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Background: Adaptive behavior is an important characteristic of people with intellectual disabilities, and it has been associated with a person's performance in social and work contexts. Indeed, adaptive behavior denotes what a person does independently, without help, support, reminders, or prompts. In Peru, available measures of adaptive behavior are commercial; thus, there is a need for an open-access tool to assess the adaptive behavior of people with intellectual disabilities. For this reason, the aim of the study was to design and develop a new Adaptive Behavior Test Battery for people from 13 to 60 years old with intellectual disabilities who have an interest in being part of the economically active population. Methods: A cross-sectional design was defined, starting with a qualitative approach to designing and constructing the item pool for the test battery. Then, quantitative indexes Aiken's V for content validity and Krippendorff's alpha for inter-observer reliability were estimated, resulting in a first version of the three subscales that comprised the test battery. The initial versions were tested on a sample of 566 persons with intellectual disabilities from two regions of Peru: Lima (Coast) and San Martín (Jungle). The internal structure was analyzed under a factor analysis approach, along with internal consistency measures of reliability. Further analyses of invariance regarding gender, region, and age were carried out. Results: Three observer subscales were proposed: Daily living activities (11 items), Instrumental skills (4 items), and Communication (9 items). All subscales showed excellent psychometric properties denoted by the Aiken's V coefficient, Krippendorff's alpha, factor analysis, internal consistency analysis, and invariance analyses. Conclusion: The developed a new Adaptive Behavior Test Battery is a useful tool for the measurement of adaptive behavior and the monitoring of social and labor inclusion programs for people with intellectual disabilities.

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Serological tests detect antibodies generated by infection or vaccination, and are indispensable tools along different phases of a pandemic, from early monitoring of pathogen spread up to seroepidemiological studies supporting immunization policies. This work discusses the development of an accurate and affordable COVID-19 antibody test, from production of a recombinant protein antigen up to test validation and economic analysis. We first developed a cost-effective, scalable technology to produce SARS-COV-2 spike protein and then used this antigen to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis allowed optimizing the cut-off and confirmed the high accuracy of the test: 98.6% specificity and 95% sensitivity for 11+ days after symptoms onset. We further showed that dried blood spots collected by finger pricking on simple test strips could replace conventional plasma/serum samples. A cost estimate was performed and revealed a final retail price in the range of one US dollar, reflecting the low cost of the ELISA test platform and the elimination of the need for venous blood sampling and refrigerated sample handling in clinical laboratories. The presented workflow can be completed in 4 months from first antigen expression to final test validation. It can be applied to other pathogens and in future pandemics, facilitating reliable and affordable seroepidemiological surveillance also in remote areas and in low-income countries.

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Abstract Background: Personality disorder (PD) is an important predictor of the commission of crimes; however, there is a lack of clinical instruments adjusted to the characteristics of Peruvian convicts. Objective: To develop a reliable and valid comprehensive personality measurement instrument, the Integrative Dimensional Personality Inventory, ICD-11 version (IDPI-11), according to the standards of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Method: A stratified simple of prisoners from the Huancayo Penitentiary (HP) was selected (n study 1 = 60; n study 2 = 1095). Results: High reliability indices(McDonald's _ _ .73) and adequate levels of content validity(CVI-S ≥ .87), construct validity, and criterion validity of the scales were found. This could explain the probability (a) of belonging to the group of inmates with instrumental or impulsive crimes (R2 N ≥ .52, OR ≥ 1.02, p ≤ .021), and (b) that recidivism, designated by the prison security level imposed, increases (R2≥ .53, β ≥ 1.16, p ≤ .008). Conclusions: The instrument is a valid and reliable measure that allows a dimensional and integrative assessment of the personality of convicts of the HP, according to ICD-11 standards

Resumen Antecedentes: el trastorno de la personalidad (TP) es un predictor importante en la comisión de delitos; sin embargo, existe una ausencia de instrumentos clínicos para las características del convicto peruano. Objetivo: desarrollar un instrumento de medición integral de la personalidad confiable y válido, el Inventario Integrativo de Personalidad Dimensional versión CIE-11 (IDPI-11), según los estándares de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11). Método: se utilizó una muestra estratificada de reclusos del Establecimiento Penitenciario de Huancayo (EPH) (n estudio 1 = 60; n estudio 2 = 1095). Resultados: se encontraron altos índices de confiabilidad (ω de McDonald ≥ .73) y niveles adecuados de validez de contenido (CVI-S ≥ .87), constructo y criterio de sus escalas, pudiendo explicar la probabilidad de: (a) pertenecer al grupo de internos con delitos instrumentales o impulsivos (R2≥ .52, OR ≥ 1.02, p ≤ .021);y(b) que la tendencia a reincidir, designada por el grado de seguridad penitenciaria impuesto, aumente (R2 ≥ .53, β ≥ 1,16, p ≤ .008). Conclusiones: el instrumento construido es una medida válida y confiable que permite una evaluación dimensional e integrada de la personalidad del convicto de la EP de Huancayo, de acuerdo con los estándares de la CIE-11.

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There are few instruments with good validity and reliability for evaluating body image in children. In this study we aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale for Brazilian children. In Study 1, we developed 53 items on the basis of a literature review, previous body image scales and qualitative study. We developed the item format and response options and developed instructions for both researchers and participants. In Study 2, we used 10 experts and 21 boys and girls aged 7-11 years (M = 8.25 years, SD = 1.70) to evaluate item content and semantics. The scale went through further refinement, leading to the exclusion of some items and the modification of others. In Study 3, we analyzed the instrument's psychometric properties in 571 girls (M = 9.17 years of age, SD = 1.23) and 597 boys (M = 9.32 years, SD = 1.24) from all over Brazil, using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses with independent samples. The scale's final version for females was composed of 17 items divided into five factors; and the final male version included 13 items and two factors. Both versions presented satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, and these scales can now be used reliably with 7-11 year old Brazilian children.

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Resumo A resiliência tem sido considerada um construto importante para o enfrentamento de situações adversas. Em que pese sua relevância, nenhum instrumento brasileiro encontra-se disponível para sua avaliação, especialmente na infância. Diante dessa lacuna, o objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna e na precisão do instrumento Marcadores de Resiliência Infantil (MRI), que busca verificar a presença ou ausência de indicadores de potenciais resilientes em crianças com idades entre oito e 12 anos. Participaram 461 crianças, das quais 223 eram meninas, de escolas públicas e particulares. Através do modelo Bi-factor, os resultados confirmaram o modelo teórico que serviu de base para sua construção, indicando a presença de seis fatores específicos e um fator geral (vulnerabilidade, coping, inteligência emocional, habilidade, bem-estar subjetivo, locus de controle) representados em 22 itens. Os coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach apontaram para adequação dos fatores Locus de controle, Coping e Total. É possível concluir que foram alcançadas evidências iniciais relacionadas à validade e à precisão do instrumento. Sugere-se que outros estudos sejam realizados a fim de compreender, de forma aprofundada, as qualidades psicométricas desse instrumento.(AU)

Abstract Resilience has been considered a relevant psychological phenomenon for coping with adverse events. Despite its relevance, the Brazilian scenario still lacks an instrument for the evaluation of such phenomenon, especially regarding childhood. Aiming to bridge this scientific gap, this study searched for validity evidences based on the internal structure and reliability of the Child Resilience Markers (CRM), an instrument that seeks to verify the presence or absence of potential indicators of resilience in children aged between eight and 12 years old. The study was conducted with 461 children from public and private schools, 223 of whom were girls. Using the Bi-Factor model, the results confirmed the theoretical model that served as the basis for the construction of the instrument, indicating six specific factors (vulnerability, coping, emotional intelligence, ability, subjective well-being, locus of control) and a general factor represented into 22 items. Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated the adequacy of the Locus of control, Coping, and Total factors. These findings evince the validity and reliability of the instrument, indicating the need for further studies to provide a deeper understanding of this instrument psychometric qualities.(AU)

Resumen La resiliencia se ha considerado un constructo importante para el enfrentamiento de situaciones adversas. A pesar de su relevancia, ningún instrumento brasileño se encuentra disponible para evaluarla, especialmente en la infancia. Ante esta brecha, el objetivo de este estudio fue buscar evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna y la exactitud del instrumento Marcadores de Resiliencia Infantil (MRI), que pretende verificar la presencia o ausencia de indicadores de potencial de la resiliencia en niños de edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 años. Participaron 461 niños, de los cuales 223 son niñas, de escuelas públicas y privadas. Por medio del modelo Bi-Factor, los resultados confirmaron el modelo teórico que sirvió de base para su construcción, indicando la presencia de seis factores específicos y un factor general (vulnerabilidad, afrontamiento, inteligencia emocional, capacidad, bienestar subjetivo, locus de control) representados en 22 ítems. Los coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach apuntaron a la adecuación de los factores Locus de control, Coping y Total. Es posible concluir que se han alcanzado evidencias iniciales relacionadas con la validez y exactitud del instrumento. Se sugiere realizar más estudios para conocer, en profundidad, las cualidades psicométricas de este instrumento.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: The Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME) has been used to detect subtle cognitive changes in clinically normal older adults at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. FNAME assesses learning and delayed recall for face-name pairs. The aim of this study is to introduce a Latin American Spanish version of the FNAME (LAS-FNAME), examine its psychometric properties, and provide preliminary normative data in a sample of clinically normal, Spanish-speaking individuals from Antioquia, Colombia. METHOD: 59 clinically-normal individuals (71% females) were recruited by the Grupo de Neurociencias in Antioquia (Colombia). Age ranged from 27 to 82 years (M = 50.31, SD = 15.32) and years of education ranged from 2 to 17 years (M = 9.02, SD = 4.11). All participants completed the LAS-FNAME and a brief neuropsychological evaluation. We examined associations between age, education, and sex and performance on the LAS-FNAME. Internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity were also assessed. Test-restest reliability was computed for a subset of participants (n = 32). RESULTS: LAS-FNAME exhibited moderate convergent validity with other memory measures (Free and Cued Selective Reminding Scale, rs=.465, p<.01; Wechsler Memory Scale III - Logical Memory Delayed Recall, rs=.479, p<.01). The subscales of the LAS-FNAME exhibited adequate internal consistency (α=.825). Test-retest reliability analyses demonstrated consistency of scores over time. Normative data was stratified by age (<50, 50-65, >65) and low and high educational attainment (≤8 and >8 years of education, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The LAS-FNAME is a valid and reliable measure to assess memory in clinically normal, Spanish-speaking individuals from Colombia for clinical and research purposes.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study is to develop the Moral Identity Test (MIT) which measures the moral identity of primary school children. METHODS: The present study was designed as survey research and 516 primary school children were included in the sample. Data were analysed with corrected item-total correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal consistency analysis, convergent validity analysis, and item response theory (IRT). RESULTS: As a result of the data analysis, it was found that the MIT consists of one construct with ten items and its internal consistency coefficient is .93. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the MIT can generate reliable and valid results in measuring the moral identity of primary school children whose ages vary between 7 and 11 years.

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Abstract Background The purpose of the present study is to develop the Moral Identity Test (MIT) which measures the moral identity of primary school children. Methods The present study was designed as survey research and 516 primary school children were included in the sample. Data were analysed with corrected item-total correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal consistency analysis, convergent validity analysis, and item response theory (IRT). Results As a result of the data analysis, it was found that the MIT consists of one construct with ten items and its internal consistency coefficient is .93. Conclusions It was concluded that the MIT can generate reliable and valid results in measuring the moral identity of primary school children whose ages vary between 7 and 11 years.

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Child development is complex and includes multiple domains, such as cognition, communication and language, motor skills, socialization, and emotional development. The objective of this paper was to present the development process of the Dimensional Inventory of Child Development Assessment (IDADI) and evidence of its content validity. IDADI was conceived to assess child development of children from zero to 72 months of age through parental reports covering Cognitive, Motor (Gross and Fine), Communication and Language (Receptive and Expressive), Socioemotional and Adaptive Behavior domains. The development process involved: description of the theoretical foundation; development of the preliminary version of the instrument; expert item analysis; semantic analysis of the items by the target population; and a pilot study. The initial item pool had 2,365 items and the final version consisted of 524, after exclusions, modifications and additions. The stages of development led to changes in most of the items. This process is considered to have ensured IDADI's content validity. Thus, it is believed that IDADI will contribute to child development assessment in Brazil in clinical and research contexts. (AU)

O desenvolvimento infantil é complexo e compreende múltiplos domínios, como cognição, comunicação e linguagem, motricidade, socialização e desenvolvimento emocional. O objetivo desse artigo foi apresentar o processo de construção do Inventário Dimensional de Avaliação do Desenvolvimento Infantil (IDADI) e suas evidências de validade de conteúdo. O IDADI foi elaborado para avaliar o desenvolvimento infantil de zero até 72 meses de idade por meio do relato parental, abrangendo os domínios Cognitivo, Motricidade (Ampla e Fina), Comunicação e Linguagem (Receptiva e Expressiva), Socioemocional e Comportamento Adaptativo. O processo envolveu: fundamentação teórica; construção da versão preliminar; análise dos itens por juízes especialistas; análise semântica dos itens pela população-alvo; e estudo piloto. Partiu-se de um pool de 2.365 itens, chegando-se a uma versão de 524 após exclusões, modificações e inserções de itens. As etapas da construção determinaram mudanças em grande parte dos itens. Considera-se que esse processo garantiu a validade de conteúdo do instrumento. Espera-se que o IDADI contribua à área de avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil no Brasil, tanto no contexto da pesquisa como na clínica. (AU)

El desarrollo infantil es complejo y comprende múltiples dominios, como cognición, comunicación y lenguaje, motricidad, socialización y desarrollo emocional. El objetivo de este artículo fue presentar el proceso de construcción del Inventario Dimensional de la Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil (IDADI) y sus evidencias de validez de contenido. IDADI fue concebido para evaluar el desarrollo infantil de cero hasta 72 meses de edad a través del informe parental, englobando los dominios Cognitivo, Motor (Grueso y Fino), Comunicación y Lenguaje (Receptivo y Expresivo), Socioemocional y Comportamiento Adaptativo. El proceso englobó fundamentación teórica; desarrollo de la versión preliminar del instrumento; análisis de los ítems por expertos; análisis semántico de los ítems por la población-objetivo; y estudio piloto. El grupo inicial de ítems tenía 2.365 ítems y la versión final consistía en 524, después de exclusiones, modificaciones y adiciones. Las etapas de desarrollo determinaron cambios en la mayoría de los ítems. Se considera que este proceso ha asegurado la validez del contenido del IDADI. Esperamos que IDADI pueda contribuir a la evaluación del desarrollo infantil en Brasil en contextos clínicos y de investigación. (AU)

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Accurate assessment of dating violence (DV) is crucial for evaluation and intervention planning. However, extant self-report measurement tools of DV do not adequately consider age-, generation-, and culture-specific issues, which are essential for its accurate conceptualization. To address these gaps, we developed the Violence in Adolescents' Dating Relationships Inventory (VADRI) and evaluated its psychometric properties. The VADRI was developed based on a qualitative approach for item development through adolescents' individual interviews, focus groups, and experts' judgments, followed by a quantitative approach for tool assessment. Two aspects of DV were addressed: victimization and perpetration. After the necessary cultural and linguistic adaptation of items, the instrument was administered to 466 adolescents from three Spanish-speaking countries: Guatemala, Mexico, and Spain. The items were best represented by a one-factor solution in each country, which suggests that DV is a unidimensional construct combining victimization and perpetration. Analyses of item-level factor weights and differential item functioning were conducted aimed at obtaining information about items that best represented the construct, resulting in a 26-item final version that was cross-culturally equivalent. Convergent validity was supported by positive correlations with the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory, and reliability analyses yielded favorable results (with all Cronbach's α values above .90). We conclude that the VADRI is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of DV in various cultural contexts.

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This study aimed to develop a dimensional instrument to assess personality disorders based on Millon's theoretical perspective and on DSM-IV-TR diagnoses criteria, and seek validity evidence based on internal structure and reliability indexes of the factors. In order to do that, a self-report test composed of 215 items, the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (DCPI) was developed and applied to 561 respondents aged between 18 and 90 years (M = 28,8; SD = 11.4), with 51.8% females. Exploratory factor analysis and verification of reliability were performed using Cronbach's alpha. Data provided validity evidence based on internal structure of the instrument according to the theory of Millon and DSM-IV-TR. (AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um instrumento de caráter dimensional para avaliação dos transtornos da personalidade baseado na teoria de Millon e nos critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV-TR, e buscar evidências de validade com base na estrutura interna e índices de fidedignidade dos fatores. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido e aplicado um teste de autorrelato composto por 215 itens, o Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade (IDCP), em 561 pessoas com idade variando entre 18 e 90 anos (M=28,8; DP=11,4), sendo 51,8% do sexo feminino. Procedeu-se a análises fatoriais exploratórias e verificação da fidedignidade por meio do alfa de Cronbach. Os dados encontrados favorecem as evidências de validade do instrumento de acordo com a teoria de Millon e o DSM-IV-TR. (AU)

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Shame and guilt are terms easily mixed in everyday life and often used as synonyms. Although they are words of similar use, they represent theoretically different moral emotions. The aims of this study were to develop and validate instruments to assess shame and guilt and to test the empirical independence of the constructs. Five hundred and eighty high school students from three Brazilian states participated in this study, 55% of them female, with an average age of 16.0 years. The participants answered a questionnaire containing socio demographic questions and scales designed for this study in order to assess shame and guilt. The scales developed gave appropriate evidence of validity and reliability. A single factor was extracted to assess shame and two factors to assess guilt (recognition of mistake and regret). The constructs revealed to be correlated, but independent. It is considered that there is sufficient evidence to affirm that shame and guilt are emotions with distinctive peculiarities and can be measured using the instruments developed in this research.

Vergonha e culpa são termos facilmente confundidos no cotidiano e muitas vezes usados como sinônimos. Embora sejam palavras com usos semelhantes, elas representam emoções morais teoricamente diferentes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram construir e validar instrumentos para avaliar vergonha e culpa e testar a independência empírica dos construtos. Participaram 580 estudantes de Ensino Médio de três Estados brasileiros, 55% do sexo feminino, média de idade 16,0 anos. Os participantes responderam a um questionário com perguntas sociodemográficas e escalas projetadas para este estudo para aferir vergonha e culpa. As escalas elaboradas apresentaram adequadas evidências de validade e fidedignidade. Um único fator foi extraído para aferir vergonha e para a culpa foram extraídos dois fatores (reconhecimento do erro e arrependimento). Os construtos mostraram-se correlacionados, mas independentes. Considera-se haver evidências suficientes para sustentar que vergonha e culpa são emoções com peculiaridades distintivas e são passíveis de serem aferidas com os instrumentos construídos neste estudo.

Vergüenza y culpa son términos que se confunden fácilmente en la vida cotidiana y muchas veces son utilizados como sinónimos. Aunque sean palabras con propósitos similares, representan emociones morales teóricamente diferentes. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron construir y validar instrumentos para evaluar vergüenza y culpa y testar la independencia empírica de los constructos. Participaron 580 estudiantes del secundario en tres Estados brasileños, 55% mujeres, edad promedia 16,0 años. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario con preguntas demográficas y las escalas creadas en este estudio para evaluar vergüenza y culpa. Las escalas elaboradas presentaron evidencias adecuadas de validez y confiabilidad. Un único factor para evaluar vergüenza fue extraído y para culpa fueron dos factores (reconocimiento de erros y arrepentimiento). Los constructos se mostraran correlacionados, pero independientes. Se considera haber pruebas suficientes para sostener que vergüenza y culpa son emociones que demuestran peculiaridades distintivas e que pueden medirse con los instrumentos construidos en esta investigación.

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Shame and guilt are terms easily mixed in everyday life and often used as synonyms. Although they are words of similar use, they represent theoretically different moral emotions. The aims of this study were to develop and validate instruments to assess shame and guilt and to test the empirical independence of the constructs. Five hundred and eighty high school students from three Brazilian states participated in this study, 55% of them female, with an average age of 16.0 years. The participants answered a questionnaire containing socio demographic questions and scales designed for this study in order to assess shame and guilt. The scales developed gave appropriate evidence of validity and reliability. A single factor was extracted to assess shame and two factors to assess guilt (recognition of mistake and regret). The constructs revealed to be correlated, but independent. It is considered that there is sufficient evidence to affirm that shame and guilt are emotions with distinctive peculiarities and can be measured using the instruments developed in this research.(AU)

Vergonha e culpa são termos facilmente confundidos no cotidiano e muitas vezes usados como sinônimos. Embora sejam palavras com usos semelhantes, elas representam emoções morais teoricamente diferentes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram construir e validar instrumentos para avaliar vergonha e culpa e testar a independência empírica dos construtos. Participaram 580 estudantes de Ensino Médio de três Estados brasileiros, 55% do sexo feminino, média de idade 16,0 anos. Os participantes responderam a um questionário com perguntas sociodemográficas e escalas projetadas para este estudo para aferir vergonha e culpa. As escalas elaboradas apresentaram adequadas evidências de validade e fidedignidade. Um único fator foi extraído para aferir vergonha e para a culpa foram extraídos dois fatores (reconhecimento do erro e arrependimento). Os construtos mostraram-se correlacionados, mas independentes. Considera-se haver evidências suficientes para sustentar que vergonha e culpa são emoções com peculiaridades distintivas e são passíveis de serem aferidas com os instrumentos construídos neste estudo.(AU)

Vergüenza y culpa son términos que se confunden fácilmente en la vida cotidiana y muchas veces son utilizados como sinónimos. Aunque sean palabras con propósitos similares, representan emociones morales teóricamente diferentes. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron construir y validar instrumentos para evaluar vergüenza y culpa y testar la independencia empírica de los constructos. Participaron 580 estudiantes del secundario en tres Estados brasileños, 55% mujeres, edad promedia 16,0 años. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario con preguntas demográficas y las escalas creadas en este estudio para evaluar vergüenza y culpa. Las escalas elaboradas presentaron evidencias adecuadas de validez y confiabilidad. Un único factor para evaluar vergüenza fue extraído y para culpa fueron dos factores (reconocimiento de erros y arrepentimiento). Los constructos se mostraran correlacionados, pero independientes. Se considera haber pruebas suficientes para sostener que vergüenza y culpa son emociones que demuestran peculiaridades distintivas e que pueden medirse con los instrumentos construidos en esta investigación.(AU)

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This paper aims to present the process of construction and content validity of the Brazilian Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Neupsilin, developed to briefly examine the neuropsychological profile of both clinical and healthy populations. It evaluates time and spatial orientation, attention, perception, memory, arithmetic abilities, language, praxia and executive functions (problem solving and verbal fluency). The process of construction was based on psychometric procedures: 1) construction of a preliminary version of the instrument, founded on clinical and research experience of the three specialists, as well as on research on the literature and on already available instruments; 2) blind judges' analyses: a) an analysis of the importance of the inclusion of each subtest considering the assessed construct and the instrument's goal, b) an analysis of the adequacy of each item regarding the construct; 3) reformulation of the instrument; 4) semantic analysis of the items and brainstorming; 5) final analysis done by three specialist judges; 6) pilot study and final version, and 7) content validity. Modifications were done in each stage of the development of the Neupsilin. It demonstrated adequate content validity, with advantages and limitations.