hypoperfusion, regardless of the VVR during HUTT.

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Syncope in pediatrics represents an important cause of visits to the emergency units. For this reason, excluding a cardiac or malignant origin is essential at the time of the initial approach to determine what is the next step in management, or if they need to be referred to a pediatric cardiologist and/or electrophysiologist. Vasovagal syncope is the most frequent cause of syncope in pediatrics, in which a detailed clinical history is enough to make the diagnosis. If no diagnosis is concluded by the history, or if it is necessary to define the hemodynamic response of the patients, the head-up-tilt-test is indicated; this will trigger syncope due to an orthostatic stress caused by the angulated table (passive phase). If a negative response remains, it can be followed by a pharmacologic challenge to trigger the hemodynamic response, which is still controversial in pediatrics. The pharmacologic challenge increases the sensitivity with a slight reduction in test specificity. Although there is not a specific drug for the challenge in pediatric patients yet, the most commonly drugs used are nitrates and isoproterenol, the latter related to a great number of adverse effects. Sublingual administration of nitrates in the challenge has been proven to be ideal, effective, and safe in this specific age group. The aim of this article is to make a literature search to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the pharmacologic challenge during the head-up-tilt-test in pediatrics, emphasizing a study conducted at the National Institute of Cardiology with isosorbide dinitrate.

El síncope en edades pediátricas representa una causa importante en las visitas a unidades de urgencias, por lo que excluir un origen cardíaco o maligno es fundamental al momento del abordaje inicial para determinar la conducta a seguir o la necesidad de derivar al cardiólogo pediatra o electrofisiólogo. El síncope vasovagal (SVV) es la causa más frecuente de síncope en pediatría, para cuyo diagnóstico basta una historia clínica detallada. Cuando ésta no es suficiente para determinar el diagnóstico de síncope reflejo o es necesario definir el tipo de respuesta que lo origina, está indicada una prueba de mesa inclinada que produce un estrés ortostático por la angulación y ello desencadena un síncope (fase pasiva). En pruebas no concluyentes está indicado un reto farmacológico para precipitar la respuesta hemodinámica, pero aún es un tema de controversia en edades pediátricas. El reto farmacológico incrementa la sensibilidad de la prueba, con una ligera reducción de la especificidad. Si bien no existe todavía un medicamento específico para la población pediátrica, los más empleados son los nitratos y el isoproterenol, este último relacionado con un mayor número de efectos adversos. La administración sublingual de los nitratos utilizados ha demostrado ser ideal, efectiva y segura en los pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo del artículo es realizar una revisión de las publicaciones médicas que demuestran la efectividad y seguridad del reto farmacológico durante la prueba de mesa inclinada en pacientes pediátricos, con énfasis en un estudio conducido en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología con dinitrato de isosorbida (DNIS).

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Abstract Syncope in pediatrics represents an important cause of visits to the emergency units. For this reason, excluding a cardiac or malignant origin is essential at the time of the initial approach to determine what is the next step in management, or if they need to be referred to a pediatric cardiologist and/or electrophysiologist. Vasovagal syncope is the most frequent cause of syncope in pediatrics, in which a detailed clinical history is enough to make the diagnosis. If no diagnosis is concluded by the history, or if it is necessary to define the hemodynamic response of the patients, the head-up-tilt-test is indicated; this will trigger syncope due to an orthostatic stress caused by the angulated table (passive phase). If a negative response remains, it can be followed by a pharmacologic challenge to trigger the hemodynamic response, which is still controversial in pediatrics. The pharmacologic challenge increases the sensitivity with a slight reduction in test specificity. Although there is not a specific drug for the challenge in pediatric patients yet, the most commonly drugs used are nitrates and isoproterenol, the latter related to a great number of adverse effects. Sublingual administration of nitrates in the challenge has been proven to be ideal, effective, and safe in this specific age group. The aim of this article is to make a literature search to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the pharmacologic challenge during the head-up-tilt-test in pediatrics, emphasizing a study conducted at the National Institute of Cardiology with isosorbide dinitrate.

Resumen El síncope en edades pediátricas representa una causa importante en las visitas a unidades de urgencias, por lo que excluir un origen cardíaco o maligno es fundamental al momento del abordaje inicial para determinar la conducta a seguir o la necesidad de derivar al cardiólogo pediatra o electrofisiólogo. El síncope vasovagal (SVV) es la causa más frecuente de síncope en pediatría, para cuyo diagnóstico basta una historia clínica detallada. Cuando ésta no es suficiente para determinar el diagnóstico de síncope reflejo o es necesario definir el tipo de respuesta que lo origina, está indicada una prueba de mesa inclinada que produce un estrés ortostático por la angulación y ello desencadena un síncope (fase pasiva). En pruebas no concluyentes está indicado un reto farmacológico para precipitar la respuesta hemodinámica, pero aún es un tema de controversia en edades pediátricas. El reto farmacológico incrementa la sensibilidad de la prueba, con una ligera reducción de la especificidad. Si bien no existe todavía un medicamento específico para la población pediátrica, los más empleados son los nitratos y el isoproterenol, este último relacionado con un mayor número de efectos adversos. La administración sublingual de los nitratos utilizados ha demostrado ser ideal, efectiva y segura en los pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo del artículo es realizar una revisión de las publicaciones médicas que demuestran la efectividad y seguridad del reto farmacológico durante la prueba de mesa inclinada en pacientes pediátricos, con énfasis en un estudio conducido en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología con dinitrato de isosorbida (DNIS).

Assuntos

RESUMO

Syncope in pediatrics represents an important cause of visits to the emergency units. For this reason, excluding a cardiac or malignant origin is essential at the time of the initial approach in order to determine what is the next step in management, or if they need to be referred to a pediatric cardiologist and/or electrophysiologist. Vasovagal syncope is the most frequent cause of syncope in pediatrics, in which a detailed clinical history is enough to make the diagnosis. If no diagnosis is concluded by the history, or if it is necessary to define the hemodynamic response of the patients, the head-up tilt test is indicated; this will trigger syncope due to an orthostatic stress caused by the angulated table (passive phase). If a negative response remains, it can be followed by a pharmacologic challenge in order to trigger the hemodynamic response, which is still controversial in pediatrics. The pharmacologic challenge increases the sensitivity with a slight reduction in test specificity. Although there is not a specific drug for the challenge in pediatric patients yet, the most commonly drugs used are nitrates and isoproterenol, the latter related to a great number of adverse effects. Sublingual administration of nitrates in the challenge has been proven to be ideal, effective and safe in this specific age group. The aim of this article is to make a literature search in order to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the pharmacologic challenge during the head-up tilt test in pediatrics, emphasizing a study conducted at the National Institute of Cardiology with isosorbide dinitrate.

El síncope en edades pediátricas representa una causa importante en las visitas a unidades de urgencias, por lo que excluir un origen cardíaco o maligno es fundamental al momento del abordaje inicial para determinar la conducta a seguir o la necesidad de derivar al cardiólogo pediatra o electrofisiólogo. El síncope vasovagal (SVV) es la causa más frecuente de síncope en pediatría, para cuyo diagnóstico basta una historia clínica detallada. Cuando ésta no es suficiente para determinar el diagnóstico de síncope reflejo o es necesario definir el tipo de respuesta que lo origina, está indicada una prueba de mesa inclinada que produce un estrés ortostático por la angulación y ello desencadena un síncope (fase pasiva). En pruebas no concluyentes está indicado un reto farmacológico para precipitar la respuesta hemodinámica, pero aún es un tema de controversia en edades pediátricas. El reto farmacológico incrementa la sensibilidad de la prueba, con una ligera reducción de la especificidad. Si bien no existe todavía un medicamento específico para la población pediátrica, los más empleados son los nitratos y el isoproterenol, este último relacionado con un mayor número de efectos adversos. La administración sublingual de los nitratos utilizados ha demostrado ser ideal, efectiva y segura en los pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo del artículo es realizar una revisión de las publicaciones médicas que demuestran la efectividad y seguridad del reto farmacológico durante la prueba de mesa inclinada en pacientes pediátricos, con énfasis en un estudio conducido en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología con dinitrato de isosorbida (DNIS).

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El síncope es una pérdida transitoria de conciencia y tono postural debido a hipoflujo sanguíneo cerebral que se recupera espontáneamente sin maniobras de RCP. En esta actualización se plantea el síncope vasovagal con sus diagnósticos diferenciales y posibles etiologías, fisiopatología y métodos de estudios. También se presenta la experiencia sobre este tema en nuestro hospital su estudio, tratamiento y diagnostico (tilt test) (AU)

Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone due to cerebral blood hypoflow that recovers spontaneously without CPR maneuvers. This update discusses vasovagal syncope with its differential diagnoses and possible etiologies, pathophysiology, and diagnostic methods. Additionally, the experience on this topic of our hospital regarding investigations, treatment, and diagnosis is presented. (AU)

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Objetivo: Valorar los resultados de las pruebas de inclinación realizadas en un lapso de 2 décadas. Métodos: Este es un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se analizaron los resultados de las Pruebas de Inclinación (PI) realizadas entre 1997 y 2018 en forma consecutiva por una sola persona, inicialmente en el Hospital Clínica Bíblica, posteriormente en el Instituto del Corazón y finalmente en los últimos 17 años en el Centro Cardiológico Integral. Resultados: Se realizaron un total de 2705 pruebas entre los años de 1997 y el 2018. El 60% fue del sexo femenino. Se hicieron 245 pruebas a menores de 20 años (17.3%), 996 pruebas a personas entre 20 y 40 años (36.8%), 969 pruebas a pa cientes entre los 40 y 60 años (35.8%) y a 271 pacientes mayores de 60 años (10%). Del total de la muestra evaluada, 2316 pacientes presentaron un resultado positivo para alguna de los diferentes tipos de respuesta en la prueba de inclinación, equivalente al 85.6%, mientras que 389 pacientes obtuvieron un resultado negativo (respuesta normal), equivalente al 14.4%. En la mayor cantidad de pacientes la positividad de la prueba se presentó en la fase II, 72.7% (1683 pacientes), el 27.3% (633 pacientes) la manifestaron en la fase I. Se presentó una respuesta vasodepresora en 1120 pacientes (48.2%), respuesta mixta en 727 pacientes (31.3%), respuesta cardioinhibidora en 304 casos (13.1%). Además, 69 pacientes pre sentaron una respuesta sugestiva (2.9%) y 104 pacientes tuvieron otros tipos de respuestas (4.5%). De estos últimos, 48% correspondió al síndrome de taquicardia postural ortostática (POTS), 17% a incompetencia cronotrópica, 19% a hipoten sión ortostática y 16% a disautonomía. Un total de 43 pacientes (1,6%) presentaron hipersensibilidad del seno carotídeo. Conclusiones: La PI en nuestro medio tiene una adecuada sensibilidad en el diagnóstico del Síncope Neurocardiológico (SNCG) en los diferentes grupos de edad, es un método seguro, fácil de realizar y accesible a la mayoría de las personas que la requieran

Tilt Test: 20 years of experience in the diagnosis of the neurocardiogenic syncope Objective: To evaluate the results of the tilt tests carried out during 2 decades. Methods: This is an observational, descriptive and retrospective study. We analyzed the results of the tilt tests conducted between 1997 and 2018 consecutively by a single person, initially at the "Hospital Clínica Bíblica", later at the "Instituto del Corazón" and finally in the last 17 years at the "Centro Cardiológico Integral". Results: A total of 2705 tests were carried out between 1997 and 2018. Sixty percent were female. There were 245 tests for people under 20 years (17.3%), 996 tests for people between 20 and 40 years (36.8%), 969 tests for patients between 40 and 60 years (35.8%) and 271 patients older than 60 years (10%). Of the total sample evaluated, 2316 patients presented a positive result for some of the different types of response in the tilt test, equivalent to 85.6%, while 389 patients obtained a negative result (normal response), equivalent to 14.4%. In the largest number of patients, the positivity of the test was presented in phase II, 72.7% (1683 patients), and 27.3% (633 patients) manifested it in phase I. A vasodepressant response was presented in 1120 patients (48.2%), mixed response in 727 patients (31.3%), cardioinhibitory response in 304 cases(13.1%). In addition, 69 patients presented a suggestive response (2.9%) and 104 patients had other types of responses (4.5%). Of the latter, 48% corresponded to orthostatic postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), 17% to chronotropic incompetence, 19% to orthostatic hypotension and 16% to dysautonomia. A total of 43 patients (1.6%) presented hypersensitivity of the carotid sinus. Conclusions: Tilt test in our environment has an adequate sensitivity in the diagnosis of the neurocardiogenic syncope in different age groups, it is a safe method, easy to perform and accessible to most people who require it.

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Resumen Introducción: Es frecuente de encontrar personas enviadas para realizar la prueba de Tilt Test (TT), que sufrieron un solo síncope aislado o que ocurre muy ocasionalmente durante su vida. En este trabajo nos preguntamos en qué se diferencian estas personas de las que nunca tienen síncopes. Métodos: Realizamos el examen de TT en 104 pacientes que sufrieron sólo uno o como máximo 5 síncopes por cualquier causa durante su vida. Intentamos explicar cómo actúan los diferentes factores predisponentes para provocar el síncope. Resultados: Encontramos diferencias en factores predisponentes del síncope, entre nuestros pacientes y los controles en factores como: la herencia, la hipermovilidad articular, el encharcamiento venoso durante el TT, la ingesta de alimentos, el uso de fármacos, el estrés y la emoción. Conclusiones: En el síncope único o muy ocasional, deben conjugarse en la persona dos factores. Lo explicamos: Estos pacientes tienen una predisposición orgánica (herencia -hipermovilidad articular- falla en los baroreflejos, algunas enfermedades neurológicas, etc.) a presentar síncopes. Pero los síncopes no ocurrirán a menos que se agregue simultáneamente un factor ambiental, que actúa como un desencadenante (estadía larga de pie, estrés, dolor y emoción, deshidratación, drogas, comida abundante, etc.), es por eso que en estos pacientes los síncopes son tan raros.

Introduction: It is frequent meeting people sent to perform a tilt test suffering from a single or such isolated syncope that occur very occasionally during the patient's life. We ask ourselves how these people differ from those who never have syncopes. Methods: We performed tilt test in 104 patients who suffer a single or maximum 5 syncopes from any cause during their lifetimes. We try to explain how different predisposing factors act to provoke syncope. Results: We found differences between cases and controls in inheritance of syncopes, joint hypermobility, venous pooling during tilt test, food intake, use of drugs, stress and emotion as a trigger for syncope. Conclusions: Patients with single or occasional syncope have an organic predisposition (inheritance - joint hypermobility - failure in the baroreflexes, some neurological diseases, etc.) to present syncopes, but syncopes do not occur unless it is added simultaneously an environmental factor, which acts as a trigger (prolonged standing up - stress, pain and emotion - dehydration - drugs - abundant food, etc.) that is why these episodes are so rare.

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The most frequent cause of syncope is vasovagal reflex. It is associated with worse quality of life, depression, fatigue and physical injury. Recurrence of vasovagal syncope is an aggravating, reaching the rate of 69%. Initial step and pharmacological treatment may not work, especially in patients with recurrent syncope without prodrome. These patients can present cardioinhibitory response with asystole. Studies were designed to analyses the effectiveness of pacemaker for prevention of syncope. In this review, nonrandomized clinical trials, open-label randomized, double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled, and studies based on tilt test or Implantable Loop Recorder findings will be discussed.

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El síncope es la pérdida transitoria del estado de conciencia y del tono postural, representa alrededor de 2-5% de todas las consultas de emergencias. Los pacientes pediátricos, al momento de su evaluación, suelen encontrarse asintomàticos, el diagnóstico se fundamenta en la obtención de un correcto interrogatorio y un minucioso examen clínico. El TILT TEST (TT) puede ser un método efectivo para obtener un diagnóstico etiológico en pacientes con síncope de origen vasovagal (SVV) y en aquellos pacientes en quienes se plantea diagnóstico diferencial de epilepsia y que reciben tratamiento anticonvulsivante. Objetivo: Categorizar los resultados de los TT realizados en pacientes pediátricos, evaluados en la consulta de cardiología entre enero 2013 - enero 2015. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de 345 pacientes referidos para realizar TT con sospecha diagnóstica de síncope. Resultados: El sexo predominante fue el femenino (59,7%), el grupo etario predominante: niños de 2-9 años (n: 196; 56,8 %), el restante fueron adolescentes. El TT fue positivo en 183 pacientes (53,04%) para diagnóstico de síncope, aumentó a 76,2 % anexando otras formas de disautonomía, el síncope más frecuente fue el vasodepresor (59 %), con predominio estadísticamente significativo (Z = 3,35; p < 0,001), seguido del sincope mixto. Discusión: El síncope es un motivo de consulta frecuente en pediatría y causa de preocupación para los padres; los resultados coinciden con la literatura, siendo el síncope vasodepresor el más frecuente. Conclusiones: El TT es una herramienta útil para diagnosticar síncope y otros tipos de disautonomía, sobre todo en pacientes que reciben tratamiento anticonvulsivante con sospecha de síncope.

Syncope is defined as complete transient loss of conscious with complete and spontaneous recovery, is a frequent disease, represents 2- 5 % total emergency visits. Most pediatric patients´ evaluation is completely normal, that makes interrogation and clinical examination crucial for diagnose. Head up Tilt test (HUTT) is a valuable diagnose tool in vasovagal or neurally mediated syncope especially in patients who have epilepsy and are receiving seizure treatment. Objective: Head up Tilt test results are described and categorized in patients evaluated in cardiology or referred by another pediatric cardiologist to perform HUTT from january 2013 to january 2015. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study in 345 children in whom HUTT was performed. Results: Predominant sex was Female 59.7%, the predominant age group includes children 2-9 years (196 ) represents 56.8%, the remainder were adolescents. HUTT was positive for syncope in 183 patients (53.04 %) and increase to 76.2 % if other diasutonomic disorders are added. Vasodepresor syncope was the most frequent (59 %) with statistically significant predominance, followed by mix response. Discussion: Syncope is a frequent medical atenndance cause and it causes parents anxiety. Our results are similar to other authors being vasodepresor syncope the most frequent. Conclusions: HUTT is a valuable tool for syncope diagnose especially in patients who are receiving seizures treatment.

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The aim of this European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) survey was to provide an insight into the current practice of work-up and management of patients with syncope among members of the EHRA electrophysiology research network. Responses were received from 43 centres. The majority of respondents (74%) had no specific syncope unit and only 42% used a standardized assessment protocol or algorithm. Hospitalization rates varied from 10% to 25% (56% of the centres) to >50% (21% of the centres). The leading reasons for hospitalization were features suggesting arrhythmogenic syncope (85% of respondents), injury (80%), structural heart disease (73%), significant comorbidities (54%), and older age (41%). Most widely applied tests were electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, and Holter monitoring followed by carotid sinus massage and neurological evaluation. An exercise test, tilt table test, electrophysiological study, and implantation of a loop recorder were performed only if there was a specific indication. The use of a tilt table test varied widely: 44% of respondents almost always performed it when neurally mediated syncope was suspected, whereas 37% did not perform it when there was a strong evidence for neurally mediated syncope. Physical manoeuvres were the most widely (93%) applied standard treatment for this syncope form. The results of this survey suggest that there are significant differences in the management of patients with syncope across Europe, specifically with respect to hospitalization rates and indications for tilt table testing in neurally mediated syncope. The majority of centres reported using ECG, echocardiography, and Holter monitoring as their main diagnostic tools in patients with syncope, whereas a smaller proportion of centres applied specific assessment algorithms. Physical manoeuvres were almost uniformely reported as the standard treatment for neurally mediated syncope.

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La finalidad de este estudio fue caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente el síncope vasovagal en pacientes pediátricos que acudieron a la consulta externa de cardiología del Hospital de Niños "Dr. Jorge Lizarraga" de la Ciudad Hospitalaria "Dr. Enrique Tejera". Valencia Estado Carabobo, en el período Enero-Agosto 2012. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, no experimental, transversal. La población estuvo constituida por 66 pacientes pediátricos que reunieron los siguientes criterios de inclusión: edades comprendidas entre el primer día de vida y los 18 años de edad y con diagnóstico de síncope vasovagal. Se realizó revisión documental de las historias clínicas; dicha información fue recolectada mediante un instrumento tipo ficha clínica diseñada por los investigadores. Los resultados se representaron en frecuencia absoluta, relativa y se realizaron comparaciones de proporciones asumiendo un nivel de significancia de P<0,05 mediante el programa Statistics versión 8. En los resultados 63,63% (P< 0,01) fueron del sexo femenino, el síncope vasovagal prevaleció en la edad escolar con 43,93%. La bipedestación prolongada constituyó el factor desencadenante principal. El síntoma prodrómico más frecuente fue mareo 31,11%. De los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, el tipo vasodepresor predominó con 53,03%. En 48% de los pacientes la frecuencia de aparición de los síntomas fue mensual.

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological characterization of the vasovagal syncope in pediatric patients attending the outpatient cardiology practice at "Dr. Jorge Lizarraga" Children’s Hospital in "Dr. Enrique Tejera" Hospital City. Valencia, Carabobo state, between January - August 2012. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive study was done. The population consisted of 66 pediatric patients that gathered the following inclusion criteria: ages between one day of being born and 18 years old and with vasovagal syncope diagnose. A documentary review of the medical records was made; the information was collected with an instrument designed by the investigators similar to medical records. The results were presented in absolute and relative frequency and proportion comparisons were made assuming a significance level of p<0,05 using the program Statistix version 8. 63,63% were females, and school age was predominant with vasovagal syncope 43,93%. Prolonged bipedalism was the main triggering factor. The more frequent prodromal symptom was sickness with 31,11%. Pathophysiological mechanisms vasodepressor type predominated with 53.03%. The symptoms appeared monthly in 48% of the population.

RESUMO

Introducción:La prueba de inclinación es un estudio no invasivo, sencillo y de bajo riesgo, donde la utilización de protocolos no sensibilizados sirven para acortar los tiempos de la prueba. Objetivo:Determinar en pacientes con síncope la utilidad de la prueba de inclinación no sensibilizada con fármacos y comparar los resultados con la probabilidad clínica pre-test. Métodos:Se incluyeron pacientes >15 años de edad, con síncope o presíncope, con clínica sugestiva de origen vasovagal, utilizando la escala de Calgary. Resultados:Se analizaron 70 pacientes; edad: 39 ± 20 años, 66% mujeres. De los pacientes, 94% presentó una puntuación >-1, pero sólo 30% de las pruebas fueron positivas. Una puntuación >-2 no se asoció con el resultado de la prueba. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron una puntuación de 1 (52) y 2 (11), resultando en una prueba positiva en 32% y 9%, respectivamente. En pacientes con probabilidad pre-test baja, hubo mayor número de pruebas negativas (100% con una puntuación de -2 y 50% con puntuación de -5). Conclusiones:El estudio mostró que en pacientes con síncope vasovagal, sugerido por la evaluación clínica, la prueba de inclinación no sensibilizada no proporcionó información adicional, con un número significativo de falsos negativos.

Introduction:Tilt table testing is a simple, non-invasive, low risk test. A not sensitized protocol has been presented in order to shorten the duration of the test. Objective:To determine the usefulness of a not sensitized tilt table testing and to compare the results with the pre-test probability, given by the Calgary's score. Methods:We included patients >15 years-old with syncope or presyncope with high probability pretest for a vasovagal origin, using the Calgary' score. Results:Seventy patients were analyzed; age 39 ± 20 years old, 66% female. More than 94% of the patients presented a score >-1, but only 30% of the tilt tests were positive. A score >-2 was not associated with the result of tilt test. Most of the patients presented a score of 1 (52) and 2 (11), resulting in positive tilt test 32% y 9%, respectively. Among patients with low pre-test probability there was a greater number of negative results (100% with a score of -2 and 50% with score of -5). Conclusions: This study showed that in patients with vasovagal syncope suggested by clinical assessment, a not sensitized tilt test did not provide additional information, with a significant number of false negatives.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introdução: Síncope é uma situação comum. Há diversas etiologias. A mais prevalente é a vasovagal (SVV). O teste de inclinação (TI) é o exame de maior acurácia no diagnóstico da SVV, mas de difícil realização. O escore de Sheldon (ES) é um questionário composto por variáveis clínicas que, através do escore de pontos, identifica pacientes com SVV. O ES é de fácil aplicação e tem alta sensibilidade e especificidade.Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o ES e o TI no diagnóstico de SVV.Material e métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes consecutivos com um ou mais episódios de síncope, encaminhados para o TI. Responderam a um questionário padrão, ao ES e realizaram o TI. Considerou-se o TI como o padrão-áureo para o diagnóstico de SVV. Associou-se o resultado do TI com as diferentes pontuações do ES (positivo para =-2).Resultados: Estudamos 147 pacientes, sendo que 61 (61,8%) eram do sexo feminino e a média de idade foi de 42,3 anos (DP=22,4). Obteve-se 55 (37,4%) resultados positivos para o TI e ES. Dos TI negativo, 31,5% tiveram ES negativo. A probabilidade do ES em identificar TI positivo não foi significativa para =-2 (p=0,434). Quando o ES era positivo para =0; 62,2% dos pacientes com TI positivo tiveram ES positivo; dos pacientes com TI negativo, 64,4% tiveram ES negativo, tornando-se significativo (p=0,002, sensibilidade de 62,2%, especificidade de 64,4%).Conclusão: O ES é de fácil aplicação, de razoável sensibilidade e deve ser usado com o TI para identificação de pacientes com suspeita de SVV.

RESUMO

O teste de inclinação (TI) é muito utilizado para a investigação de síncopes e pré-síncopes, pois possibilita o diagnóstico de diferentes tipos de disautonomias. A principal causa de síncope é a Síndrome Vasovagal, cujo diagnóstico é o mais frequente entre as indicações de TI. O exame é utilizado há cerca de 20 anos, mas muitos médicos desconhecem a metodologia. São importantes a indicação apropriada, após exclusão de causas cardíacas de síncope, e a orientação do paciente para garantir a tranquilidade e a segurança do teste. Existem controvérsias na literatura sobre a capacidade diagnóstica e a confiabilidade dos resultados. Os estudos com protocolos diversos podem explicar a variabilidade dos resultados. Nesta revisão, são colocadas as indicações e a metodologia recomendadas pelas diretrizes, complicações, limitações e perspectivas desse exame.

The head-up tilt test (HUTT) is widely used for investigation of syncope and presyncope, since it allows diagnosing different types of dysautonomia. The main cause of syncope is the vasovagal syndrome, the most common diagnosis among patients with HUTT indication. The test has been used for nearly 20 years, but many doctors are unaware of the methodology. After the cardiac causes of syncope are ruled out, the appropriate indication of the test and instructions to patients are important to ensure that the test will be carried out in a safe and relaxed manner. There are controversies in the literature over the diagnostic capacity and reliability of results. Studies with various protocols may explain the variability of results. This review describes the guidelines-recommended methodology and indications, complications, limitations and perspectives of this test.

El test de inclinación (TI) es muy utilizado para la investigación de síncopes y presíncopes, pues posibilita el diagnóstico de diferentes tipos de disautonomías. La principal causa de síncope es el Síndrome Vasovagal, cuyo diagnóstico es el más frecuente entre las indicaciones de TI. EL examen es utilizado hace cerca de 20 años, pero muchos médicos desconocen la metodología. Son importantes la indicación apropiada, después de exclusión de causas cardíacas de síncope, y la orientación del paciente para garantizar la tranquilidad y la seguridad del test. Existen controversias en la literatura sobre la capacidad diagnóstica y la confiabilidad de los resultados. Los estudios con protocolos diversos pueden explicar la variabilidad de los resultados. En esta revisión, son colocadas las indicaciones y la metodología recomendadas por las directrices, complicaciones, limitaciones y perspectivas de ese examen.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción El tilt test (TT) es un método diagnóstico de rutina para evaluar la función autonómica de pacientes con síncope. Debido a su tasa elevada de resultados falsos negativos y al tiempo que insume, el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías que puedan facilitar el diagnóstico ha ganado una importancia creciente. Un equipo desarrollado en la Argentina permitió establecer una metodología confiable, reproducible y no invasiva para la medición de la velocidad de onda de pulso carotídeo y radial durante un TT convencional y determinar si tiene el potencial de predecir precozmente el resultado de esta prueba. Objetivo Evaluar la utilidad del retraso en la aparición de la onda de pulso desde el inicio del QRS para predecir el resultado del tilt test. Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional en pacientes consecutivos derivados para el estudio de síncope a través de la realización de un TT. Durante la prueba se registraron simultáneamente la presión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca y la onda de pulso radial y carotídeo mediante un polígrafo diseñado especialmente. Se evaluó la capacidad del retraso en la aparición de la onda de pulso desde el inicio del QRS para predecir el resultado del TT mediante análisis univariado y multivariado. La capacidad para predecir el resultado de la prueba se evaluó a través del análisis de curvas ROC. Resultados Se incluyeron 43 pacientes, 24 (55,8%) mujeres. El TT fue positivo en 18 pacientes (11 mujeres). En el análisis univariado, el cambio de la presión arterial sistólica (p = 0,02) y diastólica (p < 0,01) a los 10 minutos, el uso de IECA/ARA II (p = 0,01) y el retraso de la onda de pulso carotídeo (p < 0,01) estuvieron relacionados con el resultado del TT. En el análisis multivariado, sólo el retraso del pulso carotídeo fue un predictor significativo del resultado (p = 0,036). El estadístico C del retraso del pulso carotídeo fue de 0,88 (IC 95% 0,76 a 0,99). Conclusiones La medición del retraso de la onda de pulso carotídeo a los 5 minutos predice en forma independiente el resultado del TT, lo que permite clasificar correctamente al 88% de los pacientes antes de que desarrollen síntomas.

Background The tilt test (TT) is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate autonomic function in patients with syncope. However, as TT has a high rate of false positive results and the duration of the test is long, new strategies are emerging. A device developed in Argentina allowed establishing a non-invasive, reproducible and reliable method to measure pulse wave velocity in the carotid and radial arteries during a conventional TT and to determine its likelihood to predict the result of the test. Objective To assess the usefulness of time delay of the pulse waveform from the onset of the QRS complex in order to predict the result of the tilt test. Material and Methods We conducted an observational study on consecutive patients with syncope referred to the tilt test laboratory. During the test blood pressure, heart rate and carotid and radial pulse waves were recorded simultaneously with a specially designed polygraph. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the ability of time delay of the pulse waveform from the onset of the QRS complex to predict the result of the TT. This ability was evaluated with the analysis of ROC curves. Results A total of 43 patients were included; 24 (55.8%) were women. The TT was positive in 18 patients (11 women). Univariate analysis determined that changes in systolic blood pressure (p=0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01) measured at 10 minutes, the use of ACEI/ARB (p=0.01) and time delay of the carotid pulse wave (p<0.01) were related to the result of the TT. At multivariate analysis, only time delay of the carotid pulse wave was a significant predictor of the result (p=0.036). The C statistic of the time delay of the carotid pulse wave was 0.88 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.99). Conclusions Measurement of the time delay or the carotid pulse wave at 5 minutes is an independent predictor of the result of the TT, allowing a correct classification in 88% of patients before the development of symptoms.