RESUMO
It is commonly known-and previous studies have indicated-that time appears to last longer during unpleasant situations. This study examined whether a reciprocal statement can be made-that is, whether changes in the perception of time can influence our judgment (or rating) of a negative event. We used a temporal illusion method (Pomares et al. Pain 152, 230-234, 2011) to induce distortions in the perception of time. Two stimuli were presented for a constant time: a full clock, which stayed on the screen until its clock hand completed a full rotation (360°); and a short clock, in which the clock hand moved just three-quarters of the way (270°), thus suggesting a reduced interval duration. However, both stimuli were shown for the same amount of time. We specifically investigated (a) whether we could induce a temporal illusion with this simple visual manipulation, and (b) whether this illusion could change participants' ratings of a painful stimulus. In Experiment I (n = 22), to answer (a) above, participants were asked to reproduce the duration in which the different clocks were presented. In Experiment II (n = 30), a painful thermal stimulation was applied on participants' hands while the clocks were shown. Participants were asked to rate the perceived intensity of their pain, and to reproduce its duration. Results showed that, for both experiments, participants reproduced a longer interval after watching the full clock compared with the short clock, confirming that the clock manipulation was able to induce a temporal illusion. Furthermore, the second experiment showed that participants rated the thermal stimuli as less painful when delivered with the short clock than with the full clock. These findings suggest that temporal distortions can modulate the experience of pain.
Assuntos
Ilusões , Percepção do Tempo , Animais , Percepção do Tempo/fisiologia , Dor/veterináriaRESUMO
Resumen Estudios recientes han evaluado los efectos psicofisiológicos del estrés agudo, la respiración diafragmática (RD) y la estimulación térmica cutánea. El paradigma Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) se ha utilizado como prueba de laboratorio para inducir estrés; sin embargo, no cuenta con una fase de reversiva activa de los efectos que induce. La presente investigación tuvo dos objetivos: 1) evaluar el efecto de la RD sobre la actividad autonómica simpática y la respuesta inflamatoria después del TSST para revertir sus efectos cardiovasculares; y 2) explorar el efecto de la estimulación térmica para inhibir la actividad autonómica durante y después del TSST. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental de medidas repetidas para cada objetivo. Participaron 22 estudiantes universitarios, normotensos y clínicamente sanos divididos en dos subgrupos de 11 participantes cada uno. Se aplicaron medidas psicométricas de distrés psicológico (PHQ-4, PC-PTSD), se registró su presión arterial, su tasa cardiaca, su temperatura nasal y en el dedo de la mano izquierda, así como una muestra salival de interleucina 6 (citoquina asociada a procesos inflamatorios sensible a la alteración física y afectiva del organismo). Aunque se igualaron las características sociodemográficas, debido al horario de registro de la presión arteiral en cada grupo y el periodo escolar de cada participante, las muestras no fueron comparables entre sí por lo que los datos se analizaron por separado para cada objetivo: al primer grupo se le administró el protocolo de TSST y después se les instruyó un ejercicio de RD; mientras que el segundo grupo sostuvo con las manos una compresa térmica a una temperatura aproximada de 41°C durante y después del TSST. Los resultados sugirieron que la RD disminuyó la actividad autonómica, pero no la inflamatoria; mientras que el grupo con estimulación térmica inhibió la actividad autonómica durante y después del TSST. Estos hallazgos se discuten en el contexto de la Teoría Polivagal como estrategias psicológicas para disminuir e inhibir los efectos psicofisiológicos del estrés agudo.
Abstract Recent studies have evaluated the psychophysiological effects of acute stress, diaphragmatic breathing (DB) and cutaneous thermal stimulation. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) paradigm has been used as a laboratory test to induce stress; however, it does not have an active reversal phase of the effects it induces. The present investigation had two objectives: 1) to evaluate the effect of DB on autonomic activity and inflammatory response after TSST; and 2) explore the effect of thermal stimulation to inhibit autonomic activity during and after TSST. A quasi-experimental design of repeated measures was used for each objective. Twenty-two university students, normotensive and clinically healthy participated. Psychometric measures of psychological distress (PHQ-4, PC-PTSD) were applied, their blood pressure, heart rate, nasal temperature and on the finger of the left hand were recorded, as well as a salivary sample of interleukin 6 (inflammatory sensitive cytokine to the physical and affective alteration of the organism). They were divided into two sub-groups of 11 participants each. The first group he was administered the TSST protocol and then they were instructed an DB exercise; while the second group held with their hands a thermal compress at a temperature of about 41 ° C during and after the TSST. The results suggested that DR decreased autonomic activity, but not inflammatory activity; while the group with thermal stimulation inhibited the autonomic activity during and after the TSST. These findings are discussed in the context of the Polivagal Theory as psychological strategies to diminish and inhibit the psychophysiological effects of acute stress.
RESUMO
Objetivo: determinar si existe evidencia científica que avale la efectividad de la estimulación térmica (ET) en la recuperación de la función motora, cuando se adiciona a un tratamiento convencional en pacientes pos accidente cerebrovascular (ACV). Estratégia de búsqueda: se incluyeron en la búsqueda estudios clínicos aleatorizados, las bases de datos usadas fueron: Medline, PEDro, Lilacs, Central, Cinahl y Rehabilitation & Sport Medicine Source. Selección de estudios: se seleccionaron cinco artículos que cumplían con nuestros criterios de elegibilidad y se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo según el método de Cochrane. Síntesis de resultados: todos los estudios muestran que la ET en combinación a un programa de rehabilitación física mejora significativamente (p<0,05) a corto plazo el movimiento y función. Conclusión: en pacientes con ACV agudo moderado a severo, existe evidencia a corto plazo que adicionar ET a un programa de rehabilitación física convencional facilita la recuperación motora comparado con un programa de visita.
Aim: Determine if there is scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of Thermal Stimulation (TS) on recovery of motor function, when added to conventional therapy in patients with stroke. search strategy: Included only Randomized Clinical Trials, databases were used: Medline, PEDro, Lilacs, Central, Cinahl and Rehabilitation & Sport Medicine Source. Selection of Studies: Five studies that met our eligibility criteria and the risk of bias are evaluated according to the method of Cochrane. Summary of results: All studies show that TS in combination to a physical rehabilitation program significantly improved (p <0.05) in the short-term movement and function. Conclusion: In acute stroke patients with moderate to severe, there is evidence that short-term TS added to a conventional physical rehabilitation program facilitate motor recovery compared to a visit program.
Assuntos
Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Pessoas com Deficiência , Trombose IntracranianaRESUMO
Crotalfina é um novo peptídeo analgésico que atua em receptores opioides kappa e delta promovendo potente analgesia em ratos submetidos a modelos de dor inflamatória, neuropática ou oncológica. Talvez a crotalfina possa ser utilizada para tratar a dor em outras espécies. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta nociceptiva na região escapular e isquiática de cavalos tratados com crotalfina, morfina, U50-488H ou fenilbutazona e submetidos à estimulação térmica na pele íntegra. Dezoito cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe foram alocados em cinco grupos experimentais: GC (5mL NaCl 0,9%), GCRO (3,8mg.kg-1 crotalfina), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0,1mg.kg-1 morfina) e GF (4,4mg.kg-1 fenilbutazona). Os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de dor inflamatória por meio de estimulação térmica (140°C) e durante 24h avaliou-se a latência para o reflexo do frêmito cutâneo na região escapular (LRFCesc) e isquiática (LRFCisq). O U50-488H apresentou efeito antinociceptivo na região isquiática por duas horas, porém, nos demais momentos do grupo GK, bem como nos grupos GC, GCRO, GM e GF, não foi observado efeito antinociceptivo, visto que a LRFCesc e a LRFCisq na pele íntegra de cavalos não aumentaram em 24 horas de avaliação. Portanto, a crotalfina, a morfina, o U50-488H e a fenilbutazona não produziram efeito antinociceptivo relevante em equinos submetidos à estimulação térmica em pele íntegra.
Crotalphine is a novel analgesic peptide that acts on kappa and delta opioid receptors providing powerful analgesia in rats submitted to inflammatory, neuropathic or oncologic pain model. Maybe crotalphine can be used to treat pain in other species. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate nociceptive response at scapular and isquiatic region of horses treated with crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H or phenylbutazone and submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin. Eighteen Arabian horses were allocated in five experimental groups: GC (5mL NaCl 0.9%), GCRO (3.8ng.kg-1 crotalphine), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0.1mg.kg-1 morphine) and GP (4.4mg.kg-1 phenylbutazone). Animals were submitted to inflammatory pain model by thermal stimulation (140°C) and during 24h latency to skin twitch at scapular and isquiatic region were evaluated. The U50-488H produced antinociceptive effect at isquiatic region along two hours, but, in other moments of GK and in the other groups there was not antinociceptive effect, because LRFCesc and LRFCisq in complete skin of horses did not increase during 24h evaluation. Thus, crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H and phenylbutazone did not cause relevant antinociceptive effect in horses submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin.
RESUMO
Crotalphine is a novel analgesic peptide that acts on kappa and delta opioid receptors providing powerful analgesia in rats submitted to inflammatory, neuropathic or oncologic pain model. Maybe crotalphine can be used to treat pain in other species. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate nociceptive response at scapular and isquiatic region of horses treated with crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H or phenylbutazone and submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin. Eighteen Arabian horses were allocated in five experimental groups: GC (5mL NaCl 0.9%), GCRO (3.8ng.kg-1 crotalphine), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0.1mg.kg-1 morphine) and GP (4.4mg.kg-1 phenylbutazone). Animals were submitted to inflammatory pain model by thermal stimulation (140°C) and during 24h latency to skin twitch at scapular and isquiatic region were evaluated. The U50-488H produced antinociceptive effect at isquiatic region along two hours, but, in other moments of GK and in the other groups there was not antinociceptive effect, because LRFCesc and LRFCisq in complete skin of horses did not increase during 24h evaluation. Thus, crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H and phenylbutazone did not cause relevant antinociceptive effect in horses submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin.
Crotalfina é um novo peptídeo analgésico que atua em receptores opioides kappa e delta promovendo potente analgesia em ratos submetidos a modelos de dor inflamatória, neuropática ou oncológica. Talvez a crotalfina possa ser utilizada para tratar a dor em outras espécies. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta nociceptiva na região escapular e isquiática de cavalos tratados com crotalfina, morfina, U50-488H ou fenilbutazona e submetidos à estimulação térmica na pele íntegra. Dezoito cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe foram alocados em cinco grupos experimentais: GC (5mL NaCl 0,9%), GCRO (3,8mg.kg-1 crotalfina), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0,1mg.kg-1 morfina) e GF (4,4mg.kg-1 fenilbutazona). Os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de dor inflamatória por meio de estimulação térmica (140°C) e durante 24h avaliou-se a latência para o reflexo do frêmito cutâneo na região escapular (LRFCesc) e isquiática (LRFCisq). O U50-488H apresentou efeito antinociceptivo na região isquiática por duas horas, porém, nos demais momentos do grupo GK, bem como nos grupos GC, GCRO, GM e GF, não foi observado efeito antinociceptivo, visto que a LRFCesc e a LRFCisq na pele íntegra de cavalos não aumentaram em 24 horas de avaliação. Portanto, a crotalfina, a morfina, o U50-488H e a fenilbutazona não produziram efeito antinociceptivo relevante em equinos submetidos à estimulação térmica em pele íntegra.
RESUMO
Crotalphine is a novel analgesic peptide that acts on kappa and delta opioid receptors providing powerful analgesia in rats submitted to inflammatory, neuropathic or oncologic pain model. Maybe crotalphine can be used to treat pain in other species. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate nociceptive response at scapular and isquiatic region of horses treated with crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H or phenylbutazone and submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin. Eighteen Arabian horses were allocated in five experimental groups: GC (5mL NaCl 0.9%), GCRO (3.8ng.kg-1 crotalphine), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0.1mg.kg-1 morphine) and GP (4.4mg.kg-1 phenylbutazone). Animals were submitted to inflammatory pain model by thermal stimulation (140°C) and during 24h latency to skin twitch at scapular and isquiatic region were evaluated. The U50-488H produced antinociceptive effect at isquiatic region along two hours, but, in other moments of GK and in the other groups there was not antinociceptive effect, because LRFCesc and LRFCisq in complete skin of horses did not increase during 24h evaluation. Thus, crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H and phenylbutazone did not cause relevant antinociceptive effect in horses submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin.
Crotalfina é um novo peptídeo analgésico que atua em receptores opioides kappa e delta promovendo potente analgesia em ratos submetidos a modelos de dor inflamatória, neuropática ou oncológica. Talvez a crotalfina possa ser utilizada para tratar a dor em outras espécies. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta nociceptiva na região escapular e isquiática de cavalos tratados com crotalfina, morfina, U50-488H ou fenilbutazona e submetidos à estimulação térmica na pele íntegra. Dezoito cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe foram alocados em cinco grupos experimentais: GC (5mL NaCl 0,9%), GCRO (3,8mg.kg-1 crotalfina), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0,1mg.kg-1 morfina) e GF (4,4mg.kg-1 fenilbutazona). Os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de dor inflamatória por meio de estimulação térmica (140°C) e durante 24h avaliou-se a latência para o reflexo do frêmito cutâneo na região escapular (LRFCesc) e isquiática (LRFCisq). O U50-488H apresentou efeito antinociceptivo na região isquiática por duas horas, porém, nos demais momentos do grupo GK, bem como nos grupos GC, GCRO, GM e GF, não foi observado efeito antinociceptivo, visto que a LRFCesc e a LRFCisq na pele íntegra de cavalos não aumentaram em 24 horas de avaliação. Portanto, a crotalfina, a morfina, o U50-488H e a fenilbutazona não produziram efeito antinociceptivo relevante em equinos submetidos à estimulação térmica em pele íntegra.
RESUMO
Crotalphine is a novel analgesic peptide that acts on kappa and delta opioid receptors providing powerful analgesia in rats submitted to inflammatory, neuropathic or oncologic pain model. Maybe crotalphine can be used to treat pain in other species. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate nociceptive response at scapular and isquiatic region of horses treated with crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H or phenylbutazone and submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin. Eighteen Arabian horses were allocated in five experimental groups: GC (5mL NaCl 0.9%), GCRO (3.8ng.kg-1 crotalphine), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0.1mg.kg-1 morphine) and GP (4.4mg.kg-1 phenylbutazone). Animals were submitted to inflammatory pain model by thermal stimulation (140°C) and during 24h latency to skin twitch at scapular and isquiatic region were evaluated. The U50-488H produced antinociceptive effect at isquiatic region along two hours, but, in other moments of GK and in the other groups there was not antinociceptive effect, because LRFCesc and LRFCisq in complete skin of horses did not increase during 24h evaluation. Thus, crotalphine, morphine, U50-488H and phenylbutazone did not cause relevant antinociceptive effect in horses submitted to thermal stimulation in complete skin.
Crotalfina é um novo peptídeo analgésico que atua em receptores opioides kappa e delta promovendo potente analgesia em ratos submetidos a modelos de dor inflamatória, neuropática ou oncológica. Talvez a crotalfina possa ser utilizada para tratar a dor em outras espécies. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta nociceptiva na região escapular e isquiática de cavalos tratados com crotalfina, morfina, U50-488H ou fenilbutazona e submetidos à estimulação térmica na pele íntegra. Dezoito cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe foram alocados em cinco grupos experimentais: GC (5mL NaCl 0,9%), GCRO (3,8mg.kg-1 crotalfina), GK (160 µg.kg-1 U50-488H), GM (0,1mg.kg-1 morfina) e GF (4,4mg.kg-1 fenilbutazona). Os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de dor inflamatória por meio de estimulação térmica (140°C) e durante 24h avaliou-se a latência para o reflexo do frêmito cutâneo na região escapular (LRFCesc) e isquiática (LRFCisq). O U50-488H apresentou efeito antinociceptivo na região isquiática por duas horas, porém, nos demais momentos do grupo GK, bem como nos grupos GC, GCRO, GM e GF, não foi observado efeito antinociceptivo, visto que a LRFCesc e a LRFCisq na pele íntegra de cavalos não aumentaram em 24 horas de avaliação. Portanto, a crotalfina, a morfina, o U50-488H e a fenilbutazona não produziram efeito antinociceptivo relevante em equinos submetidos à estimulação térmica em pele íntegra.