RESUMO

This research investigates discrimination against suspected Islamic terrorists based on tolerance for the use of torture. This research is justified by the need to identify how intergroup and ideological factors combine to express discrimination. Two experimental studies were conducted with a between-subjects design. Study 1 (N = 282) analysed the terrorist threat against the ingroup and the nationality of torturers with respect to support for torture against suspected Islamic terrorists. Study 2 (N = 165) analysed the interaction among terrorist threat against the ingroup and perceived threat (realistic and symbolic) as moderators in the relationship between RWA and discrimination. Study 1 indicated that support for torture was greater when the victims of terrorist acts and the torturers belonged to the ingroup. Study 2 indicated that the perceived threat encourages support for the use of torture, regardless of the levels of RWA. Taken together, these results elucidate the psychosocial processes that are present in the hostility towards social minorities from predominantly Muslim countries and in the strengthening of xenophobic political positions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O artigo demonstra que as respostas dadas aos ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001 nos Estados Unidos potencializaram a rearticulação das forças em torno de posturas em defesa de políticas neoconservadoras e totalitárias, da extrema-direita radical e de seus representantes. A metodologia adotada para a reconstrução histórica norteou-se pela pesquisa em material veiculado pelos meios de comunicação naquele período. O ocorrido revelou, manifestou e desenvolveu potenciais de controle jurídico-político e militar sobre os indivíduos e as coletividades, recrudescendo a democracia. Isso significou a recuperação de ingredientes neofascistas, a prática de formular acusações e fazer insinuações sem ter provas, as fobias e aversões de variadas nuanças e, de modo geral, a propagação da violência, que se expressam na questão social e na atuação profissional. As respostas dadas ao ocorrido revelaram interesses da indústria de experimentos em armamentos com tecnologia intensiva, confirmando-se como uma forma de resistência capitalista

The article demonstrates that the responses to the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States intensified the rearticulation of forces around positions defending neoconservative and totalitarian policies, radical far-right ideologies, and their representatives. The methodology employed for historical reconstruction was guided by research on media materials from that period. The event revealed, manifested, and developed potential legal-political and military controls over individuals and communities, undermining democracy. This fact entailed the resurgence of neo-fascist elements, the practice of formulating accusations and insinuations without evidence, phobias, and aversions of various shades, and, overall, the propagation of violence, which manifests itself in the social question and professional conduct. The responses to the event revealed interest in the weapons experimentation industry with intensive technology, confirming itself as a form of capitalist resistance

Assuntos

RESUMO

Terrorist organizations have compelled security authorities of every nation to make an increasingly significant commitment toward mitigating the risk of mass casualties and severe financial and property damages. As a result, various security measures have been implemented, including the use of advanced equipment and an uptick in intelligence activities. One of the most effective tools that has yielded outstanding results is the use of explosive detection dogs (EDDs). The nature of EDDs demands a high level of sensitivity given the inherent danger and severity of real threat situations that may involve the risk of explosion. Moreover, the operating procedures for EDDs are unique and distinguishable from other forms of detection. We conducted a review to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject, highlighting the EDDs' personality profile, selection, training methods, performance, and employment, incorporating insights from diverse fields, conducting an analysis, and presenting a perspective on using EDDs to prevent explosion threats.

RESUMO

This paper evaluates how the July 2005 London terrorist attacks affected Muslim teenagers' education plans and decisions. The attacks triggered a violent backslash against the Muslim community, which could have affected their incentives to continue in full-time education. I examine panel data on educational attitudes from the "Next Steps" Survey in England and use the month the survey was administered to divide individuals into treatment and control groups. I find that the attacks negatively affected the education plans of Muslims, but not those of any other major religious group. The probability of planning to continue in non-compulsory full-time education decreased by around 4.4% points for Muslims after the attacks. This corresponds to a 69% increase in individuals who were not sure whether to continue or drop out of full-time education. However, this change in plans appears to be a temporary reaction, since it did not affect students' actual decisions two years later.

RESUMO

The scientific article analyses modern terrorist threats in the territory of Ukraine, associated with the active use of financial assets, the latest technologies and innovative financial instruments, in particular cryptocurrencies. The positive experience of legislative initiatives and advanced practices of several foreign countries in combatting the legalisation of funds by illegal means and the financing of terrorism is highlighted. The problems of implementation of state policy in this sphere are revealed. Based on this, ways of improving the system of fighting terrorism in Ukraine on the international and national levels have been determined. It was concluded that the basis of the state policy in the field of combatting terrorism during the period of martial law and in the post-war period in Ukraine should be the development of the Strategy for Combatting Terrorism in Ukraine, which should take into account both the best world practices and the modern realities of waging war in the conditions of supporting terrorism with financial infusions.

El artículo científico analiza las amenazas terroristas modernas en el territorio de Ucrania, asociadas al uso activo de activos financieros, las últimas tecnologías e instrumentos financieros innovadores, en particular las criptodivisas. Se destaca la experiencia positiva de las iniciativas legislativas y las prácticas avanzadas de varios países extranjeros en la lucha contra la legalización de fondos por medios ilegales y la financiación del terrorismo. Se ponen de manifiesto los problemas de aplicación de la política estatal en este ámbito. Se concluye que la base de la política estatal en el ámbito de la lucha contra el terrorismo durante el período de la ley marcial y en el período de posguerra en Ucrania debe ser el desarrollo de la Estrategia de Lucha contra el Terrorismo en Ucrania, que debe tener en cuenta tanto las mejores prácticas mundiales y las realidades modernas de hacer la guerra en las condiciones de apoyo al terrorismo con infusiones financieras.

O artigo científico analisa as ameaças terroristas modernas no território da Ucrânia, associadas ao uso ativo de ativos financeiros, às tecnologias mais recentes e aos instrumentos financeiros inovadores, em especial as criptomoedas. A experiência positiva de iniciativas legislativas e práticas avançadas de vários países estrangeiros no combate à legalização de fundos por meios ilegais e ao financiamento do terrorismo é destacada. Os problemas de implementação da política estatal nessa esfera são revelados. Com base nisso, foram determinadas formas de aprimorar o sistema de combate ao terrorismo na Ucrânia em nível internacional e nacional. Concluiu-se que a base da política do Estado no campo do combate ao terrorismo durante o período da lei marcial e no período pós-guerra na Ucrânia deve ser o desenvolvimento da Estratégia de Combate ao Terrorismo na Ucrânia, que deve levar em conta tanto as melhores práticas mundiais quanto as realidades modernas de guerra nas condições de apoio ao terrorismo com infusões financeiras.

Assuntos

RESUMO

No cenário das expressões do sofrimento psíquico contemporâneo, os atos terroristas são recortados como veículos privilegiados da violência urbana, sendo examinados no campo de operação da sublimação, em sua relação com a angústia e com a pulsão de morte, no âmbito da sublimação da agressividade. Impõem-se uma peculiaridade essencial da ocorrência terrorista: seu estatuto de espetáculo, em seu atravessamento pela mídia, destacando-se sua repercussão eminentemente visual. Como a pulsão de saber é tributária de duas pulsões parciais, a pulsão escopofílica e a pulsão de dominação, a exposição recorrente ao fascínio de "ver" remete à capacidade de pensar, potencializando-se a operação de uma das vertentes do arcaico, mais facilmente reativada nessas circunstâncias

En el escenario de las expresiones del sufrimiento psíquico contemporáneo, los actos terroristas se acotan como vehículos privilegiados de la violencia urbana, siendo examinados en el campo en que actúa la sublimación, en su relación con la angustia y la pulsión de muerte, en el ámbito de la sublimación de la agresividad. Es necesario considerar una peculiaridad esencial del acto terrorista: su estatuto de espectáculo en su paso por los medios de comunicación, destacando su repercusión eminentemente visual. Como el pulsión del saber es consecuencia de dos pulsiones parciales, el pulsión escopofilica y el de dominación, la exposición recurrente a la fascinación de "ver" aplaza la capacidad de pensar, potenciando el funcionamiento de una de las vertientes de lo arcaico, más fácilmente reactivada en esas circunstancias

In the scenario of the expressions of contemporary psychic suffering, terrorist acts are limited as privileged vehicles of urban violence, being examined in the field of operation of sublimation, in its relation to anguish and death drive, in the scope of the sublimation of aggressiveness. It ́s required to consider an essential peculiarity of the terrorist occurrence: its status of spectacle, in its crossing by the media, highlighting its eminently visual repercussion. As the drive of knowledge is resulting from two partial drives, the scopophilic drive and the drive of domination, the recurrent exposure to the fascination of "seeing" delays the ability to think, potentiating the operation of one of the archaic sides, more easily reactivated in these circumstances

Dans le scénario des expressions de la souffrance psychique contemporaine, les actes terroristes sont définis comme des véhicules privilégiés de la violence urbaine, étant examinés dans le domaine de l'opération de sublimation, dans sa relation avec l'angoisse et la pulsion de mort, plus précisément, dans le contexte de la sublimation de l'agressivité. Une particularité essentielle de l'événement terroriste s'impose: le statut de spectacle qui lui est conféré, dans son traversée par les médias, dans lequel il se demarque sa répercussion éminemment visuelle. Comme la pulsion de savoir est tributaire de deux pulsions partiels, la pulsion scopophile et la pulsion de domination, l'exposition récurrente à la fascination de «voir¼ nous mener à la capacité même de penser, potentialisant le fonctionnement d'un des aspects de l'archaïque, plus facilement réactivé dans ces circonstances

Assuntos

RESUMO

Well-integrated and productive communities are an asset to the development and advancement of our nation, and they have an important role to play in planning, learning, and enforcing safety to enhance national and border security. REACH (Resilience, Education, Action, Commitment, and Humanity) is a community-based project housed at The University of Texas at El Paso that aims to prevent targeted violence and domestic terrorism in El Paso County. We integrated three frameworks (i.e., Whole Community Preparedness, Socio-Ecological Model, and Global Citizen Education) to involve local residents in efforts to combat and mitigate targeted violence. REACH had two goals: to (1) prevent targeted violence and domestic terrorism through education, outreach, and community capacity-building aimed at identifying and deterring radicalization (primary prevention) and (2) reduce the short-term and long-term impact and prevent re-occurrence of targeted violence and domestic terrorism (secondary and tertiary prevention). Overall, our project served 8,934 participants directly and reached many more through our media cavmpaigns and outreach efforts during our 2 years of project implementation (2021-2023). Our project design may serve as an implementation model for other community-based projects on the U.S.-Mexico border and can be replicated with other target populations in the U.S. Insights and lessons learned from this project are discussed.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Using the recent 2016 National Survey on Household Dynamics (N = 98,768 heterosexual Mexican women currently married, cohabiting, separated, divorced, or dating with a noncohabiting partner), this study has three objectives: first, to assess the prevalence of different intimate partner violence (IPV) dynamics, including situational couple's violence (SCV), intimate terrorism (IT), and violent resistance (VR); second, to empirically operationalize VR; and, third, to study women's help-seeking behaviors in public institutions, whether these are associated with violent dynamics and the type of responses offered by public institutions. Descriptive and multivariate logistic analyses show that, in the year prior to the survey, 5.8% of women experienced SCV, 1.2% IT and 0.6% VR. SCV is the most prevalent, but separated and divorced women are involved in IT and VR to a greater extent. Only 8.3% of females involved in IPV sought formal help from public institutions. Help seeking from public institutions is contingent upon violent dynamics and sociodemographic characteristics. Law enforcement and public security institutions fail to accept all IPV complaints and investigate them (especially in the case of VR), perhaps because women who seek help do not meet the social representation of battered women. The need to educate civil servants and service providers on the different dynamics of IPV, and recommendations for guaranteeing women greater access to public institutions that might be instrumental in putting an end to the violence are discussed in the Mexican context.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sports mega-events, such as the Olympic Games or the Super Bowl, are attractive targets for terrorist organizations, due to their visibility, size, and number of people involved. Two characteristics of sports mega-events, however, make them distinctive in comparison with other well-studied target protection problems in counterterrorism analysis (such as transportation hubs or infrastructure facilities). First, defensive measures are often publicly known. Second, their finite horizon means that deterrence against any attack must be prioritized. In this article we thus propose a method that identifies the best portfolio of defensive measures the defense may adopt, given a fixed budget, to minimize the chances of suffering a terrorist attack during a sports mega-event. The method makes some relevant contributions to adversarial risk analysis: (i) it represents attackers that can choose among multiple attack scenarios and the no-attack scenario; (ii) it measures the deterrence effect caused by synergic portfolios of defensive measures; and (iii) it proposes an algorithm that identifies dominated portfolios and may, thus, overcome the scalability problems inherent to this portfolio optimization. We apply this method to a real-world defense problem, revisiting the defensive countermeasure planning for the 2016 Brazilian Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the case study, we find a nonlinear relationship between budget expenditure and deterrence, as well as a decreasing marginal effectiveness use of resources after a given budget threshold, which would support a more efficient allocation of investments in the Games defense.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El conflicto armado en Colombia se ha caracterizado por la presencia de grupos al margen de la ley, quienes utilizan las minas antipersona como unas de sus armas principales. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en evaluar estadísticamente los casos relacionados con las víctimas de minas antipersona en Colombia entre 1990 y 2020. El proceso investigativo se generó a partir de los datos suministrados por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz, y se empleó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple y distribución de frecuencia. Se encontró que el 60.5% de las estadísticas relacionadas con las minas antipersona se asocian a personal militar vinculado a las Fuerzas Militares, además que en el 19.7% de los incidentes con dichas armas la persona afectada pierde su vida, y también que el 10.2% de los casos reportados corresponden a menores de edad. Igualmente, se halló que en los departamentos de Antioquia, Meta, Nariño y Caquetá se presentaron el mayor número de hechos. Se concluye que el país debe dar su máximo esfuerzo para erradicar del territorio las minas que aún están sembradas, y trabajar junto con la Comunidad Internacional y los exguerrilleros reintegrados a la sociedad con el fin de promover un país libre de minas.

The armed conflict in Colombia has been characterized by the presence of illegal groups, who use landmines as one of their main weapons. The objective of this research was to statistically evaluate the cases related to landmine victims in Colombia between 1990 and 2020. The research process was generated from data provided by the Office of the High Commissioner for Peace, and a multiple correspondence and frequency distribution analysis was used. It was found that 60.5% of the statistics related to antipersonnel mines are associated with military personnel linked to the Armed Forces, and that in 19.7% of the incidents involving these weapons the affected person loses his or her life, and also that 10.2% of the reported cases correspond to minors. It was also found that the departments of Antioquia, Meta, Nariño and Caquetá had the highest number of incidents. It is concluded that the country must make its maximum effort to eradicate the mines that are still planted in the territory, and work together with the international community and the ex-guerrillas reintegrated into society in order to promote a mine-free country.

O conflito armado na Colômbia tem sido caracterizado pela presença de grupos armados ilegais, que utilizam minas terrestres como uma de suas principais armas. O objetivo desta pesquisa era avaliar estatisticamente os casos relacionados às vítimas de minas terrestres na Colômbia entre 1990 e 2020. O processo de pesquisa foi gerado a partir de dados fornecidos pelo Alto Comissariado para a Paz, e foi utilizada uma análise de correspondência múltipla e distribuição de freqüência. Constatou-se que 60,5% das estatísticas relacionadas às minas antipessoais estão associadas a militares ligados às Forças Armadas, e que em 19,7% dos incidentes envolvendo essas armas, a pessoa afetada perde a vida, e que 10,2% dos casos relatados correspondem a menores. Também foi constatado que os departamentos de Antioquia, Meta, Nariño e Caquetá tiveram o maior número de incidentes. Conclui-se que o país deve fazer o máximo para erradicar as minas que ainda estão plantadas no território e trabalhar junto com a comunidade internacional e os ex-guerrilheiros reintegrados à sociedade para promover um país livre de minas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen El terrorismo yihadista se ha convertido en uno de los grandes retos a los que debe hacer frente nuestra sociedad en el siglo XXI. Para profundizar en su conocimiento, se han propuesto numerosas teorías acerca del proceso de radicalización que lleva a los individuos a emplear la violencia amparados en un pretexto ideológico-religioso. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar en los patrones de pensamiento que presentan los yihadistas españoles como mecanismos desinhibitorios de la conducta radical. Su identificación podría resultar de utilidad para conocer cuál es el proceso cognitivo que experimentan, ya que podría emplearse como mecanismo de prevención frente al proceso de radicalización. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de las sentencias españolas publicadas en el CENDOJ sobre terrorismo yihadista en el periodo comprendido entre 2015 y 2017. Se analizó el contenido del discurso que emitieron textualmente los yihadistas condenados y que estaban recogidos en los textos, imágenes y vídeos publicados por dichos sujetos. Se creó una base de datos para sintetizar los hallazgos y se contabilizó la frecuencia de aparición de los patrones de pensamiento expuestos en el instrumento de Saucier et al. (2009). Como resultado se obtuvo un total de 25 sentencias que contuvieron citas textuales suficientes referentes a la propaganda yihadista emitida por sus autores para investigar los patrones de pensamiento recurrentes. Los patrones que resultaron más frecuentes fueron el empleo de terminología militar en el discurso y la glorificación de la muerte por la causa que se defiende. La identificación de los patrones de pensamiento arrojó luz sobre la motivación para actuar de los yihadistas españoles condenados. Esta información puede ser útil frente a la radicalización al interpretar los mecanismos cognitivos que subyacen tras una serie de necesidades importantes que permiten a los individuos transgredir las normas morales y usar la violencia como expresión de una ideología radical.

Abstract Jihadist terrorism has become one of the great challenges facing our society in the twenty-first century. To deepen their knowledge, numerous theories have been proposed about the process of radicalization that leads individuals to use violence under an ideological-religious pretext. Objective. The objective of this research is to investigate the thought patterns presented by Spanish jihadists as disinhibitory mechanisms of radical behavior. Its identification could be useful to know what is the cognitive process they experience, since it could be used as a prevention mechanism against the radicalization process. Methodology. An exhaustive search was carried out of the Spanish sentences published in the CENDOJ on jihadist terrorism in the period between 2015 and 2017. The content of the speech issued verbatim by the condemned jihadists and which were included in the texts, images and videos published by these subjects was analyzed. A database was created to synthesize the findings and the frequency of appearance of the thought patterns exposed in the instrument by Saucier, Akers, Shen-Miller, Knezevié, y Stanko (2009) was counted. Results. A total of 25 sentences were obtained that contained sufficient textual quotations referring to the jihadist propaganda issued by its authors to investigate the recurrent thought patterns. The patterns that were most frequent were the use of military terminology in speech and the glorification of death for the cause being defended. Discussion. The identification of thought patterns shed light on the motivation for action of the condemned Spanish jihadists. This information can be useful in the face of radicalization by interpreting the cognitive mechanisms that underlie a number of important needs that allow individuals to transgress moral norms and employ violence as an expression of a radical ideology.

Resumo O terrorismo jihadista tornou-se um dos grandes desafios enfrentados por nossa sociedade no século XXI. Para aprofundar seus conhecimentos, inúmeras teorias têm sido propostas sobre o processo de radicalização que leva os indivíduos a usar a violência sob um pretexto ideológico-religioso. Objetivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar os padrões de pensamento apresentados pelos jiadistas espanhóis como mecanismos desinibitórios de comportamento radical. Sua identificação poderia ser útil para saber qual é o processo cognitivo que vivenciam, já que poderia ser usado como mecanismo de prevenção contra o processo de radicalização. Metodologia. Uma busca exaustiva foi realizada das sentenças espanholas publicadas no CENDOJ sobre terrorismo jihadista no período entre 2015 e 2017. O conteúdo do discurso emitido pelos jiadistas condenados e que foram incluídos nos textos, imagens e vídeos publicados por esses sujeitos foi analisado. Um banco de dados foi criado para sintetizar os achados e a frequência de aparecimento dos padrões de pensamento expostos no instrumento por Saucier, Akers, Shen-Miller, Knezevié e Stanko (2009) foi contada. Resultados. Foram obtidas 25 frases que continham citações textuais suficientes referentes à propaganda jihadista emitida por seus autores para investigar os padrões de pensamento recorrentes. Os padrões mais frequentes foram o uso da terminologia militar na fala e a glorificação da morte pela causa que está sendo defendida. Discussão. A identificação de padrões de pensamento lançou luz sobre a motivação para a ação dos jiadistas espanhóis condenados. Essas informações podem ser úteis diante da radicalização interpretando os mecanismos cognitivos que fundamentam uma série de necessidades importantes que permitem aos indivíduos transgredir normas morais e empregar a violência como expressão de uma ideologia radical.

RESUMO

Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza desde la perspectiva clásica de seguridad la evolución de la política exterior de Libia durante la era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizándose en su inicio por ser una amenaza de guerra constante a transformarse en el principal factor de estabilidad de la región del Sahel antes de su caída. Desde este punto se examinan las consecuencias que, en materia de seguridad, acontecieron en la región tras la desaparición del líder libio y los factores de riesgo que aumentan la vulnerabilidad de esta, ante la situación caótica en el país norafricano, sumado a la intervención militar de Occidente en Libia, la cual profundiza la situación de violencia al no permitir la reconfiguración de una autoridad central fuerte.

Abstract The following article analyzes from the classical security perspective the evolution of Libya's foreign policy during the era of Muammar Gaddafi , characterized at the beginning as being a constant threat of war, to become the main stability factor of the Sahel region before his fall. From this point we examine the consequences that, in terms of security, occurred in the region following the demise of the Libyan leader and the risk factors that increase its vulnerability, given the chaotic situation in the North African country, added to the Western military intervention in Libya, which deepens the violence situation by not allowing the reconfi guration of a strong central authority.

Resumo O seguinte artigo analisa desde a perspectiva clássica de segurança a evolução da política exterior de Líbia durante a era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizar-se em seu início por ser una ameaça de guerra constante a se transformar no principal fator de estabilidade da região do Sahel antes da sua caída. Desde este ponto examinam-se as consequências que, em matéria de segurança, aconteceram na região após do desaparecimento do líder líbio e os fatores de risco que aumentam a vulnerabilidade desta, perante a situação caótica no país norte-africano, somado à intervenção militar de Ocidente em Líbia, a qual aprofunda a situação de violencia ao não permitir a reconfiguração de uma autoridade central forte.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The enormous health and economic challenges precipitated by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic are comparable or even greater than those associated with previous historical world crises. Alcohol use, especially drinking to cope with stress, is a concern, as an increase in its sales has been reported in some countries during the quarantine. This study aims to provide a better understanding of what to expect in terms of alcohol consumption, risk factors for excessive use, and its potential consequences during this pandemic based on previous experiences. We investigated how traumatic events related to alcohol consumption. Studies on mass traumatic events (i.e., terrorism as 9/11), epidemic outbreaks (i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] in 2003), economic crises (such as 2008's Great Recession), and COVID-19 were selected. The main keywords used to select the studies were alcohol use, drinking patterns, alcohol use disorders, and alcohol-related consequences. Previous studies reported increases in alcohol use associated with those events mediated, at least partially, by anxiety and depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Being male, young, and single also seems to be associated with a higher vulnerability to develop risky drinking behavior after those tragic events. The discussion of previous risk and protective factors can contribute to elaborate more specific public health policies to mitigate the impact of the current pandemic on people's mental health, especially alcohol-related problems.

RESUMO

Resumen: El rol de la Medicina Legal en derechos humanos y acción forense humanitaria es cada vez más visible. La ley Nº 18.596 indemiza a quienes acrediten haber sufrido lesiones gravísimas por el accionar de agentes del Estado. Objetivo: contribuir al conocimiento público de la actuación ilegítima y el terrorismo de Estado en Uruguay (13/6/1968 y 28/2/1985) y del aporte de la Medicina Legal en materia de verdad, justicia, memoria, reparación y garantía de no repetición. Material y método: se estudiaron las solicitudes de indemnización por lesiones gravísimas recibidas en los primeros diez años de vigencia de la ley. Resultados y discusión: de 166 peticiones, se admitieron 115. En el 95% fue requerido informe médico-legal o psiquiátrico, o ambos. Aunque fue dificultoso demostrar el nexo causal, en 55 casos se estableció un nexo con razonable grado de certeza. La edad media de las víctimas al momento de producirse las lesiones era de 26 años. La edad media al momento de la indemnización fue de 66 años. Las lesiones demostradas se corresponden con la referida en la bibliografía nacional y extranjera. Se destaca el hallazgo de una considerable presencia de trastornos psicóticos. Conclusiones: se indemnizaron 115 víctimas por lesiones gravísimas causadas en su amplia mayoría por prisión política prolongada y tortura. Se observó alta prevalencia de patologías osteoarticulares, trastornos por estrés postraumático crónico y depresión, pero también un alto número de psicosis crónicas. Los informes médico-legales fueron relevantes para demostrar las lesiones gravísimas y su nexo causal con el accionar de los agentes del Estado.

Summary: The role of Legal Medicine in human rights, forensic science and humanitarian action is increasingly visible. Act 18,596 compensates those who prove to have experienced severe lesions by state agents. Objective: to contribute to public awareness of the illegitimate actions and state terrorism in Uruguay (June 13, 1968 to February 28, 1985) and the input of Legal Medicine in terms of truth, justice, memory, reparation and guarantees of non-repetition. Method: the compensation requests for severe lesions received during the first 10 years the law was in force were studied. Results and discussion: 115 out of 166 requests were admitted. In 95% of cases, a medico-legal and or psychological report was requested. Despite it being hard to prove the causal link, a link with a reasonable degree of certainty was found in 55 cases. Average age of victims at the time the lesions were caused was 26 years old. Average age at the time of compensation was 66 years old. Lesions proved match those referred to in the national and international bibliography. The study points out the finding of a considerable number of psychotic disorders. Conclusions: 115 victims were compensated for severe lesions caused, in the wide majority of cases, by long imprisonment and torture. A high prevalence of osteoarticular diseases was observed, chronic post-traumatic stress disorders and depression, although a high number of chronic psychoses, too. Medico-legal reports were relevant to demonstrate severe lesions and the causal link with the action of state agents.

Resumo: O papel da Medicina Legal nos direitos humanos e ação forense humanitária é cada vez mais visível. A Lei Nº 18.596 indeniza aquelas pessoas que acreditem ter sofrido lesões gravíssimas causadas pela ação de agentes do Estado. Objetivo: contribuir para o conhecimento público da ação ilegítima e o terrorismo de Estado no Uruguai no período 13 de junho de 1968 a 28 de fevereiro de 1985 e da contribuição da Medicina Legal em termos de verdade, justiça, memoria, reparação e garantia de não repetição. Material e método: foram estudados os pedidos de indenização por lesões gravíssimas recebidas durante os primeiros dez anos de vigência da lei. Resultados e discussão: das 166 solicitações recebidas, foram incluídas 115. Em 95% dos casos o laudo médico-legal e/ou psiquiátrico foi exigido. Embora fosse difícil demonstrar a relação causal, em 55 casos foi estabelecida com um razoável grau de certeza. A idade média das vítimas no momento em que as lesões foram produzidas era de 26 anos. A idade média no momento da indenização era de 66 anos. As lesões demostradas correspondem às referidas na bibliografia nacional e estrangeira. Destaca-se o achado da presença considerável de transtornos psicóticos. Conclusões: foram indenizadas 115 vítimas por lesões gravíssimas causadas na grande maioria por prisão política prolongada e tortura. Observou-se uma alta prevalência de patologias osteoarticulares, transtornos por estresse pós-traumático crônico e depressão, mas também um número alto de psicoses crônicas. Os laudos médico-legais foram relevantes para demonstrar as lesões gravíssimas e sua relação causal com a ação dos agentes do Estado.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objective: to construct and validate a tool for the evaluation of responders in tactical casualty care simulations. Method: three rubrics for the application of a tourniquet, an emergency bandage and haemostatic agents recommended by the Hartford Consensus were developed and validated. Validity and reliability were studied. Validation was performed by 4 experts in the field and 36 nursing participants who were selected through convenience sampling. Three rubrics with 8 items were evaluated (except for the application of an emergency bandage, for which 7 items were evaluated). Each simulation was evaluated by 3 experts. Results: an excellent score was obtained for the correlation index for the 3 simulations and 2 levels that were evaluated (competent and expert). The mean score for the application of a tourniquet was 0.897, the mean score for the application of an emergency bandage was 0.982, and the mean score for the application of topical haemostats was 0.805. Conclusion: this instrument for the evaluation of nurses in tactical casualty care simulations is considered useful, valid and reliable for training in a prehospital setting for both professionals who lack experience in tactical casualty care and those who are considered to be experts.

Objetivo: construir e validar um instrumento de avaliação da prática, por meio da simulação, nos cuidados de saúde estratégicos. Método: três instrumentos para práticas de avaliação de aplicação do torniquete, bandagem de emergência e agente hemostático recomendados pelo Consenso de Hartford foram desenvolvidos e validados. A validade e a confiabilidade foram estudadas. A validação foi realizada por quatro especialistas da área e trinta e seis enfermeiros participantes selecionados por amostragem por conveniência. Três instrumentos de avaliação com 8 itens foram avaliados (com exceção da bandagem de emergência, que tinha 7 itens para avaliar). Cada prática foi avaliada por três especialistas. Resultados: uma pontuação excelente foi obtida no cálculo do índice de correlação para as três práticas e nos dois níveis avaliados (competente e especialista). A pontuação média para a aplicação do torniquete foi de 0,897, para o curativo de emergência foi de 0,982 e para a aplicação de agentes hemostáticos tópicos foi de 0,805. Conclusão: este instrumento de avaliação da prática por meio de simulação nos cuidados de saúde estratégicos é considerado útil, válido e confiável para o treinamento no contexto pré-hospitalar tanto dos profissionais que não possuem experiência nos cuidados estratégicos quanto nos considerados peritos.

Objetivo: construir y validar un instrumento de evaluación de la práctica, mediante simulación, en la atención sanitaria táctica. Método: se construyeron y validaron tres rúbricas de las prácticas de aplicación del torniquete, vendaje de emergencia y agente hemostático recomendadas por el Consenso Hartford. Se estudió la validez y fiabilidad. La validación se realizó por cuatro expertos en la materia y treinta y seis participantes enfermeros que fueron la muestra de conveniencia. Se evaluaron tres rúbricas con 8 ítems (excepto para el vendaje de emergencia que fueron 7 ítems a evaluar). Cada práctica fue evaluada por tres expertos. Resultados: se ha obtenido una excelente puntuación en el cálculo del índice de correlación para las tres prácticas y en los dos niveles evaluados (competente y experto). La puntuación media para la rúbrica de aplicación del torniquete fue de 0.897, la del vendaje de emergencia 0.982 y para la aplicación de hemostáticos tópicos 0.805. Conclusión: este instrumento de evaluación de la práctica mediante simulación en la atención sanitaria se considera útil, válido y fiable para la formación en el entorno prehospitalario tanto de profesionales que carecen de experiencia en atención táctica como de aquellos considerados como expertos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Los noticieros que se proyectan en la televisión nacional (Colombia) se caracterizan básicamente por difundir noticias relacionadas con violencia, política y la corrupción que de ella se deriva. Estos medios de comunicación influyen de cierta manera en la opinión de los ciudadanos al momento de elegir candidatos. Se tuvo como objetivo efectuar un análisis comparativo y relacional multivariado, a fin de evaluar la percepción de estudiantes universitarios, sobre los noticieros que se emiten en la televisión colombiana. Según los encuestados, como conclusión relevante, se resalta que los noticieros son controlados por el gobierno e inciden negativamente en la forma reiterativa de tratar temas de violencia.

Abstract News broadcasts, which are projected onto national television (Colombia) are basically characterized by spreading news related to violence, politics, and corruption arising from it. These media influence somehow the perception of citizens at the time of choosing candidates. Its main objective was to carry out a multivariate comparative and relational analysis in order to evaluate the perception of college students, on news programs, which are broadcast on Colombian television. According to the respondents, as a relevant conclusion, what is highlighted is that the government controls the news, and they affect negatively the repetitive form of addressing issues of violence.

RESUMO

RESUMO Grandes eventos estão no centro de estratégias terroristas e vem-se repetindo com frequência no âmbito internacional. Durante os últimos anos, o Brasil é palco de megaeventos esportivos; e este ano sediará a Copa do Mundo Fifa Sub-17. Assume-se que a maior exposição, nesses contextos, aumenta a vulnerabilidade ante as ameaças não convencionais, assim, é necessário que o planejamento da segurança brasileira seja apoiado em estudos sobre gestão de risco. Considera-se que um maior conhecimento sobre o tema é o primeiro passo para um sistema de defesa eficiente. A literatura apresenta relatos de episódios de emprego da ricina como arma química. Assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar a probabilidade de risco de um ataque terrorista com ricina, em um modelo matemático. Para isso, foi utilizada a teoria dos jogos e a equação de probabilidade de Major para análise de risco de terrorismo. A escolha da ricina justifica-se pelo fato de se tratar de uma biotoxina de extração relativamente simples, proveniente da mamona, que é uma planta endêmica no território brasileiro. Os parâmetros analisados foram os recursos de ataque, defesa e valor do alvo. A equação de probabilidade foi otimizada para defesa.

ABSTRACT Mass gatherings are at the center of terrorist strategies and are being repeated more frequently at international level. During the last years, Brazil has been the stage of mass gatherings, and it is supposed to host the Fifa Sub-17 World Cup this year. It is assumed that large exposure in these contexts increases vulnerability to threats, therefore it is necessary that safety planning be supported in risk management studies. It is considered that a greater knowledge of the topic is the first step towards an efficient defense system. This study aims to evaluate the probability of a ricin terrorist attack on a mathematical model. Existing literature shows reports of episodes of use of ricin as a chemical weapon. The choice of ricin is justified because it's a relatively easy biotoxin extraction from castor bean, which is an endemic plant in the Brazilian territory. For such study, we used game theory and the Major probability equation for terrorism risk analysis. The parameters analyzed were the resources of attack, defense, and value of the target. The probability equation has been optimized for defense.

RESUMO

Este breve articulo recrea el texto del video realizado en recuerdo de Ignacio Martín-Baró al cumplirse los 20 años de su asesinato. Se trata de un punto de encuentro entre la música y las ficciones narrativas como recurso para organizar actos de memoria. A partir de un homenaje al Quinteto Tiempo, con referencias a los coros trágicos, a los clásicos de Aristóteles y a Paul Ricoeur, el escrito ofrece una metodología de tratamiento de la historia, a la vez colectiva y singular

This short article recreates the text of the video made in memory of Ignacio Martín-Baró at the age of 20 years after his murder. It is a meeting point between music and narrative fictions as a resource to organize acts of memory. With references to tragic choirs, to the classics of Aristotle and Paul Ricoeur, the writing offers a methodology for the treatment of history, both collective and singular

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study analyzed the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination, operationalized by support for retributive justice against Islamic groups suspect of terrorist crimes. Two experimental studies were performed. Study 1 (N = 215) showed that the terrorist threat against the ingroup raises the support for the retributive procedures through the dehumanization of the outgroup. Study 2 (N = 304) analyzed how the mediating role of dehumanization in the relationship between terrorist threat and support for retributive justice is moderated by right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). In addition, the study aimed to verify if the dehumanization of outgroup and RWA could explain the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination of Muslim immigrants. The results indicated that adherence to RWA favors dehumanization of the outgroup and, consecutively, the discrimination, operationalized as support for the use of retributive justice. The adherence to RWA has been identified as the mechanism that explains the discrimination against Muslim immigrants.

Assuntos