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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the psychosocial distress and associated factors in advanced cancer patients consulting at the outpatient Palliative Care Unit at the National Cancer Institute in Mexico City. DESIGN: A retrospective study was conducted using electronic records (June 2015 to December 2016). SAMPLE: A total of 646 patients with advanced cancer during their first visit to the outpatient palliative care unit at the National Cancer Institute in Mexico were evaluated using the Distress Thermometer (DT) and ECOG performance status scores. FINDINGS: Overall, 62% were women, with a median age of 57 years, and married (54.8%). The most frequent diagnosis was gastrointestinal cancer (28.6%), and 38.9% had a functional performance status of ECOG 2. The median DT score was 4.0 (IQR = 2-6), with 56% reporting DT scores ≥4. The three most frequent problems ≥4 were sadness (82.6%), feeling weak (81.2%), worry (79.6%), and <4 were feeling weak (57.7%), fatigue (55.6%), and financial security (52.1%). The variables associated with distress according to the multiple logistic regression analysis were problems with housing (OR = 2.661, 95% CI = 1.538-4.602), sadness (OR = 2.533, 95% CI = 1.615-3.973), transportation (OR = 1.732, 95% CI = 1.157-2.591), eating (OR = 1.626, 95% CI = 1.093-2.417), nervousness (OR = 1.547, 95% CI = 1.014-2.360), and sleep (OR = 1.469, 95% CI = 1.980-2.203). CONCLUSION: The principal factors were related to distress levels, housing problems, transportation issues, and emotional problems such as sadness, nervousness, lower functionality, and younger age. Therefore, psychosocial support is of considerable relevance in palliative care. These findings will help clinicians understand the distress of patients with advanced cancer in palliative care in Latin American countries.

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The physical examination has several stages, one of which is the measurement of body temperature, when it exceeds the physiological values is indicative of some disease or hyperthermia, for this in veterinary medicine the mercury or digital thermometer is commonly used. The objective of this work is to compare if there is a difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer or digital thermometer, as well as to identify if there is a difference between the measurement locations with the infrared thermometer and the mercury column thermometer and digital thermometer. Infrared temperature was evaluated in three places: oral mucosa, pinna and anal or vaginal mucosa (females), then a digital thermometer, followed by mercury, which was used as a reference standard. There was a statistical difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer, when measured on the anal or vaginal mucosa and on the oral mucosa. The infrared thermometer, in the ear, and the digital thermometer did not differ from the mercury thermometer, demonstrating that these present similar values during the temperature measurement. The infrared thermometer proved to be little invasive and fast when compared to the others. However, some limitations were observed in the measurement of body temperature with the infrared thermometer measured in the ear.

O exame físico tem várias etapas, uma delas é a aferição da temperatura corporal, quando ultrapassa os valores fisio-lógicos é indicativo de alguma enfermidade ou hipertermia, para isso na medicina veterinária é comumente utilizado o termô-metro de mercúrio ou o digital. O objetivo desse trabalho é comparar se existe diferença entre o termômetro de mercúrio e o termômetro infravermelho ou termômetro digital, bem como identificar se existe diferença entre os locais de aferição com o termômetro infravermelho e o termômetro de coluna de mercúrio e termômetro digital. Realizava-se a avaliação da tempera-tura com o infravermelho, em três lugares: mucosa oral, pavilhão auricular e mucosa anal ou vaginal (fêmeas), depois termô-metro digital, seguido pelo de mercúrio que foi utilizado como padrão de referência. Observou-se diferença estatística entre o termômetro de mercúrio e o termômetro infravermelho, quando aferido na mucosa anal ou vaginal e na mucosa bucal. Já o termômetro infravermelho, no pavilhão auricular, e o digital não diferiram do termômetro de mercúrio, demonstrando que estes apresentam valores semelhantes durante a aferição de temperatura. O termômetro infravermelho se demonstrou pouco invasivo e rápido quando comparados aos demais. Entretanto foram observadas algumas limitações da mensuração da tempe-ratura corporal com o termômetro infravermelho aferido no pavilhão auricular. Conclui-se que o termômetro infravermelho, utilizado no pavilhão auricular, e o termômetro digital se equivalem ao termômetro de mercúrio e podem ser utilizados em equinos, porém ainda é preciso mais estudos sobre esse tema.

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With a view to reducing stress and discomfort and improving the practicality of making temperature measurements on cats, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a tympanic infrared thermometer (TIT), which is an easy-to-use device for measuring temperatures quickly, comfortably and more hygienically. For this, were selected 120 domestic cats living in Sousa, Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Among them, 100 were normothermic, ten were hypothermic and ten were hyperthermic. None of them had any clinical signs of external or internal otitis. The measurements using the digital thermometer were higher than those using the TIT (P < 0.05), in the normothermic and hyperthermic cats. In the hypothermic cats, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) in mean values from the three types of thermometer. The values obtained using the mercury thermometer did not differ (P ≥ 0.05) from the values obtained using the other thermometers. There was a strong positive correlation in almost all the evaluations between the three thermometers, except for digital versus TIT for hyperthermic cats (r < 0.75). Because of the discrepancy between the values obtained by the TIT and the digital rectal thermometer, we suggest that further studies should be carried out in order to establish a temperature correction table for the TIT, so that it can be better used in veterinary medicine.

Com o objetivo de reduzir o estresse, desconforto e melhorar a praticidade da medição da temperatura em gatos, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de um termômetro timpânico infravermelho (TTI), que é um dispositivo de fácil utilização para medição de temperatura de forma rápida, confortável e higiênica. Para isso, foram selecionados 120 gatos domésticos criados no município de Sousa, Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Dentre eles, 100 eram normotérmicos, dez hipotérmicos e dez hipertérmicos. Nenhum deles apresentava sinais clínicos de otite externa ou interna.

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With a view to reducing stress and discomfort and improving the practicality of making temperature measurements on cats, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a tympanic infrared thermometer (TIT), which is an easy-to-use device for measuring temperatures quickly, comfortably and more hygienically. For this, were selected 120 domestic cats living in Sousa, Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Among them, 100 were normothermic, ten were hypothermic and ten were hyperthermic. None of them had any clinical signs of external or internal otitis. The measurements using the digital thermometer were higher than those using the TIT (P < 0.05), in the normothermic and hyperthermic cats. In the hypothermic cats, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) in mean values from the three types of thermometer. The values obtained using the mercury thermometer did not differ (P ≥ 0.05) from the values obtained using the other thermometers. There was a strong positive correlation in almost all the evaluations between the three thermometers, except for digital versus TIT for hyperthermic cats (r < 0.75). Because of the discrepancy between the values obtained by the TIT and the digital rectal thermometer, we suggest that further studies should be carried out in order to establish a temperature correction table for the TIT, so that it can be better used in veterinary medicine.(AU)

Com o objetivo de reduzir o estresse, desconforto e melhorar a praticidade da medição da temperatura em gatos, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de um termômetro timpânico infravermelho (TTI), que é um dispositivo de fácil utilização para medição de temperatura de forma rápida, confortável e higiênica. Para isso, foram selecionados 120 gatos domésticos criados no município de Sousa, Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Dentre eles, 100 eram normotérmicos, dez hipotérmicos e dez hipertérmicos. Nenhum deles apresentava sinais clínicos de otite externa ou interna.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The physical examination has several stages, one of which is the measurement of body temperature, when it exceeds the physiological values is indicative of some disease or hyperthermia, for this in veterinary medicine the mercury or digital thermometer is commonly used. The objective of this work is to compare if there is a difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer or digital thermometer, as well as to identify if there is a difference between the measurement locations with the infrared thermometer and the mercury column thermometer and digital thermometer. Infrared temperature was evaluated in three places: oral mucosa, pinna and anal or vaginal mucosa (females), then a digital thermometer, followed by mercury, which was used as a reference standard. There was a statistical difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer, when measured on the anal or vaginal mucosa and on the oral mucosa. The infrared thermometer, in the ear, and the digital thermometer did not differ from the mercury thermometer, demonstrating that these present similar values during the temperature measurement. The infrared thermometer proved to be little invasive and fast when compared to the others. However, some limitations were observed in the measurement of body temperature with the infrared thermometer measured in the ear.(AU)

O exame físico tem várias etapas, uma delas é a aferição da temperatura corporal, quando ultrapassa os valores fisio-lógicos é indicativo de alguma enfermidade ou hipertermia, para isso na medicina veterinária é comumente utilizado o termô-metro de mercúrio ou o digital. O objetivo desse trabalho é comparar se existe diferença entre o termômetro de mercúrio e o termômetro infravermelho ou termômetro digital, bem como identificar se existe diferença entre os locais de aferição com o termômetro infravermelho e o termômetro de coluna de mercúrio e termômetro digital. Realizava-se a avaliação da tempera-tura com o infravermelho, em três lugares: mucosa oral, pavilhão auricular e mucosa anal ou vaginal (fêmeas), depois termô-metro digital, seguido pelo de mercúrio que foi utilizado como padrão de referência. Observou-se diferença estatística entre o termômetro de mercúrio e o termômetro infravermelho, quando aferido na mucosa anal ou vaginal e na mucosa bucal. Já o termômetro infravermelho, no pavilhão auricular, e o digital não diferiram do termômetro de mercúrio, demonstrando que estes apresentam valores semelhantes durante a aferição de temperatura. O termômetro infravermelho se demonstrou pouco invasivo e rápido quando comparados aos demais. Entretanto foram observadas algumas limitações da mensuração da tempe-ratura corporal com o termômetro infravermelho aferido no pavilhão auricular. Conclui-se que o termômetro infravermelho, utilizado no pavilhão auricular, e o termômetro digital se equivalem ao termômetro de mercúrio e podem ser utilizados em equinos, porém ainda é preciso mais estudos sobre esse tema.(AU)

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This work proposes a simple device for thermometric titration using a contactless sensor. A low-cost infrared sensor (around $5) was adapted in a disposable, polystyrene vessel for monitoring the temperature to determine the endpoint of neutralization, redox, and complexation titrations, using a homemade syringe pump to titration control. Open-source software was developed to control the device using the Raspberry Pi platform and to perform automatic endpoint determination. The influence of sample volume, the flow rate of titrant, and sensor distance from the solution were evaluated to lower the variation among measurements. The parameters chosen in this regard were 10 mL of sample, 0.8 mL min-1 of titrant solution flow rate, and 3 cm of distance from the sensor to the solution. Results for the determination of the acidity of sauces and the ascorbic acid and calcium content of pharmaceutical products were compared with those from official compendia. The performance of the sensor also was compared with an infrared camera. The proposed method agreed with conventional ones to an extent ranging from 93% to 106%. The robust analytical performance and low cost of the system are essential features that could broaden the use of enthalpimetric analysis in several laboratories.

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To promptly identify mental suffering in low-risk prostate cancer (LRPC) patients, vulnerable to over- and undertreatment, we evaluated the correlation of rapid emotional thermometers (ET) with multidimensional validated structured questionnaires. METHODS: At diagnosis, consecutive LRPC patients underwent five ET domains: emotional suffering, anxiety, depression (DT), revolt and need for help and multidimensional questionnaires: beck anxiety inventory (BAI), beck depression inventory (BDI), beck hopelessness scale, SF36 (physical functioning PF, role limitations due to physical health RP, bodily pain BP, general health perceptions GH, vitality VT, social functioning SF, role limitations due to emotional problems RE and general mental health MH), international index of erectile function and international prostate symptom score (IPSS). RESULTS: Among 30 included patients, mean age 67.4 y (52-74), 20 days after the diagnosis (15-30), mean time to obtain ET 27 s (15-57) and all questionnaires 36.7 min (31-49), ETs showed moderate/strong Spearman correlation among themselves. DT domain displayed the best correlation to most of the multidimensional validated structured questionnaires: moderate to BDI, SF-36 (PF, GH, VT, SF, RE, MH) and IPSS and strong to BAI. CONCLUSION: DT revealed the best correlation to validated structured questionnaires of diverse dimensions with clear potential for quick screening of patients with psychological suffering and in need of further evaluation and support.

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OBJECTIVE: To review new scientific evidence to update the Italian guidelines for managing fever in children as drafted by the panel of the Italian Pediatric Society. STUDY DESIGN: Relevant publications in English and Italian were identified through search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from May 2012 to November 2015. RESULTS: Previous recommendations are substantially reaffirmed. Antipyretics should be administered with the purpose to control the child's discomfort. Antipyretics should be administered orally; rectal administration is discouraged except in the setting of vomiting. Combined use of paracetamol and ibuprofen is discouraged, considering risk and benefit. Antipyretics are not recommended preemptively to reduce the incidence of fever and local reactions in children undergoing vaccination, or in attempt to prevent febrile convulsions in children. Ibuprofen and paracetamol are not contraindicated in children who are febrile with asthma, with the exception of known cases of paracetamol- or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Recent medical literature leads to reaffirmation of previous recommendations for use of antipyretics in children who are febrile.

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Purpose of this study was to develop an early warning system for heat stress in cattle. For this purpose, total of 8 lactating cattle (4 Holstein of which 2 high and 2 low producing, 4 Brown Swiss of which 2 high and 2 low producing) which were raised at Dalaman branch of Agricultural Enterprises Directorate of Turkey were used. Before starting the experiment, adjustment time was given to the cattle to get used to human presence. After animals were accustomed to the human presence, researcher positioned herself in a shaded area where cattle came for shade seeking and skin temperature of cattle was read by infrared thermometer and also rectal temperature was read by using rectal probe.  Temperature readings were taken at 10:00, 13:00 and 16:00.  Study started on July 16 and lasted until August 16 when most of the heat stress is observed. Panting score of the animals were also recorded. Results showed that panting score increased as skin surface temperature increased.  Rectal temperature also increased with panting score. Holstein cattle tended to have higher panting score than Brown Swiss cattle. Results showed that measuring skin surface temperature of cattle by infrared thermometer and observing panting scores could be used to early warn heat stress in cattle.

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Purpose of this study was to develop an early warning system for heat stress in cattle. For this purpose, total of 8 lactating cattle (4 Holstein of which 2 high and 2 low producing, 4 Brown Swiss of which 2 high and 2 low producing) which were raised at Dalaman branch of Agricultural Enterprises Directorate of Turkey were used. Before starting the experiment, adjustment time was given to the cattle to get used to human presence. After animals were accustomed to the human presence, researcher positioned herself in a shaded area where cattle came for shade seeking and skin temperature of cattle was read by infrared thermometer and also rectal temperature was read by using rectal probe.  Temperature readings were taken at 10:00, 13:00 and 16:00.  Study started on July 16 and lasted until August 16 when most of the heat stress is observed. Panting score of the animals were also recorded. Results showed that panting score increased as skin surface temperature increased.  Rectal temperature also increased with panting score. Holstein cattle tended to have higher panting score than Brown Swiss cattle. Results showed that measuring skin surface temperature of cattle by infrared thermometer and observing panting scores could be used to early warn heat stress in cattle.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To compare body temperature measurements using tympanic, skin and digital axillary thermometers. METHOD: Hospitalized or outpatient children from the General Hospital Celaya, ISSSTE Hospital Clinic and General Hospital No. 4 IMSS, and the pediatric private service in Celaya, Guanajuato, from 1 day of life until 16 years old, were recruited over a one month period, after their parents signed the consent form. The order of each institution was selected by simple randomization. Body temperatures were measured in triplicate using tympanic, skin and digital axillary thermometers. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 554 children. The Pearson r between the tympanic and digital axillary thermometers was 0.57 to 0.65, with a positive linear relationship (P<.05); between the skin and the digital axillary thermometers, it was between 0.47 and 0.52 with a positive linearrelationship (P<.05). The intra-observer Kappa for the tympanic thermometer was 0.86, and for the inter-observer was 0.77; for the skin thermometer it was 0.82 and 0.67, respectively, and for the digital axillary thermometer it was 0.86 for intra-observer reliability and 0.78 for inter -observer reliability. CONCLUSION: Tympanic and axillary thermometers showed better precision in measuring the body temperature in children than skin thermometers.

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OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a Distress Thermometer for Parents (DT-P) for chronically ill children and to determine a cutoff score for clinical distress. STUDY DESIGN: Parents of a chronically ill child (0-18 years) were recruited via announcements or were actively approached at the outpatient clinics of the Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center. We modeled the development of the DT-P on the Distress Thermometer used in oncology medical care. The DT-P consists of a thermometer score from 0 (no distress) to 10 (extreme distress) and a problem list (practical, social, emotional, physical, cognitive, and parenting domains). The DT-P was validated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Parenting Stress Index. RESULTS: The mean thermometer score of the 706 participating parents was 3.7 (SD 3.0). The thermometer score and the scores in the practical, emotional, physical, and cognitive problem domains were strongly related to anxiety, depression, and the total score of the HADS (0.55 ≤ r ≤ 0.72). The thermometer score and all problem domain scores were moderately-to-strongly related to the Parenting Stress Index (0.38 ≤ r ≤ 0.63). A cutoff-score of 4 correctly identified 86% of "clinical HADS cases" (sensitivity) and 67% of "nonclinical HADS cases" (specificity). CONCLUSIONS: We developed the DT-P and examined its diagnostic utility in a large sample. The DT-P appeared to be a valid and useful short screening-tool for identifying parental distress.

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Introducción: En los últimos años han aparecido nuevos métodos para medir la temperatura en niños, como el termómetro digital ótico. Siendo este un método más rápido para medir la temperatura y por lo tanto ideal para el servicio de urgencias, es necesario conocer su confiabilidad. Objetivo: Comparar los valores de temperatura corporal que entrega el termómetro ótico digital con los termómetros de mercurio axilar y rectal. Pacientes y Método: Se efectuó la medición de la temperatura en 50 pacientes menores de 5 años elegidos al azar, que consultaron en el Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital de Niños y Cunas de Viña del Mar. Se les midió la temperatura con un termómetro digital ótico al lado izquierdo y derecho, y las temperaturas axilar derecha y rectal con termómetros de mercurio. EL análisis de los resultados se efectuó en el grupo estudiado, separado en dos grupos, menores y mayores de 6 meses. Resultados: Los resultados entre ambos subgrupos fueron los mismos. La temperatura media rectal obtenida fue 0,414°C más alta que la media ótica derecha (p < 0,001) y 0,438°C más alta que la temperatura media ótica izquierda (p < 0,001). Conclusión: El termómetro ótico digital entrega una temperatura significativamente más baja que la que entregan los termómetros de mercurio axilar y rectal.

Background: In recent years, otic thermometers to measure body temperature in children have become increasingly popular as they reflect changes in body temperature sooner than other thermometers. The have become valuable assets in hospital emergency rooms; however, their accuracy and reliability need further studies. Objective: To compare corporal temperature readings between an otic thermometer and mercury axillary and rectal thermometers. Patients and Method: 50 patients under the age of 5, who were treated at the emergency room of our hospital, were randomly chosen to participate in this study. Temperature was measured on their right and left ears using an otic thermometer, and their rectal and right axillary temperature was taken using mercury thermometers. Patients were separated into 2 subgroups for comparison, children under and over 6 months old. Results: The results between the 2 subgroups were very similar. The average temperature obtained by rectal thermometers was 0.414°C higher than the average right-ear temperature (p < 0.001) and 0.438°c higher than the average left-ear temperature (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The otic thermometer's reading is significantly lower than the one obtained using mercury rectal and axillary thermometers.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Evidências apontam que cerca de metade dos pacientes com câncer apresentam altos níveis de estresse, condição que ainda permanece pouco diagnosticada e tratada. Este estudo piloto visou investigar a utilização do instrumento Termômetro de Estresse (TE) aplicando-o a pacientes idosos em vigência de tratamento quimioterápico, de forma a identificar possíveis fatores preditivos de estresse nessa população. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 40 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, portadores de neoplasia sólida ou hematológica, em tratamento quimioterápico nos serviços vinculados à Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. Estes responderam ao TE e a questionários para avaliação de qualidade de vida, atividades da vida diária, escala de sintomas relacionados à quimioterapia, escala de depressão geriátrica, mini-exame do estado mental e mini-avaliação nutricional. RESULTADOS: A pontuação média do TE foi de 4,20, sendo que 65% dos pacientes apresentaram alto nível de estresse (pontuação de corte maior ou igual a 4). Verificou-se a correlação do TE ao Questionário de Atividades Instrumentais de Lawton (p = 0,035), à Escala de Sintomas de Edmonton (p = 0,043) e à Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (p = 0,030). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes idosos em tratamento quimioterápico sofrem de estresse, que pode estar relacionado à diminuição da capacidade de desenvolver atividades instrumentais da vida diária, aos próprios sintomas do regime quimioterápico e à manifestação de sintomas de depressão.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Up to half of all cancer patients experience clinically significant levels of stress and much of this stress goes unrecognized and untreated. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the Distress Thermometer (DT) in elderly patients undergoing chemotherapy in oncology services related to the School of Medicine of ABC and to identify possible predictors. METHOD: We randomly selected 40 patients aged over 65 years with hematologic or solid tumors undergoing chemotherapy treatment. They were asked to respond to the DT and questionnaires for assessing quality of life, activities of daily living, symptoms related to chemotherapy, geriatric depression scale, mini-mental state and mini-nutritional assessment. RESULTS : Regarding the DT, the average score was 4.20 and 26 patients (65% of total) had scores above 4 (the optimal DT cutoff score). In the correlation analysis, we obtained a correlation of TD to the questionnaires of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (p= 0.035), Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (p =0.043) and Geriatric Depression Scale (p=0.030). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients undergoing chemotherapy suffer from stress that can be related to the decline in their ability to develop instrumental daily activities, to the symptoms related to the chemotherapy and to the development of depression symptoms.

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A utilização do termômetro de raios infravermelhos para a aferição da temperatura timpânica em animais tem se tornado uma alternativa prática na clínica veterinária. Em ovinos, a mensuração da temperatura timpânica não foi suficientemente comparada com a aferição da temperatura retal. Este estudo avaliou a equivalência entre a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 16 ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Durante a coleta de dados, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram monitoradas e não houve correlação entre estas e a temperatura corporal. A análise da equivalência, pelo método da diferença entre as temperaturas, resultou em temperaturas timpânicas mais baixas (entre 35 e 36,9ºC, para ambos os ouvidos) que a temperatura retal (entre 39 e 38ºC). Os limites de concordância das comparações entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas timpânicas foram acima do valor pré-estabelecido. A localização anatômica dos locais aferidos e o tipo de termômetro contribuíram para as diferenças de temperatura. A temperatura retal e a temperatura timpânica foram independentes, sugerindo não haver equivalência entre ambas.

The use of infrared thermometers to obtain the tympanic temperature in animals has become a convenient alternative in veterinarian medicine practice. In sheep, tympanic and rectal temperatures have not yet been compared enough. This study evaluated the equivalence between the tympanic and the rectal temperatures in sixteen Santa Ines sheep. During data collection, air temperature and humidity were monitored and there was no discernible correlation between these and the ovine body temperature. The analysis of the equivalence, as measured by the method of the difference amongst temperatures, resulted in lower tympanic temperature (between 35 and 36.9ºC, for both ears) than the rectal temperature (between 38 and 39ºC). The agreement limit of the comparisons between the rectal and tympanic temperatures was above values established previously in the literature. The anatomical site used for the temperature measurement and the type of thermometer used contributed to these temperature differences. The rectal and tympanic temperatures were independent, suggesting that there is no equivalence between them.

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The use of infrared thermometers to obtain the tympanic temperature in animals has become a convenient alternative in veterinarian medicine practice. In sheep, tympanic and rectal temperatures have not yet been compared enough. This study evaluated the equivalence between the tympanic and the rectal temperatures in sixteen Santa Ines sheep. During data collection, air temperature and humidity were monitored and there was no discernible correlation between these and the ovine body temperature. The analysis of the equivalence, as measured by the method of the difference amongst temperatures, resulted in lower tympanic temperature (between 35 and 36.9°C, for both ears) than the rectal temperature (between 38 and 39°C). The agreement limit of the comparisons between the rectal and tympanic temperatures was above values established previously in the literature. The anatomical site used for the temperature measurement and the type of thermometer used contributed to these temperature differences. The rectal and tympanic temperatures were independent, suggesting that there is no equivalence between them.

A utilização do termômetro de raios infravermelhos para a aferição da temperatura timpânica em animais tem se tornado uma alternativa prática na clínica veterinária. Em ovinos, a mensuração da temperatura timpânica não foi suficientemente comparada com a aferição da temperatura retal. Este estudo avaliou a equivalência entre a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 16 ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Durante a coleta de dados, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram monitoradas e não houve correlação entre estas e a temperatura corporal. A análise da equivalência, pelo método da diferença entre as temperaturas, resultou em temperaturas timpânicas mais baixas (entre 35 e 36,9°C, para ambos os ouvidos) que a temperatura retal (entre 39 e 38°C). Os limites de concordância das comparações entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas timpânicas foram acima do valor pré-estabelecido. A localização anatômica dos locais aferidos e o tipo de termômetro contribuíram para as diferenças de temperatura. A temperatura retal e a temperatura timpânica foram independentes, sugerindo não haver equivalência entre ambas.

RESUMO

The use of infrared thermometers to obtain the tympanic temperature in animals has become a convenient alternative in veterinarian medicine practice. In sheep, tympanic and rectal temperatures have not yet been compared enough. This study evaluated the equivalence between the tympanic and the rectal temperatures in sixteen Santa Ines sheep. During data collection, air temperature and humidity were monitored and there was no discernible correlation between these and the ovine body temperature. The analysis of the equivalence, as measured by the method of the difference amongst temperatures, resulted in lower tympanic temperature (between 35 and 36.9°C, for both ears) than the rectal temperature (between 38 and 39°C). The agreement limit of the comparisons between the rectal and tympanic temperatures was above values established previously in the literature. The anatomical site used for the temperature measurement and the type of thermometer used contributed to these temperature differences. The rectal and tympanic temperatures were independent, suggesting that there is no equivalence between them.

A utilização do termômetro de raios infravermelhos para a aferição da temperatura timpânica em animais tem se tornado uma alternativa prática na clínica veterinária. Em ovinos, a mensuração da temperatura timpânica não foi suficientemente comparada com a aferição da temperatura retal. Este estudo avaliou a equivalência entre a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 16 ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Durante a coleta de dados, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram monitoradas e não houve correlação entre estas e a temperatura corporal. A análise da equivalência, pelo método da diferença entre as temperaturas, resultou em temperaturas timpânicas mais baixas (entre 35 e 36,9°C, para ambos os ouvidos) que a temperatura retal (entre 39 e 38°C). Os limites de concordância das comparações entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas timpânicas foram acima do valor pré-estabelecido. A localização anatômica dos locais aferidos e o tipo de termômetro contribuíram para as diferenças de temperatura. A temperatura retal e a temperatura timpânica foram independentes, sugerindo não haver equivalência entre ambas.

RESUMO

A clinical thermometer of infrared rays was used twice to record consecutively the temperature of the tympanic membrane in each ear and in the anus of 53 dogs. Temperatures did not differ significantly between organs, and were strongly correlated. The anal temperature measurement with an infrared thermometer in dogs is feasible and trustworthy, as well as the thermal checking of tympanic temperature.(AU)

Utilizou-se um termômetro clínico de emissão de raios infravermelhos para medir, duas vezes consecutivas, a temperatura da membrana timpânica de cada ouvido e duas vezes a temperatura no ânus de 53 cães. Não houve diferença entre as temperaturas quanto ao órgão estudado e a correlação entre as temperaturas foi alta. Em cães, a medida da temperatura anal com o termômetro clínico de emissão de raios infravermelhos é rápida e confiável tanto quanto a da temperatura timpânica.(AU)

Assuntos