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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Flow Cytometry (FC) is one of the techniques, which allows the identification and characterization of platelets. The detection of absent or reduced expression of the glycoproteins is the main objective of this technique. Abnormalities of glycoproteins lead to hemorrhagic syndromes. Among the main diseases, the Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) and Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) stand out. We aimed to show a FC-based platelet assessment test for diagnostic use, which measures the expression of markers in normal patients, and evaluate these markers in patients with platelet disorders. METHODS: We examined a control group of 41 healthy adults to establish reference values and assess the variability of the relative expression of platelet markers and subsequently compared these findings to those of 30 patients with suspected platelet dysfunctions. We determined the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of the expressed parameters by FC using CD41, CD42a, CD42b and CD61 and SSC/FSC platelet-gated cells. RESULTS: We determined our baseline panel of markers and compared them to suspected platelet dysfunctions. Patients with suspected BSS presented increased levels of the MFI for the GPIIIa (CD61) and GPIIb (CD41). They showed significantly reduced levels of the GPIb (CD42b) and GPIX (CD42a). Patients with suspected GT showed normal expression of the GPIX (CD42a), increased expression of the GPIb (CD42b) and reduced levels of the GPIIIa (CD61). In this case, with reduced levels of only one marker, the GPIIb (CD41), values showed normal expression. CONCLUSIONS: We describe the FC assay to support the diagnosis of different platelet disorders. Our study made it possible to implement a technique that brought benefits to care.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: The Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) and Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (BSS) are rare hereditary disorders of platelet function. Their treatment often requires platelet transfusion, which can lead to the development of alloantibodies. Objective: In this study, we aim to develop a strategy for alloantibody detection and to describe the frequency of alloimmunization in a patient population from a single center in southeastern Brazil. Methods: Samples from patients with GT or BSS were tested using the Platelet Immunofluorescence Test (PIFT). If a positive result was obtained, a confirmatory step using the Monoclonal Antibody Immobilization of Platelet Antigens (MAIPA) and Luminex bead-based platelet assay (PAKLx) was executed. Main results: Among 11 patients with GT, we detected the presence of alloantibodies in 5 using PIFT, with confirmation through MAIPA and PAKLx in 2 (1 anti-HLA and 1 anti-HPA), resulting in a frequency of 18.1%. Among 4 patients with BSS, PIFT was positive in 3, with confirmation by MAIPA and PAKLx in 1 (anti-HLA), showing a frequency of 25%. The two patients with anti-HLA antibodies exhibited a panel reactive antibody (PRA-HLA) testing greater than 97%. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of identifying platelet alloimmunization in this patient population. The proposed algorithm for platelet alloantibodies detection allows resource optimization.
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We report a 35-year-old female patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) and severe anemia due to abnormal uterine bleeding secondary to uterine myomatosis. She required several admissions of red blood cells and platelet transfusions. An elective subtotal hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy was proposed and recombinant factor VII was required. Surgical and postoperative outcomes were successful, without surgical complications, bleeding, or hemogram alterations. 4 years later, she required tooth extraction because of periodontal disease and pulp necrosis. In Peru, reports of GT patients requiring major and minor surgical procedures are lacking, given the low disease prevalence and the difficulties related to surgery. The report of these successful cases becomes relevant to continue improving GT management.
Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 35 años con trombastenia de Glanzmann (GT) y anemia severa por sangrado uterino anormal secundario a miomatosis uterina. Requirió varias admisiones de transfusiones de glóbulos rojos y plaquetas. Se propuso histerectomía subtotal electiva con salpingo-ooforectomía y se requirió factor VII recombinante. Los resultados quirúrgicos y postoperatorios fueron exitosos, sin complicaciones quirúrgicas, sangrado ni alteraciones del hemograma. 4 años después, requirió extracción dental por enfermedad periodontal y necrosis pulpar. En Perú faltan reportes de pacientes con GT que requieran procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores y menores, dada la baja prevalencia de la enfermedad y las dificultades relacionadas con la cirugía. El reporte de estos casos de éxito cobra relevancia para seguir mejorando la gestión de GT
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INTRODUCTION: The Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) and Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (BSS) are rare hereditary disorders of platelet function. Their treatment often requires platelet transfusion, which can lead to the development of alloantibodies. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aim to develop a strategy for alloantibody detection and to describe the frequency of alloimmunization in a patient population from a single center in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Samples from patients with GT or BSS were tested using the Platelet Immunofluorescence Test (PIFT). If a positive result was obtained, a confirmatory step using the Monoclonal Antibody Immobilization of Platelet Antigens (MAIPA) and Luminex bead-based platelet assay (PAKLx) was executed. MAIN RESULTS: Among 11 patients with GT, we detected the presence of alloantibodies in 5 using PIFT, with confirmation through MAIPA and PAKLx in 2 (1 anti-HLA and 1 anti-HPA), resulting in a frequency of 18.1%. Among 4 patients with BSS, PIFT was positive in 3, with confirmation by MAIPA and PAKLx in 1 (anti-HLA), showing a frequency of 25%. The two patients with anti-HLA antibodies exhibited a panel reactive antibody (PRA-HLA) testing greater than 97%. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the importance of identifying platelet alloimmunization in this patient population. The proposed algorithm for platelet alloantibodies detection allows resource optimization.
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Resumen Objetivo: Reportar el caso de una paciente con trombastenia de Glanzmann que recibe manejo con transfusión de plaquetas con factor VII activado y realizar una revisión de la literatura referente al tratamiento y el pronóstico de esta patología durante la gestación. Método: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 27 años con trombastenia de Glanzmann y embarazo de 33 semanas, con cesárea al término sin complicaciones. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO y ScienceDirect; se incluyeron reportes de caso, series de casos y revisiones bibliográficas hasta 2021. Resultados: Se encontraron 21 artículos, con 23 casos reportados. Los embarazos se presentaron entre la tercera y la cuarta décadas de la vida, siendo la mayoría pacientes con anticuerpos frente a antígenos plaquetarios (43,4% de los casos). El principal manejo fue con transfusión plaquetaria. Conclusiones: La trombastenia de Glanzmann durante el embarazo es infrecuente y se asocia a eventos hemorrágicos. La presencia de anticuerpos frente a antígenos plaquetarios condiciona el manejo con mayor riesgo de complicaciones perinatales. No tiene un enfoque terapéutico unificado, siendo el de elección la transfusión de plaquetas y como segunda línea el factor VII activado.
Abstract Objective: To report the case of a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia who receives management with platelet transfusion with activated factor VII and a literature review regarding the treatment and prognosis of this pathology during pregnancy. Method: We present the case of a 27 year old patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and a 33-week pregnancy, with a cesarean section at term without complications. Medline databases were searched via PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO and ScienceDirect; case reports, case series and bibliographic reviews were included until 2021. Results: A total of 21 articles were found, with 23 reported cases; the pregnancies occurred between the third and fourth decades of life, the majority being patients with anti-platelet antigen antibodies in 43.4% of the cases. The main management was with platelet transfusion. Conclusions: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia during pregnancy is rare and is associated with hemorrhagic events. The presence of anti-platelet antigen antibodies conditions management with a higher risk of perinatal complications. It does not have a unified therapeutic approach, with platelet transfusion being the management of choice and activated factor VII as second line.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/terapia , Trombastenia/terapia , Prognóstico , Trombastenia/diagnóstico , Fator VIIa/uso terapêutico , Transfusão de PlaquetasRESUMO
Introduction Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an autosomal recessive disorder of platelets caused by a deficiency in the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. Bleeding from the skin, mucous membranes, and ecchymosis are symptoms manifested starting in early childhood. There may also be major bleeding conditions as a result of surgical procedures or trauma. The treatment is based on platelet transfusions, antifibrinolytic agents, and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). Objective To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics as well as the main treatment strategies used during bleeding events or procedures for patients diagnosed with GT that required inpatient attention at a university hospital, a referral center specialized in hemostasis, in the city of Bogota. Materials and methods A descriptive retrospective cohort study was done over a period of 10 years that included nine patients over 18 years of age diagnosed with GT. Results A total of 34 admissions were reported, 23 due to bleeding and 11 for scheduled surgery. Some of the admissions for bleeding (38%) (n=13) required surgical procedures. Overall, 23 surgical procedures were done, six of which were classified as major. Seventy-seven percent of the patients were women with a median age of 37. Their most common symptoms were mucosal and genitourinary bleeding. The use of antifibrinolytics was registered in 28 events, followed by the use of platelet transfusion in 19, and the use of rFVIIa in 17. The average hospital stay was eight days. Conclusion The characteristics registered and the treatments established for this cohort of Colombian patients with GT are similar to those reported in other hospitals around the world. GT presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and, therefore, acquiring more knowledge about this pathology is needed within this context.
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Background: Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by platelet function impairment. Considering that the oral cavity is highly vascularized and performing some local hemostatic maneuvers may be difficult, GT patients are at high risk for hemorrhage related to invasive oral procedures. This study aimed to present an alternative method for periodontal surgery in a young GT patient. Case Report: A 15-year-old female GT patient with a recent history of excessive bleeding following dental surgeries was referred to a public dental center, presenting gingival hyperplasia. The procedure was performed using a high-power laser (HPL), and except for local anesthesia with epinephrine, no further hemostatic agent was necessary. Conclusion: According to the case, the HPL seems to be an efficient tool for preventing perioperative bleeding in GT patients submitted to minor oral surgeries(AU)
Introdução: A trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG) é uma doença autossômica recessiva rara caracterizada por comprometimento da função plaquetária. Tendo em vista que a cavidade oral é altamente vascularizada e a realização de algumas manobras hemostáticas locais pode ser difícil, pacientes com TG apresentam alto risco de hemorragia relacionada a procedimentos orais invasivos. Este artigo teve como objetivo apresentar uma técnica alternativa para cirurgia periodontal em um paciente jovem com TG. Relato de Caso: Paciente com TG, sexo feminino, 15 anos, com história recente de sangramento excessivo relacionado a cirurgias odontológicas prévias, foi encaminhada a um centro odontológico público apresentando hiperplasia gengival. O procedimento de remoção foi realizado com laser de alta potência e, com exceção da anestesia local com epinefrina, nenhum outro agente hemostático foi necessário. Conclusão: De acordo com o caso, o laser de alta potência parece ser uma ferramenta eficiente na prevenção de sangramento perioperatório em pacientes com TG submetidos a pequenas cirurgias orais(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Cirurgia Bucal , Trombastenia , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea , Terapia a Laser , Lasers Semicondutores , Hiperplasia GengivalRESUMO
Resumen Las plaquetas tienen un papel central en diferentes escenarios fisiológicos, incluyendo la hemostasia; se unen unas con otras en la agregación plaquetaria, lo cual permite formar un coágulo plaquetario. Para que la agregación sea apropiada se requiere del complejo glicoproteico IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) en la superficie plaquetaria. Toda alteración funcional plaquetaria, hereditaria o adquirida, impide la formación adecuada del coágulo y se manifiesta como hemorragia. Las enfermedades plaquetarias hereditarias son raras y, hasta recientemente, fueron ignoradas. Una de las más reconocidas y estudiadas es la trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG), entidad en la cual el número de plaquetas puede ser normal pero la función está alterada. Es un padecimiento autosómico y recesivo que causa hemorragia de diferente intensidad toda la vida y en la cual el problema radica en precisamente en la GPIIb/IIIa. Las hemorragias son típicamente mucocutáneas: equimosis, púrpura, epistaxis, gingivorragia; menos frecuentes son la hemorragia gastrointestinal, hemartrosis o en sistema nervioso central. La hiperpolimenorrea es común en las mujeres y llega a ser tan importante que amerita transfusiones en la menarca. La TG afecta a todos los grupos étnicos y su prevalencia varía entre 1/40,000 y 1/400,000. A pesar de esta información acerca de la TG en el mundo, hay pocas guías o recomendaciones basadas en la opinión de expertos y experiencias unicéntricas. En México la TG es rara y no se cuenta con una recomendación general para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este documento fue establecer un consenso y hacer sugerencias generales para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Abstract Platelets have a central role in several physiological scenarios including hemostasis. Platelets bind each other during platelet aggregation allowing the proper formation of the clot; to be appropriate, platelet aggregation requires the glycoproteic complex IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa). Every platelet function abnormality both, congenital or acquired, impedes clot formation and favors bleeding episodes. Hereditary platelet abnormalities are rare and, until recently, they were almost ignored. Among these disorders, Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) is a widely recognized abnormality in which platelet counts may be normal, but their function is affected. GT is an autosomal, recessive disease that causes life-long bleeding of different intensity. Main biochemical abnormality resides in GPIIb/IIIa. Bleeding is typically mucocutaneous: easy bruising, purpura, and nose and gum bleeds; less frequently are gastrointestinal bleeds, hemarthrosis, or intracranial. Menorrhagia and hyperpolymenorrhea are common findings in in women and may be the cause of anemia requiring blood transfusions at fertile age. GT affects all ethnic groups and its prevalence ranges between 1/40,000 to 1/400,000. Despite this worldwide information regarding GT, only a few guidelines and recommendations have been published, most of them based on expert opinions. In Mexico, GT is rare and there is not a general recommendation regarding its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this document was to establish a consensus to suggest a general guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of GT in Mexico.
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Introducción: Las plaquetas tienen una función clave en la hemostasia primaria a través de cuatro mecanismos fundamentales: adhesión, agregación, secreción y actividad procoagulante, todos controlados genéticamente por más de 50 genes asociados que han sido identificados. Las manifestaciones clínicas en las alteraciones hereditarias de las plaquetas suelen ser variables; aunque estas alteraciones de la coagulación suelen presentarse con una trombocitopenia notoria, también pueden exhibir trombocitopatías, en las cuales la capacidad hemostática de las plaquetas resulta afectada sin variar su número. Por tanto, existen gran variedad de manifestaciones fenotípicas y mutaciones en relación con la función plaquetaria, algunas de las cuales se explicarán más adelante. Objetivo: Realizar revisión práctica sobre mutaciones plaquetarias hereditarias de baja incidencia y destacar la importancia de su conocimiento, correcto diagnóstico, y tratamiento precoz. Métodos: Se realizó revisión literaria en inglés y españolen MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs y ScienceDirect desde mayo 2019 hasta abril 2020, con el uso de combinación de palabras clave y términos MeSH relacionados con trombastenia, genética médica, hemostasis, agregación plaquetaria, trombopoyesis. Se efectuó análisis y resumen de la bibliografía revisada. Conclusión: Entre las alteraciones hereditarias de las plaquetas se pueden encontrar defectos en todos los mecanismos en que participan; sin embargo, la confirmación diagnóstica sigue siendo complicada por el tiempo y el costo que representa lo que ocasiona diagnósticos inadecuados que impactan en el manejo clínico y la evolución(AU)
Introduction: Platelets have a key role in primary hemostasis through four main mechanisms: adhesion, aggregation, secretion and procoagulant activity, all of these controlled by over 50 associated genes that have been identified. Clinical signs of hereditary platelets alterations are usually variable; even though these disorders of hemostasis generally course with a notorious thrombocytopenia, they also might have thrombocytopathies, in which the hemostatic capacity of platelets is affected without altering its number. According to this, there's a great variety of phenotypic manifestations and mutations that affect platelet function, some of these will be explained later on. Objective: To make a practical review of hereditary platelets mutations that have low incidence in population and to highlight the importance of knowing about them, how to diagnose them and early treatment. Methods: A review of literature in both Spanish and English, was done based on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs and ScienceDirect, during May 2019 and April 2020 using key words and MeSH terms such as thrombasthenia, medical genetics, hemostasis, platelets aggregation, thromopoiesis. Then, an analysis and summary of the reviewed bibliography was carried out. Conclusion: Among the hereditary alterations of platelets, many defects can be found in every mechanism involved; however, diagnostic confirmation is still complicated due to time and cost, causing inaccurate diagnoses that impact on clinic management and evolution(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Coagulação Sanguínea , Transtornos Plaquetários/epidemiologia , Agregação Plaquetária/imunologia , Diagnóstico Precoce , Genética Médica , Hemostasia/genética , Transtornos Plaquetários/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Abstract Introduction Glanzmann thromboasthenia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder caused by a mutation in platelet glycoprotein α-IIb and β3 encoding genes (ITGA2B; 607759 and ITGB3; 173470) in chromosomes I7q21.31 and 17q21.32, respectively, which results in a qualitative or quantitative alteration of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) receptor. Glanzmann thromboasthenia is classified as type I when less than 5% of glycoprotein αIIbβ3 is expressed, and as type II when more than 5% is expressed. Case presentation Description of the perioperative management of a 13-year-old female patient with Glanzmann thromboasthenia who underwent endoscopic anterior bilateral ethmoidectomy. Management was centered on prophylactic platelet transfusion plus the use of tranexamic acid, as well as thromboelastographic determination of hemostasis. There were no bleeding complications during or after the procedure. Conclusiones Pediatric patients with Glanzmann thromboasthenia are at a high risk of perioperastive bleeding. Platelet transfusion is the best prophylactic and therapeutic alternative; however, even in the absence of anti-platelet antibodies, it may not be effective, and viscoelastic testing must be used for assessment during the surgical procedure in order to improve patient safety.
Resumen Introducción La trombastenia de Glanzmann es un trastorno hemorrágico congénito infrecuente, causado por mutación en los genes que codifican las glucoproteínas plaquetarias α-IIb (ITGA2B; 607759) y β3 (ITGB3; 173470) en los cromosomas I7q2i.3i y I7q2i.32, respectivamente, alterando cualitativa o cuantitativamente al receptor plaquetario de integrina αIIbβ3 (glucoproteína IIb/IIIa). La trombastenia de Glanzmann se clasifica como tipo I cuando se expresa menos del 5 % de la glucoproteína αIIbβ3 y como tipo II, cuando es mayor al 5 %. Presentación del caso Se describe el manejo perioperatorio de una paciente de 13 años de edad con trombastenia de Glanzmann, sometida a etmoidectomía anterior bilateral endoscópica. El manejo se centró en la transfusión profiláctica de plaquetas y ácido tranexámico, así como en la evaluación de la hemostasia con tromboelastografía. No hubo complicaciones hemorrágicas durante y después del procedimiento. Conclusiones Los pacientes pediátricos con trombastenia de Glanzmann tienen alto riesgo de hemorragia perioperatoria. La transfusión de plaquetas es la mejor alternativa profiláctica y terapéutica; sin embargo, incluso en ausencia de anticuerpos antiplaquetarios, puede no ser efectiva y debe evaluarse mediante pruebas viscoelásticas durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos para mejorar la seguridad del paciente.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Trombastenia , Fator VIIa , Tromboelastografia , Transfusão de Plaquetas , Deficiência do Fator VII , Doenças Genéticas InatasRESUMO
Angiodysplasia is a frequent cause of persistent gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage in elderly patients. Although GI bleeding isn't the most common manifestation in patients with bleeding disorders, when present, it represents a challenging complication. We describe a 62-year-old patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, who used thalidomide for severe and recurrent GI bleeding. For 6 months, the patient experienced temporary control of GI bleeding with thalidomide in a daily oral dose of 100 mg. The anti-angiogenic effects of thalidomide have recently been explored by several groups, particularly in the management of bleeding from angiodysplasia, including cases with von Willebrand disease. Here, we review the relevant descriptions of the use of thalidomide in this situation, and also discuss potential reasons why we observed only a temporary control of the GI bleeding in our patient, such as the use of low-dose regimen due to limitations posed by thalidomide side effects.
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We report the case of 23-year-old man with mitral valve regurgitation and Glanzmann thrombasthenia, who underwent mechanical mitral valve replacement. Warfarin therapy was devastating, causing bilateral hemothorax, pericardial effusion, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hematuria. Redo mitral valve replacement with a biological prosthesis was required to resolve this critical situation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mitral valve replacement in Glanzmann thrombasthenia, highlighting the danger of oral anticoagulation in this pathology.
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Anticoagulantes/efeitos adversos , Coagulação Sanguínea , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/cirurgia , Valva Mitral/cirurgia , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/induzido quimicamente , Trombastenia/complicações , Varfarina/efeitos adversos , Administração Oral , Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Bioprótese , Coagulação Sanguínea/genética , Remoção de Dispositivo , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/induzido quimicamente , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/instrumentação , Hematúria/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Masculino , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/complicações , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/diagnóstico , Derrame Pericárdico/induzido quimicamente , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/diagnóstico , Desenho de Prótese , Reoperação , Fatores de Risco , Trombastenia/sangue , Trombastenia/diagnóstico , Resultado do Tratamento , Varfarina/administração & dosagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG) es una enfermedad hematológica de baja frecuencia, tiene un patrón de herencia autosómica recesiva. Se caracteriza por alteración de la función plaquetaria. Se puede presentar como petequias, epistaxis, hemorragias gastrointestinales y gingivales. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de género masculino que acude a servicio odontológico universitario anexo a hospital de cuarto nivel por presentar gingivorragia severa y aflojamiento de algunos dientes. El manejo integral del paciente muestra la importancia del trabajo multidisciplinario. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 58-61).
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is a low frequency hematologic disease with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. It is characterized by impaired platelet function. It It can occur as petechiae, epistaxis and gastrointestinal and gingival bleeding. The case of a male patient who attends University Dental Service annex to fourth level hospital for presenting severe gingival bleeding and loosening of some teeth is reported. The integral management of the patient shows the importance of multidisciplinary work. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 58-61).
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Trombastenia , Dente , Universidades , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Epistaxe , Padrões de Herança , Doenças HematológicasRESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG) é uma doença autossômica recessivamente hereditária das plaquetas. Não há nenhum tratamento específico. A transfusão de plaquetas é atualmente o tratamento padrão quando o sangramento não responde a medidas locais e/ou a medicamentos antifibrinolíticos, podendo, entretanto, resultar em aloimunização. O fator VII recombinante ativado (rFVIIa) pode ser usado para evitar a transfusão recorrente de plaquetas. RELATO DE CASO: Apresentamos um tratamento precoce com dose baixa de rFVIIa associada à transfusão de plaquetas em um caso pediátrico (cinco anos de idade), com diagnóstico de TG e apresentando sangramento prolongado durante adenoidectomia eletiva. Uma dose total de 1.200 mg (60 µg.kg-1) de rFVIIa obteve sucesso em estancar o sangramento, o que pode ser aceito como uma dose baixa. CONCLUSÕES: Relatos de casos podem encorajar o uso de tratamento precoce com baixas doses de rFVIIa em hemorragias graves que não estacam a despeito da transfusão de plaquetas e na prevenção de sangramento em procedimentos cirúrgicos em pacientes com TG. Estudos adicionais são necessários para definir a dose mínima eficaz. Portanto, as tentativas para determinar a dose eficaz mais baixa desse composto devem ser incentivadas consideando o resultado deste caso em face de restrições financeiras no sistema de saúde.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an autosomal recessively inherited platelet disorder. There is not any specific treatment. Platelet transfusion is currently the standard treatment when bleeding does not respond to local measures and/or antifibrinolytic treatment, although it may result in alloimmunization. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) might be used to avoid recurrent platelet transfusion. CASE REPORT: We present early treatment with low-dose rFVIIa additional to platelet transfusion in a 5-year-old pediatric case with diagnosis of GT who developed prolonged bleeding under an elective adenoidectomy surgery. A total dose of 1,200 µg (60 µg.kg-1) rFVIIa could successfully stop bleeding, what can be accepted as low dose usage. CONCLUSIONS: Such case reports may encourage the use of early treatment with low doses of rFVIIa in severe bleeds that did not stop despite of platelet transfusion, as well as in preventing bleeding in surgical procedures in patients with GT. Actually, additional studies are needed to define the minimal effective dose and attempts to determine the lowest effective dose may be encouraged by the result of this case, considering financial restrictions in the health care system.
JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La Trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG) es una enfermedad autosómica recesivamente hereditaria de las plaquetas. No hay ningún tratamiento específico. La transfusión de plaquetas es hoy por hoy, el tratamiento estándar cuando el sangramiento no responde a medidas locales y/o a medicamentos antifibrinolíticos, pudiendo sin embargo, resultar en una aloinmunización. El factor VII recombinante activado (rFVIIa) puede ser usado para evitar la transfusión recurrente de plaquetas. RELATO DE CASO: Presentamos aquí un rápido tratamiento con una dosis baja de rFVIIa asociada a la transfusión de plaquetas en un caso pediátrico (5 años de edad), con diagnóstico de TG y presentando un sangramiento prolongado durante la adenoidectomía electiva. Una dosis total de 1.200 mg (60 µg.kg-1) de rFVIIa tuvo éxito al estancar el sangramiento, lo que puede aceptarse como una dosis baja. CONCLUSIONES: Relatos de casos pueden estimular el uso de tratamiento rápido con bajas dosis de rFVIIa en las hemorragias graves que no estancan, pese a la transfusión de plaquetas y a la prevención de sangramiento en los procedimientos quirúrgicos en pacientes con TG. Sin embargo, estudios adicionales se hacen necesarios para definir la dosis mínima eficaz. Por tanto, los intentos para determinar la dosis eficaz más baja de un compuesto tan caro deben ser incentivados debido al resultado de este caso cuando existan restricciones financieras en el sistema de Sanidad.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Masculino , Adenoidectomia , Fator VIIa/uso terapêutico , Transfusão de Plaquetas , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/etiologia , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/terapia , Trombastenia/complicações , Terapia Combinada , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Resumen: La acción de las plaquetas en la hemostasia primaria comprende la adhesión a losvasos sanguíneos afectados, la activación, la secreción del contenido granular, y posteriormente,la agregación plaquetaria para la formación del tapón hemostático primario. Bajo las condicionesfisiológicas de flujo vascular, estos procesos requieren la acción sinérgica de varias proteínasy receptores plaquetarios, como también de agonistas que inducen la activación plaquetaria.Por ello, las mutaciones de los genes que codifican para moléculas y receptores de superficieimplicados en estos procesos darán origen a desórdenes hemorrágicos como la enfermedad devon Willebrand, la trombastenia de Glanzmann, el síndrome de Bernard Soulier y la deficienciade gránulos plaquetarios, entre otros. El diagnóstico de estas enfermedades se realiza medianteensayos de función plaquetaria que simulan los procesos fisiológicos de activación, adhesión,liberación del contenido granular y agregación. Una de las pruebas de función plaquetaria másutilizada es la agregometría. En este artículo de revisión se describe la utilidad de esta prueba parael diagnóstico de desórdenes hemorrágicos hereditarios y del síndrome de la plaqueta pegajosa,un desorden trombótico hereditario caracterizado por hiperagregabilidad. Adicionalmente, se revisa el fundamento de esta prueba, las condiciones preanalíticas, analíticas y posaanaliticas, analiticas y poanaliticas las indicaciones las contraindicaciones y la interpetación de los resultados.
Abstract: The role of platelets in primary hemostasis involves their adherence to sites of vessel injury, activation, secretion of platelet granule content, and finally, aggregation to form the primaryhemostatic plug. Under physiologic conditions of vascular flow, these processes require thesynergistic action of several proteins and platelet receptors, and also the action of physiologicalagonists that stimulate the activation of the platelets. As a result, hereditary mutations of genescodifying for molecules and surface receptors implied in primary hemostasis will be expressedas hemorrhagic disorders, including von Willebrand disease, Glanzmann thrombasthenia,Bernard Soulier syndrome, storage pool diseases, among others. The diagnosis of these diseases is possible through platelet function assays that resemble the physiological processesof activation, adhesion, release of granule content, and aggregation. Platelet aggregometry isone of the most frequently used tests. This review article intends to describe the utility of plateletaggregometry for the diagnosis of hereditary hemostatic disorders and sticky platelet syndrome, a hereditary thrombotic disorder characterized by increased platelet aggregability. In addition, the fundamentals of the test, the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical conditions, the test indications, contraindications and results interpretation are discussed.